消費(fèi)政策如何能賦予消費(fèi)者可持續(xù)性的生活方式？【外文翻譯】

1、3外文翻譯HowcanConsumerpolicyempowerconsumersfchanginglifestyles？materialSource:JournalofConsumerPolicyAuth:JohnThogersenConsumerpolicycanempowerconsumersfchanginglifestylesbyreducingpersonalconstraintslimitationsbutitshould

2、alsoattempttoloosensomeoftheexternalconstraintsthatmakechangestowardsamesustainablelifestyledifficult.Intermsofreducingconsumers’subjectivelyfeltrestrictionsontheirabilitytochangelifestylethetwoapproachesareequivalent.Po

3、liciesthatincreaseafeelingofempowermentmayalsohaveapositiveeffectonconsumers’motivationtomakeanefftthusamplifyingitseffects.Inthispaperbothtypesofconstraintsonlifestylechangesinasustainabledirectionarediscussedaswellaspo

4、liciesfreducingconstraints.Possiblemotivationaleffectsoftheproposedpoliciesarealsooutlined.Atleastjudgedbyitsoutcomeitseemsthatconsumersintherichpartsofthewldmakelessofanefftatchangingtheirlifestyleinasustainabledirectio

5、nthanisdesiredbysocietythanisintheirowncollectivelongterminterest.‘‘Sustainable’’herereferstoalevelpatternofconsumptionwhichmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds(Wld

6、commissiononEnvironmentDevelopment1987).Itisgenerallyagreedbytheinternationalcommunitythatcurrentlifestylesbyaffluentconsumers(inbothrichpocountries)arenotsustainable(Sitarz1994UnitedNations2002).Theissuewasgiventoppriit

7、yattheWldSummitinRioin1992butprogresstowardssustainableconsumptionhasbeendisappointinglyslow.FinstanceinareptissuedbyUnitedNationsSecretaryGeneralKofiAnnaninpreparationftheJohannesburgSummititwasconcludedthat“Progresstow

8、ardsthegoalsestablishedatRiohasbeenslowerthananticipatedinsomerespectsconditionsarewsethantheywere10yearsago.’’1Thisinspiteofconsumershavinganobviouslongterminterestinsustainabilityaninterestoftenexpressedbyconsumerganiz

9、ations(e.g.ConsumersInternational2002)insurveys3ofenvironmentfriendlyproductstheavailabilityuseofecolabellingschemes.Hencegovernmentsbusinessesareresponsiblefmuchoftheexternalconditionslimitinganindividualconsumer’sfreed

10、omtochooseacttherefetheyalsocarrypartoftheresponsibilityfsustainableconsumption(production)(e.g.SternDietzRuttanSocolow&Sweeney1997).Mostgovernments2atleastintheindustrializedcountriesalsoacknowledgetheirresponsibility.H

11、oweveranalysesoftheirpraxisrevealthatalthoughsomegovernmentsdobetterthanothersingeneralgovernments’verbalcommitmentasexpressedfinstanceatinternationalconferencessummitsisonlyreluctantlytoalimitedextendtransfmedintoaction

12、(e.g.Lafferty&Meadowcroft2000).Theefftalsodependsontheconsumer’smotivationnotallconsumersareequallymotivatedtochangetheirlifestyleinasustainabledirectionofcourse.Somearesoengulfedbytheirownprivatelifeprojectsthattheyhave

13、noroomfconcernftheenvironment(othersocietalproblems)manywouldhatetogiveupspecificenvironmentallyharmfulpracticessuchasdrivingagasguzzlingSUVvisitingfarawayvacationspotsbyairplane.BothEuropean(Thgersenfthcoming)NthAmerica

14、n(Dunlap2002)opinionpollsstronglysuggestthatthelevelofenvironmentalconcerniscurrentlynotthemostimptantlimitingfactfchangingtheconsumptionpatterninasustainabledirectionhowever.AsIwillarguelaterafeelingofhelplessnessatleas

15、tlackofselfeffcacywithregardtosolvingtheproblemsseemstobeofgreaterimptancefthelevelofindividualmotivation.Therefethemainfocushereisonconstraintsthatmightlimitconsumers’abilitytoadoptasustainablelifestyleonwaystoreduceimp

16、tantconstraints.Aconsumerempowermentapproachtoconsumerpolicyisacterizedbyastrongfocusonreducingconstraintsattheindividuallevel.3Althoughthismakesalotofsensealsowhenthegoalistochangelifestylesinasustainabledirectiontheopt

17、ionsarewider.Inparticularconsumerpolicyshouldalsoattempttoloosenexternalconstraintstoremove‘‘perverse’’incentives(Myers&Kent1998)thatmakechangestowardsamesustainablelifestylediffcult.Intermsofreducingconsumers’subjective

18、lyfeltrestrictionsontheirabilitytochangelifestyletheirperceivedselfeffcacythetwoapproaches(individuallyexternallyfocusedrespectively)areequivalent.Ifpartofwhatislackingismotivationitalsoseemsreasonabletospeakaboutmakingt