旅游專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯3

1、<p><b>　　外文資料譯文：</b></p><p>　　A Study of Strategies for China’s International Tourism</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　Roughly speaking, China’s international tou

2、rism industry is the outcome of the implementation of economic reform and opening to the outside world. Along with the changes in Chinese political and economic systems, it has grown out of nothing, and experienced progr

3、ess from small to large, from rapid growth to steady development, heading toward its maturity. This industry is playing an increasingly significant role in the country’s national economy. Go with the entry of the WTO, it

4、 is confronted wi</p><p>　　2. Main stages of development</p><p>　　China’s tourism business since 1949 has undergone, in general, the following four major stages of development.</p><p

5、>　　2.1 1949-1966: tourism as a part of foreign affairs of the state </p><p>　　From 1949 to 1966, tourism was only a form of special political activity. Travel services (similar to tour operators or travel

6、 agents) were set up right after the new government formed, but only provided services for visiting overseas Chinese nationals and for foreigners with special permission to visit the country. And outbound travel was limi

7、ted almost exclusively to diplomats and government officials at public expense. </p><p>　　2.2 1966-1978: a standstill period</p><p>　　The Great Cultural Revolution started from early 1966 and la

8、sted for a decade through to 1976 and forced the infant travel business to be almost entirely suspended. During this period, China shut her doors and was busy with internal political struggles; hardly any overseas touris

9、ts in the proper sense were allowed to visit the country. </p><p>　　2.3 1978-1985: tourism as an important economic activity </p><p>　　1978 was a year of great significance for China. In that ye

10、ar, an epoch-making decision was made by the CPC Central Committee to shift its emphasis from political struggle to economic construction of four modernizations Encouraged by the governmental political and economic polic

11、y, tourism developed rapidly during this period. </p><p>　　2.4 1986 onwards: tourism as a significant contribution to the national economy </p><p>　　In 1986, China put the tourist industry into

12、the national plan for social and economic development for the first time. With the deepening reform, tourism has been placed among service industries enjoying priority in the national industrial policy, and by the end of

13、 1998, the governments of 24 out of all 31 municipalities, provinces and autonomous regions in China had made the tourist industry one of the leading or pillar industries in their locality. The CPC Central Committee at i

14、ts conference o</p><p>　　3. Opportunities and Challenges</p><p>　　During the past 20 years, China’s tourism has witnessed a quick increase, with an annual growth rate surpassing the world avera

15、ge. Looking to the future, China’s international tourism will encounter both opportunities and challenges.</p><p>　　3.1 Opportunities</p><p>　　The opportunities that China’s international touris

16、m may encounter are various, and include at least the following:</p><p>　　3.1.1 Great potential of an international market </p><p>　　For all destination countries the international tourism marke

17、ts are beyond their own boundaries. Therefore, the real and potential tourism demand outside relies not only on the social and economic development of the tourist generating countries, on the entire world political and e

18、conomic situation, but also on the political and economic relationship between the tourist generating and receiving countries. </p><p>　　3.1.2 Steady growth of China’s economy </p><p>　　The refo

19、rm has promoted China’s economic development, and changed the way of thinking of the Chinese people. There might be a host of knotty problems to deal with in the long course of reform, though sufficient supply and low in

20、flation may further stabilize the country’s political and economic situation. And political and economic stabilization may not only provide good conditions for tourism development, but also create a new attractiveness fo

21、r outsiders. </p><p>　　3.1.3 Joined World Trade Organizations </p><p>　　China has joined the WTO and become a member of it. The two-way openness will reduce entry-exit barriers for international

22、 visitors, and make the tourist flow much easier. As a result, the flow of commodities, people, capital etc, will be more frequent and smooth. China will obtain more technology and know-how from the developed countries,

23、easy access to the international distribution channels and information network, and compete freely in the world market. The introduction of international comp</p><p>　　3.1.4 Capability of holding many great

24、activities</p><p>　　China is drawing on more and more visions of the whole world. Now China has many large activities to hold every. The “99 wealth forum” the forum of APCE of 2001, the Asia forum in Bo Ao,

25、The Trade Fair in Guangzhou every year, the 2008 Beijing Olympic and the 2010 EXPO in Shanghai. All of these show the image of China to the world and also draw on the large quantity of tourists interested in Chinese cult

26、ure. We should make use of these large opportunities, letting the world know the new China an</p><p>　　3.2 Challenges</p><p>　　China’s international tourism development may also meet the followi

27、ng serious challenges in the future.</p><p>　　3.2.1 Increasingly fierce international competition </p><p>　　Today, more and more countries pay great attention to the development of international

28、 tourism, seeing it as an important way to earn tourist dollars and improve the international balance of payments. Therefore, they promote their countries by every possible means, resulting in an increasingly fierce comp

29、etition among all destinations. In fact, nowadays, tourism competition is not competition among the tourist enterprises per se, but more importantly, the competition of national power among dest</p><p>　　3.2

30、.2 Sharp contradictions between mature tourists and premature market mechanism </p><p>　　China’s international tourism still is not able to shake off the shackles of the old system in terms of organization a

31、nd methods of operation and management, and it cannot but be restricted by the incomplete market economic system. On the contrary, China has to face mature international tourists, and to meet the challenges from the matu

32、re market economies. So the contradictions between the mature international tourist markets and the incomplete market economy system of China become obvious. The </p><p>　　3.2.3 Impacts of entry into the WTO

33、 </p><p>　　Entry into the World Trade Organization means that China has to release part of its markets, and to lead its competitors into its own territory, leaving trades that used to be protected to compete

34、 directly with their overseas counterparts. Some weak links of China’s tourist industry, such as travel agencies, may meet with great difficulties. On the whole, the trade of travel agents in China is not very strong, an

35、d most of the travel services are small in size, poor in management, and they cannot</p><p>　　3.2.4 Low ability of the reception</p><p>　　As is shown previously, every year China will hold many

36、large activities which will bring many foreign guests from all over the world. The problem now is whether we have the ability to meet these guests. For example, Shanghai is a big city in China and its reception ability i

37、s comparatively all right as far as I know. But in 2001 when the F1 first was held in Shanghai, many foreign people couldn’t find room to stay and the place for entertainment. So as we are enjoying to have the chance to

38、hold</p><p>　　4. Strategies for the coming years</p><p>　　Nowadays, the government-led pattern in tourism has been adopted in many developing countries the world over. So, it is essential for C

39、hina now to set up or regulate its policies and strategies for the development of international tourism in line with the general goal of national social and economic development.</p><p>　　4.1 Epistemic diver

40、sion and enhancement</p><p>　　China’s service trade is still small in size, unable to contend with the developed countries as a whole owing to restrictions of funds, technology, personnel and other factors.

41、But China has an obvious superiority in international tourism development. On the one hand, China possesses rich tourist resources, among which many are monopolistic and can be developed into competitive products. On the

42、 other hand, the “export” of tourism service with low swap cost may avoid such numerous restrictions an</p><p>　　4.2 Giving priority to the Chinese culture in product development </p><p>　　China

43、 is a large country, and has abundant tourism resources to develop. But as for the international visitors, especially the first comers to China, the Chinese cultural heritage holds the most attraction. Local operators ma

44、y develop various products based on the local market and resources available to meet various market demands. Therefore, China, as a whole, should always give priority to Chinese culture in product development for the int

45、ernational tourism market. China has a plentiful supply</p><p>　　4.3 Expanding the world international tourism markets </p><p>　　To open up the international tourism market, two important things

46、 should be done well. One is to know clearly the market demand, so as to determine the target markets and work out the corresponding marketing strategies. The other is to send information in time to the target markets. T

47、he former is the most important and, without correct understanding of market demand, marketing strategies are aimless; and the latter is the key to success, since the provision of timely information may help the mar</

48、p><p>　　4.4 Expanding expenditure of overseas visitors </p><p>　　From China’s perspective, the main objective of developing international tourism at present is to increase foreign exchange. Indeed,

49、 there are many ways to earn more tourist dollars. However, the way of growth should be altered from quantity to quality. In addition to maintaining the proper growth in international arrivals, more active efforts should

50、 be made to prolong the length of each visitor’s stay in China, expand opportunities for visitors to consume, and encourage them to spend more money</p><p>　　5. Conclusion</p><p>　　Some 20 year

51、s’ development has made China’s international tourism more mature and has laid down a good foundation for further development. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) has made an inspiring forecast of future international t

52、ourism development in the world. According to the report, by 2020 the world international tourist arrivals may reach 1.6 billion, and their average spending per day, excluding international fares, may reach US$5 billion.

53、 The WTO indicates also that, with 137 million i</p><p>　　From：Wang Nannan.The Network of Network Education College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University[EB/OL]. http:// www.onlinesjtu.com, 2006.5.12.</p>

54、<p>　　中國的國際旅游事業(yè)的策略研究</p><p><b>　　1. 介紹</b></p><p>　　總的講來，中國國際旅游是中國改革開放的直接結(jié)果。伴隨著中國政治經(jīng)濟(jì)方面改革的深入，旅游業(yè)經(jīng)歷了從無到有，從小到大的穩(wěn)定發(fā)展過程，并逐漸向成熟過渡。這一行業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的地位越來越重要。中國加入WTO，給中國旅游業(yè)帶來了更大的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。</p&

55、gt;<p><b>　　2. 主要發(fā)展階段</b></p><p>　　從1949年開始，中國旅游經(jīng)歷了四個(gè)主要的發(fā)展階段：</p><p>　　2.1 1949-1966:外交的附屬階段</p><p>　　從1949年到1966年，旅游業(yè)只是政治活動(dòng)的特殊形式。旅行服務(wù)（例如旅行操作員和旅游代理商）只是在新政府建立后組建的，

56、是為出國的中國人或被許可訪問中國的外國人服務(wù)的機(jī)構(gòu)。出境旅行幾乎只限于外交人員和為公事的政府官員。</p><p>　　2.2 1966-1978:停滯階段</p><p>　　文化大革命從1966年早期到1976年持續(xù)了近十年，致使處于萌芽階段的旅游業(yè)幾乎停止。在那段時(shí)期，中國對(duì)外關(guān)上了大門而忙于國際政治斗爭(zhēng)，很少有外國人會(huì)被準(zhǔn)許訪問中國。</p><p>　　2

57、.3 1978-1985:逐漸重要期</p><p>　　1978 年對(duì)于中國來說是及其重要的一年，在這一年，黨中央做出了一個(gè)劃時(shí)代的決定，即將工作重心由政治斗爭(zhēng)轉(zhuǎn)移到經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)上來。在政府政策和經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的鼓勵(lì)下，旅游業(yè)快速發(fā)展起來。</p><p>　　2.4 1986 發(fā)展期，旅游成為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要貢獻(xiàn)者</p><p>　　在1986年，中國第一次把旅游業(yè)列入關(guān)

58、于社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的國家計(jì)劃。隨著改革的深入，旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)在服務(wù)業(yè)中享有優(yōu)越的地位，到1998年底，中國有24個(gè)省、市、自治區(qū)將旅游業(yè)列入本地區(qū)的首要或支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。黨中央在1998年的工作報(bào)告中將旅游業(yè)列為今后幾年的新興經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)。旅游業(yè)開始受到政府、投資者、以及公眾的關(guān)注。</p><p><b>　　3. 機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)</b></p><p>　　在過去的二十年間，中國旅

59、游業(yè)經(jīng)歷了快速的增長(zhǎng)，年度增長(zhǎng)率超過了世界水平。展望未來，中國旅游將面臨機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)并存的境況。</p><p><b>　　3.1 機(jī)遇</b></p><p>　　其面臨的機(jī)遇很多，具體如下：</p><p>　　3.1.1 潛力巨大的國際市場(chǎng) </p><p>　　對(duì)于所有的國家，旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)走出自己國家范圍。因此，現(xiàn)

60、實(shí)的和潛在的旅游事業(yè)要求不僅要依賴國內(nèi)的旅游者，在全球化經(jīng)濟(jì)的今天，更需要國內(nèi)外旅游者的參與。</p><p>　　3.1.2 持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的中國經(jīng)濟(jì)</p><p>　　改革已經(jīng)促進(jìn)中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，而且正在改變中國人的思考方式。雖然充分的補(bǔ)給和低的通貨膨脹可能更進(jìn)一步穩(wěn)定國家的政治局面和經(jīng)濟(jì)情勢(shì)，但也存在許多有結(jié)的問題需要在改革的漫長(zhǎng)過程中處理。政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)上的安定不但提供好情況給旅游事業(yè)發(fā)展

61、，而且會(huì)對(duì)外國人產(chǎn)生新的吸引。 </p><p>　　3.1.3 加入WTO</p><p>　　中國已經(jīng)加入WTO成為其成員。雙向開放將減少外國游客進(jìn)出中國的壁壘，這使旅游更容易成為潮流。結(jié)果是，商業(yè)流、人流、資金流等都將更加順暢。中國將會(huì)獲得來自發(fā)達(dá)國家技術(shù)和方法，將更容易進(jìn)入國際的分配渠道和信息，并在國際市場(chǎng)上自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。引進(jìn)國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能更好的促進(jìn)國內(nèi)旅游服務(wù)的高效發(fā)展、提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量、削

62、減服務(wù)成本，繼而降低大多服務(wù)項(xiàng)目的價(jià)格、擴(kuò)大旅游市場(chǎng)，最終促進(jìn)國際旅游事業(yè)的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　3.1.4 承辦旅游活動(dòng)的能力</p><p>　　中國正在吸引世界上越來越多的目光?，F(xiàn)在中國已經(jīng)承辦和舉辦很多的活動(dòng)?！?9財(cái)富論壇”、2001年的APCE 會(huì)議、博鰲亞洲論壇、每年的廣交會(huì)、2008年北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)、以及2010年的上海世博會(huì)。所有這些都向世界展示了中國獨(dú)特的魅力，并吸引

63、了大量的人關(guān)注中國文化。我們應(yīng)該利用這些大的機(jī)會(huì)，讓世界知道新的中國并大力發(fā)展中國旅游事業(yè)。</p><p><b>　　3.2 挑戰(zhàn)</b></p><p>　　中國的國際旅游事業(yè)發(fā)展未來也可能遇見下列的嚴(yán)重挑戰(zhàn)： </p><p>　　3.2.1 日漸激烈的國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)</p><p>　　如今，越來越多的國家

64、對(duì)國際旅游事業(yè)的發(fā)展給予極大的關(guān)注，視它為一個(gè)重要的賺錢和改善國際的貿(mào)易收支的方法。因此，他們運(yùn)用任何可能的方法促進(jìn)他們國家的旅游事業(yè)發(fā)展，造成所有的旅游目的地的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日趨激烈。事實(shí)上，時(shí)下，就旅游事業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)本身而言，更重要不是在企業(yè)之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，而是在目的地國家之間的國家力量的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。</p><p>　　3.2.2 成熟的旅游者與不成熟的機(jī)制的強(qiáng)烈沖突</p><p>　　中國的國際旅游事業(yè)

65、仍然無法脫離計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)控制的陰影。中國必須面對(duì)成熟的國際旅游者，迎接成熟的國際市場(chǎng)的挑戰(zhàn)。因此成熟的國際旅游者市場(chǎng)和中國的不完全市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)制度之間的矛盾變成明顯。中國的現(xiàn)有系統(tǒng)的不利，包括低效率的宏觀控制、相關(guān)法律和規(guī)則的缺乏、國內(nèi)市場(chǎng)無序競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、不可靠的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、國際市場(chǎng)要求的知識(shí)的缺乏、落后的國際行銷和促銷方法，這些矛盾在某些程度上可能影響中國在國際旅游市場(chǎng)中的形象。</p><p>　　3.2.3 加入WTO的沖

66、擊</p><p>　　進(jìn)入世界貿(mào)易組織意味著中國必須釋放它的部份市場(chǎng)，而且?guī)ьI(lǐng)它的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者進(jìn)入它自己的范圍，遠(yuǎn)離過去直接的貿(mào)易保護(hù)。一些和中國旅游業(yè)相關(guān)的因素，例如旅行社，可能會(huì)遇見較大的困難。整體上，中國的旅行社代理人競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力并不是很強(qiáng)，而且大部份的旅游服務(wù)規(guī)模很小，管理方面很弱，而且在技術(shù)、資金、人員、服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和質(zhì)量方面都不能與發(fā)達(dá)國家相比。 </p><p>　　3.2.4 可接受能力

67、低</p><p>　　當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)顯示, 每年中國舉行的大型活動(dòng)將會(huì)帶來大量外國的游客。問題是現(xiàn)在我們是否有能力接待這些客人。舉例來說，上海在中國是第一的大城市，據(jù)我所知它的接待能力還是比較好的。但是在 2001年，當(dāng) F1 第一次在上海舉行的時(shí)候，許多外國的人無法找到住處和娛樂的地方。因此當(dāng)我們正在得意于有機(jī)會(huì)舉行大型活動(dòng)的同時(shí)，我們也應(yīng)該為接待來自四面八方的客人做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。</p><p

68、>　　4. 將來幾年的策略</p><p>　　時(shí)下，政府引導(dǎo)的旅游事業(yè)的模式已經(jīng)在許多發(fā)展中國家被采用。 因此，為實(shí)現(xiàn)中國國際旅游業(yè)的總體目標(biāo)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，中國目前有必要設(shè)立和規(guī)范自己的政策和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。</p><p>　　4.1 知識(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)移和提高</p><p>　　中國的服務(wù)貿(mào)易規(guī)模依舊很小，由于基金、技術(shù)的限制，人員和其他的因素還不能和發(fā)達(dá)國家相抗衡。

69、但是中國在國際旅游市場(chǎng)具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)：其一，中國具有豐富的旅游資源，這些旅游資源可以開發(fā)為具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)品。其二，另一方面，旅游事業(yè)服務(wù)的 “輸出品” 用低的以貨易貨費(fèi)用可能避免很多的限制和日用品輸出時(shí)常遇到的障礙。因此，國家應(yīng)該確信國際旅游事業(yè)是國家的服務(wù)貿(mào)易的優(yōu)先區(qū)域，而且要認(rèn)識(shí)到它是和國家的輸出商品一樣的主要貿(mào)易。政府應(yīng)清楚而明白地在理論與實(shí)際中實(shí)行國際旅游事業(yè)，至少賦予旅游業(yè)享受與商品輸出相同的地位和政策。</p>

70、<p>　　4.2 優(yōu)先發(fā)展文化產(chǎn)業(yè)</p><p>　　中國是一個(gè)大國，擁有豐富的旅游資源。但是對(duì)于來中國的旅客，尤其是首次來的旅客，中國的文化更有魅力。本地人員可能發(fā)展以適宜各不同的市場(chǎng)要求可用的當(dāng)?shù)氐氖袌?chǎng)和資源為基礎(chǔ)的各種不同的產(chǎn)品。因此，就中國整體而言，應(yīng)該為國際的旅游事業(yè)市場(chǎng)優(yōu)先開發(fā)中國文化。中國擁有許多獨(dú)特天然的旅游資源。對(duì)于那些游覽圣地的外國旅游者，具有本地文化特征的產(chǎn)品更能吸引他們，所

71、以應(yīng)加以鼓勵(lì)。</p><p>　　4.3 擴(kuò)展國際市場(chǎng)</p><p>　　為擴(kuò)展國際市場(chǎng)，必須做好兩件事情。一是清楚地知道市場(chǎng)需求，以便確定目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)并制定彈性的市場(chǎng)策略。二是，向目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)及時(shí)傳送信息。前者最重要，若沒有正確的理解市場(chǎng)需求，市場(chǎng)策略是盲目的。后者則是通向成功的鑰匙，及時(shí)傳遞信息有助于消費(fèi)者做出合理的選擇。當(dāng)然，手法和行銷的技術(shù)同等重要。因此，為了擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)，需要更多的投入。

72、另外，還要投入資金做市場(chǎng)調(diào)查以及研究。為達(dá)到這一結(jié)果，促銷應(yīng)該集中于目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)，資金也應(yīng)該合理有效地使用。 </p><p>　　4.4 擴(kuò)張外國游客的開支</p><p>　　中國期望近期發(fā)展國際旅游業(yè)的主要目的是增加外匯收入。事實(shí)上，有更多的渠道可以增加旅游收入。然而，增長(zhǎng)的方法應(yīng)該從量變到質(zhì)變。除了維持國外來訪者的數(shù)量適量增長(zhǎng)之外，比較有效的方法是延長(zhǎng)每個(gè)訪客在中國的停留時(shí)間

73、，為訪客提供更多的消費(fèi)機(jī)會(huì)，而且鼓勵(lì)他們旅行中花費(fèi)較多的錢。</p><p><b>　　5. 結(jié)語</b></p><p>　　20年的發(fā)展已經(jīng)使中國的國際旅游事業(yè)變成得更成熟，而且已經(jīng)為進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展打下一個(gè)好的基礎(chǔ)。世界旅游事業(yè)組織針對(duì)國際旅游業(yè)做了詳盡的調(diào)查。依照?qǐng)?bào)告，2020年世界國際的游客可能抵達(dá)十六億，而且他們的平均每天開支，排除國際的費(fèi)用，可能達(dá)到US$

74、 五十億。世界旅游組織還預(yù)測(cè)，一億三千七百萬的國際游客將進(jìn)入中國，一億離開。中國將位列世界旅游目的國之首。當(dāng)然，預(yù)測(cè)的實(shí)現(xiàn)需要外部環(huán)境的支持，更大的是需要中國自身的努力。正如俗語所言，未來是光明的，道路是曲折的。實(shí)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)在手的目標(biāo)需要持續(xù)的努力，不僅僅是旅游部門，還包括社會(huì)上的其他部門。</p><p>　　資料來源：王楠楠.上海交通大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育學(xué)院網(wǎng)[EB/OL]. http:// www.onlinesjtu