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1、<p> 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)</p><p> 外文參考文獻(xiàn)譯文及原文</p><p> 學(xué) 院 經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院 </p><p> 專 業(yè) 工商管理 </p><p> 年級班別 </p><p> 學(xué) 號
2、 </p><p> 學(xué)生姓名 </p><p> 指導(dǎo)教師 </p><p> 2007年 6月 15 日</p><p><b> 目 錄</b></p><p><b> 外文文獻(xiàn)譯文1</b&g
3、t;</p><p><b> 摘 要1</b></p><p><b> 1 緒 論2</b></p><p> 2 基于顧客的品牌資產(chǎn)3</p><p> 2.1 研究方法論5</p><p><b> 外文文獻(xiàn)原文6</b>
4、</p><p> Abstract6</p><p> 1 INTRODUCTION7</p><p> 2 CUSTOMER-BASED BRAND EQUITY9</p><p> 2.1 Study Methodology11</p><p><b> 外文文獻(xiàn)譯文</b>
5、;</p><p> 基于顧客的品牌資產(chǎn)為目的地</p><p><b> 摘 要</b></p><p> 本論文介紹顧客的品牌資產(chǎn)的概念,并運(yùn)用它的目的地。理論上提出和實(shí)證模型,從旅游的角度,補(bǔ)充了以前的研究結(jié)果對目的地的評價(jià)。除了無數(shù)的研究,所強(qiáng)調(diào)的形象,這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果暗示形象起著至關(guān)重要的作用評價(jià),但不是唯一品牌層面,應(yīng)該加以考
6、慮。一個更加完整的評價(jià),其規(guī)模意識,質(zhì)量和忠誠度也應(yīng)加以審查。品牌資產(chǎn)的概念被測試斯洛文尼亞兩個市場。結(jié)果顯示,在品牌資產(chǎn)的差異,根據(jù)市場來評價(jià)自己的品牌層面。</p><p> 關(guān)鍵詞:品牌,目的地形象,意識,忠誠度</p><p><b> 1 緒 論</b></p><p> 品牌已經(jīng)存在幾百年作為一種區(qū)別商品生產(chǎn)者之一,從那些盡
7、管現(xiàn)代的品牌,認(rèn)為它起源于19世紀(jì)(1992室)。根據(jù)這一理論,一個品牌可以被視為法律文書標(biāo)識,公司形象識別系統(tǒng)、形象、個性、人際關(guān)系 和增值。結(jié)合所有這些觀點(diǎn)集中體現(xiàn)在德chernatony和麥克唐納這相當(dāng)于一個成功的品牌,以識別產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)、人或地方,精良這樣,買方或用戶認(rèn)為相關(guān)的,獨(dú)特的附加值適合自己的需求最為密切和成功,其結(jié)果是在面對競爭,能夠維持這些補(bǔ)充價(jià)值觀?;ㄙM(fèi)大量的精力一直致力于解決這一性質(zhì)復(fù)雜的一個品牌。面對各種不同的解
8、釋, 德chernatony和麥克唐納說,它應(yīng)該被理解,從投入的角度,比如,在管理方式,強(qiáng)調(diào)資源利用,以達(dá)到客戶的反應(yīng)。另外,一個品牌可以從產(chǎn)出的角度來看,像這樣的顧客解釋和用它來提高自己的體會。chernatony德(1999)則進(jìn)一步指出,現(xiàn)代分析應(yīng)該把雙方的品牌概念(Aaker joachimsthaler2000;kapferer 1998)和品牌資產(chǎn)的概念(Aaker 1991;Keller 1993)是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的所謂公平是指
9、一筆因素(或尺寸)對一個品牌的價(jià)值在消費(fèi)者的心。</p><p> 不像許多科學(xué)貢獻(xiàn),涵蓋的主題品牌,該研究路線目的地品牌只是在初創(chuàng)階段(2002彩)。雖然這個品牌似乎是最新的一個研究領(lǐng)域(2002財(cái)摩根和普里查德2002),這個問題已部分包含在標(biāo)簽替代旅游目的地形象研究(里奇和里奇1998 ),其中已進(jìn)行調(diào)查工作30年以上(巴爾奧盧mccleary 1999年;克朗普頓1979年;埃赫特納里奇1993年;加利
10、亞薩,Gil和卡爾德龍2002年; Gartner1986年, 1989年, 1993年;亨特1975年;菲爾普斯1986 )。但是,由于里奇和里奇( 1998 )指出,開發(fā)一個連貫的和共同接受的框架是用品牌理論為目的地。據(jù)蔡(2002),一個重大的缺點(diǎn),以往影像學(xué)檢查是無法區(qū)分的形象和品牌功能。蔡突出差異:形象的形成不是品牌,但前者構(gòu)成的核心部分,后者。形象建設(shè)是走近一步,但仍然是一個關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié):品牌(2002:722)。</p&
11、gt;<p> 作為目的地的品牌,成為一個相當(dāng)活躍的研究領(lǐng)域,仍然存在的問題是否已被接受的品牌原則,可轉(zhuǎn)往目的地。類似的爭論也正在進(jìn)行有關(guān)原則在何種程度上發(fā)展傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品的品牌,可以適用于服務(wù)和企業(yè)發(fā)展。在比較產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),德chernatony dall'olmo和賴?yán)?1999)得出結(jié)論認(rèn)為,一個品牌很類似,盡管不同層面的品牌戰(zhàn)略可強(qiáng)調(diào)。因此,目的地的特性,應(yīng)進(jìn)行調(diào)查,然后采用品牌原則。</p>&l
12、t;p> 本文以探討層面的顧客為本的品牌資產(chǎn)的目的地。提出四個維度意識、形象、品質(zhì)和忠誠度分別確定、衡量和檢驗(yàn)。雖然有些人可能認(rèn)為,觀念意識,質(zhì)量和忠誠所固有的形象、尺寸,統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上孤立他們呼吁建立一個完善的形象研究。雖然尺寸可以說是包含在形象,如果fullconcept股本為目的地的業(yè)務(wù),形象只是其中一部分,有更多的包容性。</p><p> 本文主要目的,從旅游的角度來看,提出的概念。問題是不論顧客為
13、本的品牌資產(chǎn)評估方法,開發(fā)傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品(部分服務(wù)和組織)的品牌可轉(zhuǎn)往目的地。排除了無數(shù)分析圖像作為一個整體,其他三個方面都很少被研究。因此,這是有關(guān)詢問目的地的形象,作為一個單一的衡量品牌資產(chǎn),在目的地的評價(jià),是最重要的因素。另外, 問題在于形象概念研究,在過去三十年里,也包含其他品牌方面,可以確定和衡量。</p><p> 斯洛文尼亞是一個相對新的國家,1991年宣布獨(dú)立的前南斯拉夫。從那時(shí)起,它一直致力于建立自
14、己的歐洲聯(lián)盟網(wǎng)絡(luò),并于2004年達(dá)到加入歐盟的進(jìn)程。 獨(dú)立以前,斯洛文尼亞深受外國游客主要來自德國和奧地利。這是今天再度流行的是德國人,他們構(gòu)成了最大的外國客源市場。在2003年,從我國獨(dú)立至今,只有兩項(xiàng)研究已經(jīng)完成,作為外來的市場,調(diào)查其價(jià)值。一是提供一些形象觀感從德國和克羅地亞市場,用來幫助確定尺寸變量在這項(xiàng)研究(科內(nèi)奇尼克2006)。</p><p> 斯洛文尼亞正處于一個令人羨慕的位置。作為一個相對較新
15、的國家,它已沒有時(shí)間來建立或大大削弱品牌的價(jià)值。它最終可以舉例說明系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展可以提高品牌價(jià)值。斯洛文尼亞發(fā)展品牌,有一些措施表現(xiàn)為不同層面的需要。結(jié)合一個明顯的特征,這將提供一個基礎(chǔ),營銷戰(zhàn)略,為外國市場。這樣才能更有效地分配有限的年度預(yù)算為推廣資訊科技為外人道。</p><p> 2 基于顧客的品牌資產(chǎn)</p><p> 最初感興趣的品牌資產(chǎn),從分析的角度估值,而在金融領(lǐng)域,出現(xiàn)于上
16、世紀(jì)90年代作為一個重要的研究領(lǐng)域,在市場營銷(評介1993)。有相當(dāng)大的興趣已轉(zhuǎn)移到概念化和理解。因此,其概念和涵義,品牌資產(chǎn)已引起不少爭論(chaudhuri 1995),雖然一些作者仍然承認(rèn)缺乏一個基本理論框架,圍繞這一問題(巴斯克斯、 德爾里奧和西亞斯2002)。</p><p> 目前,學(xué)術(shù)界討論的理論構(gòu)想和發(fā)展一個完善的測量儀器(Yoo 和donthu 2001)。其中一些已提出在理論上或?qū)嵺`上。但
17、Yoo與donthu (2001)認(rèn)為,沒有共同協(xié)議如何品牌資產(chǎn)應(yīng)電阻。一些努力通向共識測量得到確認(rèn)?;贏aker (1991)和Keller (1993)的分類方法,這些都是有目共睹的分析(Faircloth,Capella和Alford 2001;Yoo和donthu 2001)。本研究仿照作者(如Aaker 1991年;Yoo和donthu 2001)自稱客戶的評價(jià)一個包括品牌意識、形象、品質(zhì)和忠誠度方面。</p>
18、<p> 四個層面提出關(guān)于目的地詳述如下。但是,一個大模型廣泛使用在圖像研究指導(dǎo)這項(xiàng)研究。這是大家普遍認(rèn)同的三個主要組成部分的形象被稱為認(rèn)知、情感和意識(加特納1993)。認(rèn)知成分構(gòu)成意識:什么有人知道或認(rèn)為自己知道的目的地。情感成分是基于怎樣的一個感想這方面的知識。意識的部分是行動步驟: 如何行為之一的信息,他們?nèi)绾胃惺芩?目的地)。在這樣的消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品,但多數(shù)有形屬性,使圖像可以基于真實(shí)的,可衡量的信息。但同樣不能說是體驗(yàn)
19、產(chǎn)品,例如旅游,是生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)同時(shí)發(fā)生。這種差異之間有形和體驗(yàn),在一些重點(diǎn)旅游目的地形象研究多年來。不過,目的地,如消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品,是評價(jià)不僅僅來自真實(shí)或想象的屬性,而是根據(jù)“牌子”。</p><p> 目的地的名稱,如抵押公司名義銷售消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品。因素負(fù)責(zé)品牌價(jià)值尺寸湊成什么來被稱為“品牌資產(chǎn)”。形成過程如圖1所示。主要組件的模型是一樣的。該模型接受蔡的(2002)論點(diǎn),即是形象的核心概念品牌。然而,當(dāng)目的地的名稱才知道
20、,圖像本身到品牌層面,而蒙上了品牌(目的地名稱)。如圖1所示,不同層面的影響不同成分的模型。舉例來說,意識的影響,大部分的認(rèn)知成分,沒有它就不可能有品牌。尺寸形象和質(zhì)量顯得更影響情感成分時(shí)的態(tài)度和感情是什么 已知(意識)的評估。忠誠(行為和態(tài)度)起作用的意組成。如果品牌資產(chǎn)評估是否足以導(dǎo)致行為或態(tài)度忠誠,各個方面都深受意組成。即兩種忠誠將使測量內(nèi)部調(diào)整的維度品牌資產(chǎn)。圖1描繪了四個層面,但這并不妨礙他人免受確定和衡量。品牌形象方面相互關(guān)
21、系,再加上累積價(jià)值,都令人對建立品牌資產(chǎn)。</p><p><b> 目的地</b></p><p><b> 影像</b></p><p> 意識 形象 質(zhì)量 忠誠度</p><p> 圖1 品牌資產(chǎn)的創(chuàng)作為目的地品牌</p><p&
22、gt; 目的地意識。觀念意識的目的地大多是根據(jù)調(diào)查的題目是旅游決策過程(Goodall 1993;Woodside和lysonski 1989 ),牢牢植根于消費(fèi)者行為研究(Howard和sheth 1969)。所有型號的消費(fèi)行為辯稱意識,是一個必要的,但是還不夠領(lǐng)先一步審判和重復(fù)購買。意識不一定總是導(dǎo)致購買,因?yàn)樗慕Y(jié)果,充其量只是在產(chǎn)品好奇心(fesenmaier,Vogt和Stewart 1993)。同樣,Goodall(199
23、3)指出,只有目的地潛在的旅游意識到將列入知覺機(jī)會集合。</p><p> 意識意味著一個形象的目的地是存在于頭腦中潛在游客(Gartner 1993)。當(dāng)一個目的地,要獲得成功,它必須先取得旅游意識和第二正面形象(milm 和pizam 1995)。不同于意識,這是調(diào)查的目的地選擇過程中,研究了旅游目的地的形象,主要介紹了概念的熟悉度。Mackay和fesenmaier (1997)爭辯說,這已經(jīng)提出了積極和
24、消極因素的形象評價(jià)。大多已與一個更為現(xiàn)實(shí)的印象,有目的地根據(jù)過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。大部分形象實(shí)證研究已發(fā)現(xiàn)有正面關(guān)系的親切感和圖像(Baloglu 2001)。它往往是通過測量前探視或直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)的一個地方,這也是看作是一個國家內(nèi)部的信息搜索過程(Gartner 和 bachri 1994;Gitelson和Crompton 1983),還是從重大刺激(Um和Crompton 1990)。</p><p> 旅游目的地的形象
25、。研究在線調(diào)查關(guān)于旅游目的地的形象開始于70年代初(Gunn1972;Hunt 1975),而今天仍是一個多產(chǎn)的研究領(lǐng)域(Pike 2002)。在檢討以往的工作,Pike(2002)發(fā)現(xiàn)142號文件,在過去三十年里,已直接或間接地影響旅游目的地的形象主題。</p><p> 盡管有廣泛的興趣,在一個統(tǒng)一的理論,旅游目的地的形象,沒有任何單一的方法,是被普遍接受的。雖然多數(shù)研究植根于營銷(Gardner和Levy
26、 1955),這一概念也在相連,并在分析了其他學(xué)科,如人類學(xué)、地理學(xué)、社會學(xué)及符號(Gallarza et al 2002)。主要的批評,這些眾多的研究是缺乏一個基本理論和概念框架,由什么構(gòu)成目的地形象( Fakeye和Crompton 1991),其形成過程(Gartner 1993),其運(yùn)行(Echtner 和 Ritchie 1993)。雖然所有這三個領(lǐng)域仍需要改進(jìn),在過去幾年里(Gallarza et al 2002),許多已采
27、取措施。在眾多的意見,可能是最被公認(rèn)是接受圖象中的重要作用,在游客的旅游行為,至于具體的評價(jià)和選擇過程(Echtner 和 Ritchie 1993;Gallarza et al 2002;Hunt 1975),即使是什么感覺并不總是能夠真正代表一個什么樣的地方都有提供(Um 和 Crompton 1990)。</p><p> 目的地質(zhì)量。大多數(shù)人的形象調(diào)查,包括實(shí)證測量中的概念(Pike 2002),通常作
28、為一個結(jié)合許多屬性的變量。但最近概覽文獻(xiàn)明確提到存在著質(zhì)量問題。 進(jìn)一步的調(diào)查,在檢討以往的研究處理目的地的發(fā)展,只有極少數(shù)被發(fā)現(xiàn)與該課題的感知質(zhì)量(Fick 和Ritchie 1991;Keane 1997;Murphy、Prichard和Smith 2000; weiermair和Fuchs 1999)。這是有趣的,因?yàn)槁糜蔚恼w評價(jià)是一個目的地,是一個集合了產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。在所有這些例子中,質(zhì)量是一個至關(guān)重要的因素,影響著消費(fèi)行
29、為。</p><p> 把質(zhì)量納入目的地評價(jià)是如何實(shí)施這一構(gòu)想,可能是最困難的問題。在協(xié)議中,Keane (1997)重申P(guān)irsig的問題“什么是質(zhì)量真的?”,并企圖實(shí)施這一概念的連接質(zhì)量尺寸與價(jià)格。重視價(jià)格,其它方面已經(jīng)承認(rèn)調(diào)查目的地發(fā)展(Baloglu a和 Mangaloglu2001;Crompton 1979;Echtner 和 Ritchie 1993)。因此,價(jià)格是一個重要的外在品質(zhì)線索。<
30、;/p><p> 其他屬性相同的潛力。正如Baker 和 Crompton表示,“大量的圖像研究報(bào)道,在旅游業(yè)的措施,對質(zhì)量的一個目的地的屬性” (2000:788)。此外,在形象概念工作Baloglu and McCleary(1999:881),“質(zhì)量”經(jīng)驗(yàn)的因素之一是在概念化的形象建設(shè)。</p><p> 目的地忠誠度。雖然忠誠概念已被廣泛調(diào)查,在營銷文學(xué),目的地忠誠很少被研究。Op
31、permann (2000)認(rèn)為忠誠度不應(yīng)忽略,當(dāng)研究目的地品牌,而一些研究引入部分(Bigne、Sanchez 和 Sanchez 2001; Fakeye和Crompton 1991)。但是,這些僅僅吸納了數(shù)項(xiàng)措施,間接照亮忠誠度。曾有人建議,重復(fù)探視((Fakeye 和 Crompton 1991;Gitelson 和 Crompton 1984)和打算歸還(Ostrowski、O’Brien 和 Gordon 1993)的指標(biāo),
32、一個地方的忠誠。</p><p> 行為忠誠意味著以往經(jīng)驗(yàn)熟悉影響今天和明天的旅游決策,特別是目的地的選擇。Gitelson 和 Crompton (1984)認(rèn)為,許多目的地依賴游客重復(fù)。Opperman (2000)建議,目的地忠誠的,要追究縱向看終身探視行為。這樣的行為忠誠度,可作為一個合理或良好預(yù)估未來目的地的選擇。</p><p> 行為忠誠意味著以往經(jīng)驗(yàn)熟悉影響今天和明天的
33、旅游決策,特別是目的地的選擇。Gitelson 和 Crompton (1984)認(rèn)為,許多目的地依賴游客重復(fù)。Opperman (2000)建議,目的地忠誠的,要追究縱向看終身探視行為。這樣的行為忠誠度,可作為一個合理或良好預(yù)估未來目的地的選擇。</p><p> 總之,這是值得商榷的形象是唯一的層面了解目的地品牌資產(chǎn)。但由于研究者沒有若干年去尋找一個統(tǒng)一的理論,旅游目的地的形象,這也許是最好的分解圖像,而不
34、是合并,其組成解釋旅游決策過程。本文所爭論的問題,然后列實(shí)證 這個形象只是一個方面,以消費(fèi)者為基礎(chǔ)的品牌資產(chǎn)為目的地。其他方面可以隔離,并迅速付諸獨(dú)立。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)這里的業(yè)務(wù)作為一個地方可能不具包容性,但卻有助于解釋不同市場的看法目的地與這種知識的特定品牌資產(chǎn)的建設(shè)和加固措施,可以進(jìn)行銷售。</p><p><b> 2.1 研究方法論</b></p><p> 概念
35、模型,這項(xiàng)研究是基于理論貢獻(xiàn),大部分是Aaker (1991)和Keller (1993)從品牌資產(chǎn)的領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行研究。 因?yàn)樗麄兊呢暙I(xiàn)主要是針對產(chǎn)品品牌,轉(zhuǎn)移到目的地品牌慎重考慮。許多以前的研究結(jié)果,在旅游目的地的形象區(qū)(Echtner 和 Ritchie 1993;Gallarza et al 2002;Hunt 1975)提供了寶貴的背景。根據(jù)研究結(jié)果,一個概念模型,包括四個層面(意識、形象、感知質(zhì)量和忠誠度)的建議。在說,這是低階因
36、素,而整個觀念是高階。即使同種成分,圖像仍然可能牽涉到更多的,可能會被人嘲笑了創(chuàng)建其他維尺度。舉例來說,意識包括不同層次的旅游目的地的識別:頂記、自建品牌召回和品牌知名度。此項(xiàng)研究的目的是找出并側(cè)重于具體的層面,可能形成的品牌資產(chǎn)某一目的地,而不是找出所有可能的尺寸(或錄取),可載形象忠誠意識,或任何其他人。那些選擇在這里并不是唯一的甚至最揭示各市場。但他們都是這似乎最適合本研究考慮市場的來源和去向進(jìn)行研究。批評這項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)變量應(yīng)有所不同,
37、是多一個論點(diǎn)研究未來比現(xiàn)在。 過程如圖2隨后變量,確定了各層面涌現(xiàn)出來。概念模型這里提出一個線索斷定之間的關(guān)系方面存</p><p> 假說。以下Aaker(1991)和Keller (1993)的品牌資產(chǎn)分類,Yoo 和 Donthu (2001)的影響之間的關(guān)系的認(rèn)識、形象、品質(zhì)和忠誠度方面,不同產(chǎn)品類別橫跨幾個文化。最近的研究沒有雇用所有這些方面,雖然已經(jīng)引起了一些(認(rèn)識、忠誠)或多次(形象)上的調(diào)查。研
38、究者結(jié)合的形象概念,與其他層面。因此,Milman 和 Pizam (1995)合并的概念目的地形象的意識層面,雖然比Bigne 等人(2001年)提升了質(zhì)量和尺寸相關(guān)變數(shù)的態(tài)度忠誠的概念。其他一些研究調(diào)查,有關(guān)系的形象、態(tài)度或行為變量( Milman 和 Pizam 1995; Woodside and Dubelaar 2002)。很明顯,從以往的研究認(rèn)為彼此關(guān)系的建議方面存在的。因此,這些孤立的,為研究這個文件應(yīng)該表現(xiàn)出某種關(guān)系的
39、整個概念,以消費(fèi)者為基礎(chǔ)的品牌資產(chǎn)目的地(CBBETD)。下列假設(shè)為指導(dǎo)這項(xiàng)研究。</p><p><b> 外文文獻(xiàn)原文</b></p><p> CUSTOMER-BASED BRAND EQUITY FOR A DESTINATION</p><p><b> Abstract</b></p>&
40、lt;p> The paper introduces the concept of customer-based brand equity and applies it to a destination. The theoretically proposed and empirically verified model complements previous research findings on a destination
41、’s evaluation from the tourist’s perspective. In addition to numerous studies, which have stressed the importance of image, the results of this study imply that an image plays a vital role in evaluation but is not the on
42、ly brand dimension that should be considered. For a more complete eval</p><p> Keywords: Brand, Destination, Image, Awareness, Loyalty</p><p> 1 INTRODUCTION</p><p> Branding has
43、 existed for centuries as a way of distinguishing the goods of one producer from those of another, while modern branding finds its origins in the 19th century (Room 1992). According to this, a brand can be treated as a l
44、egal instrument, logo, company, identity system, image, personality, relationship, and/or as adding value. A combination of all these perspectives is embodied in the definition of de Chernatony and McDonald, which equate
45、s a successful brand to ‘‘a(chǎn)n identifiable produc</p><p> Unlike the many scientific contributions covering the theme of product brands, the research line of destination brands is merely in its infancy (Cai
46、2002). Although this branding appears to be one of the newest research areas (Cai 2002; Morgan and Pritchard 2002), the topic has been partly covered under the alternative label of destination image studies (Ritchie and
47、Ritchie 1998), which have been investigated for more than 30 years (Baloglu and McCleary 1999; Crompton 1979; Echtner and Ritchie 1</p><p> As destination branding becomes a fairly active area of research,
48、the question remains as to whether already accepted branding principles can be transferred to destinations. A similar debate is also ongoing about the extent to which principles traditionally developed for product brands
49、, can apply to service and corporate ones. In comparing products and services, de Chernatony and Dall’Olmo Riley (1999) concluded that the concept of a brand is similar for both, although different dimensions of br</p
50、><p> This paper is concerned with exploring the dimensions of the customer- based brand equity of a destination. Four proposed dimensions—awareness, image, quality, and loyalty—were identified, measured, and
51、tested. While some may argue that the concepts of awareness, quality, and loyalty are inherent in the image dimension, statistically isolating them calls for a refinement of image research. Although dimensions are arguab
52、ly contained within image, if the fullconcept of equity for destinations is o</p><p> The main purpose of this paper is to present the concept from the tourist’s point of view. The question is whether a cus
53、tomer-based brand equity methodology traditionally developed for product (and partly for services and organizations) brands can be transferred to destinations. Excluding the numerous analyses on image as a whole, the oth
54、er three dimensions have rarely been studied. Thus, it is relevant to ask whether a destination’s image as a single measure brand equity represents the most vit</p><p> Slovenia is a relatively new country,
55、 having declared its independence in 1991 from the former Yugoslavia. Since then, it has worked to establish itself within the European Union network and in 2004 attained membership in the EU. Prior to independence, Slov
56、enia was popular with foreign tourists, primarily from Germany and Austria. It is today again popular with Germans, who comprised its largest foreign tourist market in 2003. From the country’s independence to date, only
57、two studies have been c</p><p> Slovenia is now in an enviable position. Being a relatively new country, it has not had time to build or erode much brand value. It could eventually exemplify how systematic
58、development can enhance brand value. For developing the brand Slovenia, some performance measures for different dimensions are needed. In combination with a clear identity, these would provide the basis for marketing str
59、ategies for foreign markets. It would then be possible to more effectively allocate the limited annual bud</p><p> 2 CUSTOMER-BASED BRAND EQUITY</p><p> The initial interest in brand equity, a
60、nalyzed from the standpoint of valuation in the financial arena, emerged in the 90s as an important research area in marketing (Barwise 1993). Considerable interest has been channeled into conceptualizing and understandi
61、ng it. Accordingly, the concept and meaning of brand equity have occasioned much debate (Chaudhuri 1995), although several authors still recognize a lack of a general theoretical framework around the issue (Vazquez, del
62、Rio and Iglesias 2002</p><p> Currently, academics discuss both theoretical conceptualization and the development of a proper measurement instrument (Yoo and Donthu 2001). A number of these have been propos
63、ed at either theoretical or empirical levels. Yet Yoo and Donthu (2001) argued that there has been no common agreement on how brand equity should bemeasured. Some efforts leading toward consensus on measurement are recog
64、nized. These are evident in analyses (Faircloth, Capella and Alford 2001; Yoo and Donthu 2001) based on </p><p> The four proposed dimensions with respect to destinations are elaborated below. However, one
65、overriding model used extensively in image research guided this study. It is generally accepted that three main components of image are termed cognitive, affective, and conative (Gartner 1993). The cognitive component co
66、nstitutes awareness: what someone knows or thinks they know about a destination. The affective component is based on how one feels about this knowledge. The conative component is the acti</p><p> The name o
67、f a destination has collateral like the name of a company selling consumer products. The factors responsible for brand value—dimensions—together make up what has come to be known as ‘‘brand equity’’. The process of creat
68、ing it is shown in Figure 1. The main components of the model are the same as those</p><p> Destination</p><p><b> Image</b></p><p> Awareness Image Quali
69、ty Loyalty</p><p> Figure 1. Creation of Brand Equity for a Destination Brand</p><p> underpinning image research. The model accepts Cai’s (2002) contention that image is the core concep
70、t in branding. However, when the name of a destination becomes known, image devolves into brand dimensions, and is overshadowed by brand (destination name). As shown in Figure 1, different dimensions affect different com
71、ponents in the model. For example, awareness most influences the cognitive component, and without it there can be no brand equity. The dimensions of image and quality appear more t</p><p> Destination Aware
72、ness. The concept of destination awareness has mostly been investigated under the topic of the tourism decision process (Goodall 1993; Woodside and Lysonski 1989), firmly rooted in consumer behavior studies (Howard and S
73、heth 1969). All models of consumer behavior argue that awareness is a first and necessary, but not sufficient, step leading to trial and repeat purchase. Awareness may not always lead to purchase, because it results, at
74、best, in product curiosity (Fesenmaier, Vog</p><p> Awareness implies that an image of the destination exists in the minds of potential tourists (Gartner 1993). When a destination wants to be successful, it
75、 must first achieve tourist awareness and second a positive image (Milman and Pizam 1995). Unlike awareness, which is investigated within the destination selection processes, studies of destination image mostly introduce
76、 the concept of familiarity. Mackay and Fesenmaier (1997) argue that this has been proposed as both a positive and negative fa</p><p> Destination Image. The research line of inquiry regarding destination i
77、mage started in the early 70s (Gunn 1972; Hunt 1975) and today remains a prolific area of study (Pike 2002). In reviewing previous work, Pike (2002) found 142 papers in the last three decades that have directly or indire
78、ctly investigated destination image topics.</p><p> Despite wide interest in a unifying theory of destination image, no single approach is commonly accepted. Although mostly studied with roots in marketing
79、(Gardner and Levy 1955), the concept has also been connected and analyzed within other disciplines, such as anthropology, geography, sociology, and semiotics (Gallarza et al 2002). The main criticism of these numerous st
80、udies was the lack of a theoretical and conceptual framework for what constitutes a destination’s image (Fakeye and Crompton 1</p><p> Destination Quality. The majority of image investigations include an em
81、pirical measurement of the concept (Pike 2002), usually presented as a combination of many attribute-based variables. None of the recent overviews of the literature explicitly mention the existence of a quality dimension
82、. Further, in reviewing previous studies dealing with destination development, only a few were found covering the topic of perceived quality (Fick and Ritchie 1991; Keane 1997; Murphy, Prichard and Smith 2000;</p>
83、<p> Probably the most difficult issue in integrating quality into destination evaluation is how to operationalize the concept. In agreement, Keane (1997) reiterated Pirsig’s question of ‘‘what is quality really?’
84、’ and attempted to operationalize the concept by linking the quality dimension with pricing. The importance of price has been recognized by others investigating destination development (Baloglu and Mangaloglu 2001; Cromp
85、ton 1979; Echtner and Ritchie 1993). Hence, price is one of the importan</p><p> Other attributes share the same potential. As Baker and Crompton stated, ‘‘much of the image research reported in tourism mea
86、sures perceptions of quality of a destination’s attributes’’ (2000:788). Also, in the image concept work of Baloglu and McCleary (1999:881), the ‘‘quality of experience’’ is one of the factors in conceptualizing the imag
87、e construct.</p><p> Destination Loyalty. Although the loyalty concept has been extensively investigated in the marketing literature, destination loyalty has rarely been studied. Oppermann (2000) argued tha
88、t loyalty should not be neglected when examining destination brands, and some studies partly introduce it (Bigne, Sanchez and Sanchez 2001; Fakeye and Crompton 1991). However, these incorporate only a few measures that
89、indirectly illuminate loyalty. It has been suggested that repeat visitation (Fakeye and Crompto</p><p> Behavioral loyalty implies that previous experiential familiarity influences today’s and tomorrow’s to
90、urism decisions, especially destination choice. Gitelson and Crompton (1984) argued that many destinations rely heavily on repeat tourists. Opperman (2000) suggested that destination loyalty should be investigated longit
91、udinally, looking at lifelong visitation behavior. In this way behavioral loyalty can be used as a reasonable or good predictor of future destination choice.</p><p> Attitudinal loyalty considers a person’s
92、 attitude (affective image component) of a destination’s attributes, which can further influence their intention to visit or recommend a place to others (Bigne et al 2001). Anyone with a positive attitude toward a destin
93、ation, even though they may not be visiting it again, may still provide a positive word-of-mouth review. Due to the important role of such recommendations (Gartner 1993; Gitelson and Crompton 1983), this aspect of loyalt
94、y appears extremely </p><p> In short, it is arguable that image is the sole dimension for understanding destination brand equity. But since researchers have failed for years to find a unifying theory of de
95、stination image, it is probably best to disaggregate image rather than merging its components to explain the tourism decision process. In this paper it is argued, and then shown empirically, that image is only one dimens
96、ion of consumer-based brand equity for a destination. Other dimensions can be isolated and acted upon i</p><p> 2.1 Study Methodology</p><p> The conceptual model for this study is based on th
97、eoretical contributions from the brand equity area, mostly Aaker (1991) and Keller (1993). Because their contributions primarily addressed product brands, the transfer to destination branding was considered carefully. N
98、umerous previous findings in the destination image area (Echtner and Ritchie 1993; Gallarza et al 2002; Hunt 1975) provided valuable background. Drawing on the findings, a conceptual model consisting of four dimensions (
99、awareness,</p><p> Hypotheses. Following Aaker’s (1991) and Keller’s (1993) brand equity categorization, Yoo and Donthu (2001) investigated the relationship between the awareness, image, quality, and loyalt
100、y dimensions of different product categories across several cultures. Recent studies have not employed all these dimensions, although all have been subjects of some (awareness, loyalty) or numerous (image) previous inves
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