外文文獻翻譯--全站儀在房屋建筑測量中的應(yīng)用分析

1、<p><b>　　目 錄</b></p><p><b>　　1 靜壓樁1</b></p><p>　　2 Static pressure pile6</p><p>　　3 全站儀在房屋建筑測量中的應(yīng)用分析12</p><p>　　4 Application

2、of total station instrument in measuring in housing coustruction16</p><p><b>　　靜 壓 樁</b></p><p><b>　　概 述</b></p><p>　　靜壓樁法施工是通過靜力壓樁機的壓樁機構(gòu)以壓樁機自重和機架上的配重提供反力而將

3、樁壓入土中的沉樁工藝，這種壓樁方法完全避免了錘擊打樁所產(chǎn)生的振動、噪音和污染，因此施工時具有無噪音、無振動、無沖擊力、無污染等優(yōu)點。 液壓靜壓樁屬于擠土樁。樁在壓入過程中對周圍土體進行排擠，使地基的側(cè)向應(yīng)力增加，從而導(dǎo)致土的密度的增加。它的擠土效應(yīng)取決于樁截面的幾何形狀和壓樁力。一般來說，采用靜壓樁工藝的地基土含水量較高，孔隙比較大，在樁受垂直靜壓過程中，樁尖直接使土產(chǎn)生沖剪破壞，伴隨或先發(fā)生沿樁身土體的直接剪切破壞，從而也產(chǎn)生了

4、超孔隙水壓力，擾動了土體結(jié)構(gòu)，使樁周約一倍樁徑土體的抗剪強度降低，發(fā)生嚴重軟化(粘性土)或稠化(粉土、砂土)，出現(xiàn)土的重塑現(xiàn)象，從而可連續(xù)地將靜壓樁送入很深的地基土層中。</p><p>　　靜力壓樁施工法早在20世紀60年代在上海開始研究應(yīng)用，到20世紀80年代，隨著壓樁機械的發(fā)展和環(huán)保意識的增強進一步得到推廣，到到20世紀90年代，壓樁機實現(xiàn)了系列化，既可施壓預(yù)制方樁，也可施壓預(yù)應(yīng)力管樁，目前在全國許多城市得

5、到了廣泛應(yīng)用。</p><p><b>　　1、靜壓樁的簡介</b></p><p>　　全名錨桿靜壓樁:樁基礎(chǔ)的一種，采用的方法是采用靜力壓樁機壓樁，工作原理與錘擊截然相反，主要優(yōu)點是沒有噪聲。</p><p>　　2、靜壓樁的施工特點</p><p>　　靜壓力樁法施工時無噪聲、無振動、無沖擊力、施工應(yīng)力小。可以減小

6、打樁振動對地基和臨近建筑物的影響，樁頂不易損害，不易產(chǎn)生偏心，節(jié)約制樁材料和降低工程成本，且能在沉樁施工中測定沉樁阻力，為設(shè)計、施工提供參數(shù)， 預(yù)估和驗證樁的承載力。靜壓力樁機有機械式和液壓式兩種。</p><p><b>　　（1）機械靜壓力樁</b></p><p>　　機械靜壓力樁機是利用鋼樁架及附屬設(shè)備重量、配置，通過卷揚機的牽引，由鋼絲繩滑輪及壓梁將整個壓樁

7、機重量傳至樁頂，將樁段逐節(jié)壓入土中，壓樁架一般高16~20m，靜壓力400~800KN。接頭采用焊接法或硫磺膠泥錨接法。</p><p>　　壓樁時，由卷揚機牽引，使壓樁架就位，吊首節(jié)樁至壓樁位置，樁頂由樁架固定，下端由滑輪夾持，開動卷揚機，將樁壓入土中至露出地面2m左右，再將第二節(jié)樁接上，要求接樁的彎曲度不大于1%，然后繼續(xù)壓入，如此反復(fù)操作至全部樁段壓入土中。</p><p><

8、b>　?。?）液壓靜壓力樁</b></p><p>　　液壓式靜壓力樁機由壓樁機構(gòu)、行走機構(gòu)及起吊機構(gòu)三部分組成。壓樁時，先用起吊機構(gòu)將樁吊入到壓樁機主機部位后，用液壓夾樁器將樁頭夾緊，開動壓樁油缸將樁壓入土中，接著回程再吊上第二節(jié)樁，用硫磺膠泥接樁后，繼續(xù)壓入，反復(fù)操作至全部樁段壓入土中。然后開動行走機構(gòu)，移至下一個樁位繼續(xù)壓樁。液壓式靜壓力壓樁機的靜壓力為800~1600KN。</p&

9、gt;<p><b>　　3、靜壓樁施工方法</b></p><p><b>　　（1）機械設(shè)備進場</b></p><p>　　1.設(shè)備選擇：根據(jù)所施工樁型和設(shè)計要求承載力選擇相應(yīng)噸位靜壓樁樁機。本工程選擇600T靜壓樁機。</p><p>　　2.設(shè)備進場：靜壓樁機從異地拆散后用運營車運到施工現(xiàn)場，在現(xiàn)場

10、進行安裝調(diào)試。進場日期根據(jù)甲方要求確定。</p><p>　　3.設(shè)備調(diào)試：靜壓樁機進場安裝后，對油路、線路進行調(diào)試。調(diào)試后檢查抱樁器，施工前必須先吊起一根樁測試抱樁器對樁身是否有損壞。</p><p>　　4.設(shè)備調(diào)試完畢后，挪移到施工區(qū)域附近等待施工。</p><p><b>　　（2）材料進場</b></p><p&g

11、t;　　1.材料的擺放：預(yù)制樁進場后擺放在枕木或其它物體上，不能直接擺放在地面。注意擺放平整性，保持樁身的完整。預(yù)制樁應(yīng)擺放在便于施工運輸?shù)膮^(qū)域內(nèi)。</p><p>　　2.材料的檢查：預(yù)制樁擺放平整后，對樁身的完整性進行檢查，用鋼尺測量長度，觀察樁的外觀。</p><p>　　3.材料的吊放：起吊預(yù)制樁時注意吊點，防止起吊過程中對樁身的損害。</p><p>&l

12、t;b>　?。?）樁位放線</b></p><p>　　1.樁位放線依據(jù)：建設(shè)單位提供的放線依據(jù)和設(shè)計圖紙要求。</p><p>　　2.樁位放線：依據(jù)放線依據(jù)采用經(jīng)緯儀、鋼尺，以通視測量法放出軸線、樁位，確保軸線、樁位的位置準確。</p><p>　　3.樁位檢測：放出樁位后，填寫放線記錄與技術(shù)復(fù)核，報請總包、監(jiān)理驗收，驗收通過后，準備開始施工。

13、</p><p>　　4．樁位復(fù)測：施工期間對樁位定期復(fù)測，如發(fā)現(xiàn)問題會同有關(guān)人員及時處理解決。</p><p><b>　?。?）壓施過程</b></p><p>　　1.預(yù)制樁的起吊：在吊放預(yù)制樁前進行垂直校正。預(yù)制樁在起吊、運輸和安裝中應(yīng)采取措施防止變形，起吊點應(yīng)設(shè)在合理部位。</p><p>　　2.預(yù)制樁的對位

14、：吊放時應(yīng)對準樁位輕放、慢放、嚴禁高起猛落，強行下放，防止傾斜、彎折或碰撞。對位時下面指揮人員要與操作人員及時溝通，對位要準確無誤。對位后經(jīng)總包、監(jiān)理驗收后開始壓樁。</p><p>　　3．預(yù)制樁水準的控制：利用水準儀根據(jù)建設(shè)方提供水準點在送樁器上作好標志，每挪動一次水準儀必須重新做標志。壓施過程中有專人盯水準儀，控制送樁深度。</p><p>　　4．預(yù)制樁垂直度的控制：壓施過程中有專

15、人利用經(jīng)緯儀或線墜控制預(yù)制樁的垂直度，隨時注意調(diào)整。</p><p>　　5.壓樁時，應(yīng)始終保持樁軸心受壓，若有偏移應(yīng)立即糾正。</p><p>　　6.接樁應(yīng)保證上下節(jié)樁軸線一致。</p><p>　　7.施工中，若壓阻力超過壓樁能力使樁架上抬或傾斜時，應(yīng)立即停壓，查明原因，有可能樁尖遇到厚砂層等使阻力增大。發(fā)生這種情況時，可以用最大壓樁力作用于樁頂，采用忽停忽開

16、的辦法，使樁緩慢下沉，穿過砂層。</p><p>　　8．靜壓樁機的挪位：壓施后靜壓機挪位時防止樁位變形，及時對樁位進行復(fù)測。</p><p>　　4、靜壓樁的沉樁機理：</p><p>　　靜壓樁沉樁機理沉樁施工時，樁尖“刺入”土體中時原狀土的初應(yīng)力狀態(tài)受到破壞，造成樁尖下土體的壓縮變形，土體對樁尖產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)阻力，隨著樁貫入壓力的增大，當樁尖處土體所受應(yīng)力超過其抗剪

17、強度時，土體發(fā)生急劇變形而達到極限破壞，土體產(chǎn)生塑性流動（粘性土）或擠密側(cè)移和下拖（砂土），在地表處，粘性土體會向上隆起，砂性土則會被拖帶下沉。在地面深處由于上覆土層的壓力,土體主要向樁周水平方向擠開，使貼近樁周處土體結(jié)構(gòu)完全破壞。由于較大的輻射向壓力的作用也使鄰近樁周處土體受到較大擾動影響，此時，樁身必然會受到土體的強大法向抗力所引起的樁周摩阻力和樁尖阻力的抵抗，當樁頂?shù)撵o壓力大于沉樁時的這些抵抗阻力，樁將繼續(xù)“刺入”下沉。反之，則停

18、止下沉。</p><p><b>　　5、靜壓樁注意事項</b></p><p>　　近幾年來，預(yù)應(yīng)力管樁由于其具有施工工期短、單位承載力及造價較低等優(yōu)點，在粵東地區(qū)得到了迅猛發(fā)展及推廣應(yīng)用。同時由于錘擊法施工在環(huán)保等方面的缺點日益突出，故而靜壓法施工越來越普遍，由此而引發(fā)的許多關(guān)于靜壓管樁的質(zhì)量安全技術(shù)問題也倍受人們的關(guān)注。</p><p>

19、　?。?）靜壓管樁的優(yōu)缺點</p><p>　　靜壓法施工是通過靜力壓樁機的壓樁機構(gòu)自重和樁架上的配重作反力將預(yù)制樁壓人土中的一種成樁工藝。下面簡要談?wù)勵A(yù)應(yīng)力管樁中靜壓法施工有哪些優(yōu)缺點。</p><p><b>　　1．主要優(yōu)點</b></p><p>　　(1)低噪聲、無振動、無污染，可以24小時連續(xù)施工，縮短建設(shè)工期，創(chuàng)造時間效益，從而降

20、低工程造價；</p><p>　　(2)施工速度很快，同時場地整潔、施工文明程度高；</p><p>　　(3)由于送樁器與工程樁樁頭的接觸面吻合較好，送樁器在送樁過程中不會左右晃動和上下跳動，因而可以送樁較深，基礎(chǔ)開挖后的截去量少；</p><p>　　(4)施工中由于壓樁引起的應(yīng)力較小，且樁身在施工過程中不會出現(xiàn)拉應(yīng)力，樁頭一般都完好無損，復(fù)壓較為容易。<

21、/p><p><b>　　2．主要缺點</b></p><p>　　(1)仍然具有擠土效應(yīng)，對周圍建筑環(huán)境及地下管線有一定的影響，要求邊樁中心到相鄰建筑物的間距較大；</p><p>　　(2)施工場地的地耐力要求較高，在新填土、淤泥土及積水浸泡過的場地施工易陷機；</p><p>　　(3)過大的壓樁力(夾持力)易將管樁樁

22、身夾破夾碎，或使管樁出現(xiàn)縱向裂縫；</p><p>　　(4)不宜在地下障礙物或孤石較多的場地施工。</p><p><b>　　6、結(jié)語</b></p><p>　　雖然目前靜壓管樁工程實踐經(jīng)驗尚不夠豐富，但隨著靜壓管樁技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用和發(fā)展，以及人們對靜壓管樁的理論研究和工程實踐經(jīng)驗的不斷積累，相信靜壓管樁技術(shù)應(yīng)用水平將會不斷地得到提高。&l

23、t;/p><p>　　Static pressure pile</p><p><b>　　Overview</b></p><p>　　Construction method of static pressure pile is the pile pressing mechanism through the static pile pressin

24、g machine with pressure balance pile machine weight and the frame with force and pile technology of pile soil, the pile pressing method completely avoids the vibration, noise and pollution caused by pile driving hammer,

25、so construction has the advantages of no noise, no vibration, no impact, no pollution etc..</p><p>　　Hydraulic static pile to soil compaction pile. Pile is pressed into the crowding out of the surrounding so

26、il process, make the foundation of the lateral stress increase, resulting in increased soil density. The squeezing effect depends on the cross section of the pile geometry and pressure of pile. In general, the foundation

27、 soil by static pressure pile technology with high water content, pore is relatively large, the pile under vertical static load of pile tip soil, directly to produce punching</p><p>　　Static pressure pile me

28、thod in the early nineteen sixties in Shanghai began to research and application, to the nineteen eighties, along with the further promotion and enhance the development of piling machinery and environmental protection co

29、nsciousness, to nineteen ninties, piling machine series, which can be pressed precast pile, also can be pressure prestressed pipe pile, get widely used in many city in the country at present.</p><p>　　1, The

30、 static pressure pile.</p><p>　　The full name of anchor static pressure pile: a pile foundation, the method is the use of hydraulic static pile driver, principle and hammer hit the opposite, the main advanta

31、ge is that there is no noise.</p><p>　　2, The construction characteristics of static pressure pile</p><p>　　Static pressure pile method construction of no noise, no vibration, no impact force, t

32、he construction stress. Can reduce the influence of piling vibration on the ground and the adjacent buildings, the pile top is not easy to damage, not easy to generate eccentric, pile material saving and reduce the engin

33、eering cost, and can in the piling construction in determination of sinking pile resistance, providing the design parameters, construction, bearing capacity prediction and verification of pile. </p><p>　　(1)

34、 Mechanical static pressure pile</p><p>　　Mechanical static pressure pile machine is the use of steel pile frame and the weight of the auxiliary equipment, configuration, through the traction winch, consists

35、 of a wire rope pulley and beam the pile pressing machine weight to the pile top, the pile section by section are pressed into soil, pile frame generally high 16~20m, static pressure 400~800KN. Joint by welding or sulfur

36、 mortar anchor connection.</p><p>　　Pile, towed by a winch, the pile pressing frame in the first quarter, hanging pile to pile position, pile by pile frame is fixed, the lower end of the pulley clamping, sta

37、rt the winch, the pile soil to sticking out of the ground about 2m, and then the second section pile up, bending is a little pile splicing requirements in 1%, and then continue to press, repeat this operation until all t

38、he pile segment are pressed into soil.</p><p>　　(2) The hydraulic static pressure pile</p><p>　　Hydraulic static pressure pile machine consists of a pile pressing mechanism, a running mechanism

39、and a lifting mechanism three parts. Pile, first with the lifting mechanism of the pile is hung into the pile machine parts, pile the pile head clamping hydraulic clamp, use a pile pressing oil cylinder pushes the pile i

40、nto the soil, then return again on the second day hanging pile, with sulfur plaster pile splicing, continue to press, operation is repeated until all pile soil pressure. Then start w</p><p>　　3, The static p

41、ressure pile construction method</p><p>　　(1) Mechanical equipment approach</p><p>　　1 The equipment selection: according to the construction of pile type and capacity design requirements to sel

42、ect the appropriate Tonnage Static Pressure Pile machine. 600T static pressure pile machine selection of the project.</p><p>　　2 Equipment approach: the static pressure pile machine apart from different afte

43、r the operation of the car is transported to the construction site, installation and commissioning on site. Entry date is determined according to the requirements of Party A.</p><p>　　3 The equipment debuggi

44、ng: static pile press enter after installation, debugging of circuit, circuit. After debugging check skirt pile gripper, must first lift a pile testing pile embracing device damage of pile body is before construction.<

45、;/p><p>　　4 Equipment commissioning is completed, to the construction area nearby and wait for the construction.</p><p>　　(2) The material approach</p><p>　　Put 1 Materials: Precast Pi

46、les in placed in the sleeper or other objects, can not be directly placed in the ground. Pay attention to the display smoothness, maintain the integrity of pile. Precast pile should be placed in the convenient transporta

47、tion area.</p><p>　　2 Material inspection: Precast Piles placed flat, check the integrity of the pile body, with the ruler to measure the length of pile, the appearance of.</p><p>　　3 Material:

48、the lifting prefabricated pile when the attention of hanging points, to prevent damage to the pile body lifting process.</p><p>　　(3) Pile position line</p><p>　　1 Pile position line basis: cons

49、truction units in the discharge line basis and the requirements of design drawings.</p><p>　　2 Pile position line: according to the theodolite, the ruler line basis, with visibility measurement release axis,

50、 pile spacing, pile axis, to ensure the position accuracy.</p><p>　　3 Pile detection: release pile, fill line records and technical review, submitted to the contractor, supervision and acceptance, acceptance

51、 by, ready to start construction.</p><p>　　4 Pile repetition measurement: during the construction of pile regular retest, if found in conjunction with the relevant personnel to solve.</p><p>　　(

52、4) Pressure process</p><p>　　Lifting 1 precast pile: vertical correction in precast pile before dipping. Precast pile in hoisting, transportation and installation of measures should be taken to prevent defor

53、mation, lifting points shall be arranged in the proper position.</p><p>　　Para 2 precast pile: dipping with the quasi pile with care, slow down, no high drop-from-meng, forced decentralization, prevent tilti

54、ng, bending or collision. The following command personnel positioning to communicate with the operator, counterpoint to accurate. Para after package, supervision and acceptance after the start of pile.</p><p&g

55、t;　　3 Prefabricated control pile level: the level instrument according to the construction of party provides the benchmark for signs in the pile feeder, every move a level must be to sign. Pressure in the course of the a

56、pplication is at level, to control the depth of pile.</p><p>　　Control of 4 precast pile verticality: pressure in the course of the application is using the theodolite or line drop control the verticality of

57、 precast pile, keep adjusting.</p><p>　　5 Pile, should always keep the pile axial compression, if any deviation should be corrected immediately.</p><p>　　6 Pile splicing shall ensure that the up

58、per and lower sections of the pile axis consistency.</p><p>　　7 The construction, if the pressure exceeds the pressure pile to pile frame lift or tilt, should immediately stop the pressure, to find out the r

59、eason, is likely to encounter thick sand pile tip resistance increases. When this occurs, you can use the maximum pile pressing force acting on the pile top, the suddenly stop or open way, make the pile sinking slowly, t

60、hrough the sand.</p><p>　　8 Static pressure pile machine moved: prevent the pile deformation pressure applied static press moved, timely to pile retest.</p><p>　　4, Pile sinking mechanism of sta

61、tic pressure pile:</p><p>　　Static pressure pile sinking mechanism of pile construction, pile tip "stab" soil in undisturbed soil initial stress state is destroyed, cause the compressive deformatio

62、n of soil under the pile tip soil on the pile tip, corresponding with the increase of pile penetration resistance, pressure, when the tip of the pile is stressed beyond its the shear strength of soil, sharp deformation a

63、nd ultimate failure, the plastic flow of soil (clay) or compaction side shift and drag (sand), on the surface, </p><p>　　5, The static pressure pile note</p><p>　　In recent years, prestressed pi

64、pe pile due to its short construction period, the unit capacity and low cost advantages, has been the rapid development and application in the eastern region. At the same time as the hammering method in construction of e

65、nvironmental protection and other aspects of the shortcomings have become increasingly prominent, so the static pressure method construction is becoming more and more common, which caused many of the static quality secur

66、ity problems have attracted m</p><p>　　(1) The advantages and disadvantages of static pressure pile</p><p>　　The static pressure method construction is through the static pile pressing machine p

67、ressure pile body weight and on the pile frame matches redoes the reaction will be a pile of precast pile pressure process in soil. A brief talk about the prestressed pipe pile in the static pressure method construction

68、of what are the advantages and disadvantages of.</p><p>　　1 Major advantages</p><p>　　(1) Low noise, no vibration, no pollution, can be 24 hours of continuous construction, shorten the construct

69、ion period, the creation of the time efficiency, thereby reducing the project cost;</p><p>　　(2) The construction speed is very fast, at the same time, the construction site clean degree of civilization;<

70、/p><p>　　(3) The pile feeder and engineering pile head contact surface are in good agreement, pile feeder in pile feeding process will not sway and bounce up and down, and can send a pile is deep, an amount les

71、s upon foundation excavation;</p><p>　　(4) Construction due to the pressure caused by pile stress is smaller, and the pile in the construction process will not appear tensile stress, the pile head are genera

72、lly intact, repressing easier.</p><p>　　2 Major drawbacks</p><p>　　(1) Still has the effect of soil compaction, has certain influence on the surrounding buildings and underground pipelines, dema

73、nd side pile center to the adjacent building larger space;</p><p>　　(2) The construction site of the endurance requirements higher, easily trapped in site construction new fill, silt soil and water soaked;&l

74、t;/p><p>　　(3) The pile pressing force is too large (clamping force of the pile body clamps) easily broken clamp broken, or make the pile longitudinal cracks;</p><p>　　(4) Construction site should

75、not be in the underground obstacles or boulder more.</p><p>　　6, The conclusion</p><p>　　Although the static pile engineering practice experience is not rich, but with the development and wide a

76、pplication of static pile technology, continue to accumulate and people on the static theoretical research and engineering practice experience, believe that the application level of static pile technology will continue t

77、o be high.</p><p>　　全站儀在房屋建筑測量中的應(yīng)用分析</p><p><b>　　摘 要</b></p><p>　　介紹全站儀在房屋建筑測量中的應(yīng)用，提出全站儀使用中應(yīng)注意的事項。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：全站儀，房屋建筑，施工測量，應(yīng)用</p><p>　　隨著科學(xué)

78、技術(shù)的進步與發(fā)展，人類勞動不僅在深度和廣度上快速拓展，且更加簡潔高效。光電測距儀的出現(xiàn)使測量范圍和測量速度大大提高，電子經(jīng)緯儀的出現(xiàn)則不僅使測角精度有所提高，其可視化更是給測量工作帶來了極大的便利，電子全站儀就是集測距、測角、測高程及數(shù)據(jù)自動化處理于一體的智能化儀器，在高層、大型房屋建筑工程的施工測量工作中得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。</p><p><b>　　一、全站儀簡介</b></p>

79、;<p>　　全站儀，即全站型電子速測儀。是一種集光、機、電為一體的高技術(shù)測量儀器，是集水平角、垂直角、距離（斜距、平距）、高差測量功能于一體的測繪儀器系統(tǒng)。全站儀具有測量精度高，儀器的集成化、自動化和智能化程度高等優(yōu)點，已大量應(yīng)用于各類工程的施工測量中。全站儀是由電子測角、電子測距、電子計算和數(shù)據(jù)存儲單元等組成的三維坐標測量系統(tǒng)，測量結(jié)果能自動顯示，并能與外轉(zhuǎn)設(shè)備交換住處的多功能測量儀器。由于全站儀電子速測儀較完善地實現(xiàn)

80、了測量和處理過程的電子化和一體化，所以人們也通常稱之為全站儀電子速測儀或簡稱全站儀。</p><p><b>　　二、全站儀的特點</b></p><p>　　1、全站儀自身帶有數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)，只要一次照準反射棱鏡；即可快速地測出水平角、垂直角和斜距，自動計算出放樣點的坐標和高程，并可記錄測量與計算數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p>　　2、通過全站儀主機的

81、標準通訊接口，可實現(xiàn)全站儀與計算機或其他外圍設(shè)備的數(shù)據(jù)通訊，從而使測量數(shù)據(jù)的獲取、管理、計算和繪圖形成一個完善的自動化測量系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　3、利用全站儀的微機處理器來控制全站儀的測量與計算，可實現(xiàn)氣象改正，導(dǎo)線測量，前、后方交會，碎部測量和施工放樣等計算任務(wù)。且由于計算是由全站儀自動完成；即放線過程中完全不會受到人為因素的影響。</p><p>　　4、全站儀能自動讀出距離數(shù)值

82、，只要架設(shè)棱鏡對準全站儀的鏡頭，全站儀就可讀出實測的距離，且能自動計算出理論上的數(shù)據(jù)，具有測距自動和快速的特點。</p><p>　　5、在采用坐標放樣時，其角差和放樣邊長都會顯示在儀器屏幕上，操作很方便，尤其實在高程測量時，全站儀的一站可完成傳統(tǒng)水準儀10站乃至50站的工作，比“傳統(tǒng)測量儀器”可節(jié)省2/3時間，人力可節(jié)省1/2.</p><p>　　三、全站儀在房屋建筑施工測量中的應(yīng)用&

83、lt;/p><p><b>　　1、復(fù)合起始數(shù)據(jù)</b></p><p>　　測量工作的第一步，是對擬建建筑物四周的城市導(dǎo)線點的坐標及高程等起始數(shù)據(jù)進行復(fù)核。在此階段，可用全站儀對城市導(dǎo)線點進行兩測回的測角、測距，聯(lián)測數(shù)據(jù)的精度滿足測量規(guī)范的要求后，即可將其作為該工程布設(shè)建筑平面控制網(wǎng)的基準點和起算數(shù)據(jù)。具體方法如下：</p><p>　?。?）選

84、取兩城市控制網(wǎng)點N1、N2。將N1點作為測站點并在此架設(shè)全站儀，將N2點作為目標點，在上面架設(shè)棱鏡。</p><p>　?。?）對全站儀進行對中、整平，并設(shè)置好儀器參數(shù)。</p><p>　?。?）將儀器照準方向的方向值設(shè)置為零度。全站儀可按要求的次數(shù)進行多次測距和水平角的復(fù)測并顯示其平均值。</p><p>　　一般來說，占地面積寬廣、體量龐大的建筑物提供起始控制

85、數(shù)據(jù)的城市導(dǎo)線之間的距離較遠，當兩導(dǎo)線之間的距離達200-300米時，用一般光學(xué)儀器來觀測容易引起誤差，若使用全站儀來觀測不但方便，而且精準度高。</p><p>　　2、通過坐標放樣建立平面控制</p><p>　　平面控制網(wǎng)是建筑物定位的基本依據(jù)，其原則是整體控制局部，高精度控制低精度。使用全站儀的坐標放樣功能可準確、方便的測設(shè)出整個建筑的平面控制網(wǎng)，并進而加密成建筑方格網(wǎng)。其具體方法

86、如下：</p><p>　?。?）根據(jù)施工圖紙，計算出各控制點及其它待放樣點的坐標。</p><p>　　（2）選取兩城市控制網(wǎng)點N1、N2，其坐標已知。把N2點作為測站點，N1作為后視點。把全站儀架在N2點上，把一臺棱鏡架在后視點N1點上，另一臺帶有測桿的棱鏡由另一名測量人員來放置，放置的具體位置應(yīng)聽從儀器操作人員的指揮。</p><p>　　（3）對全站儀進行對

87、中和整平，設(shè)置好儀器參數(shù)。</p><p>　?。?）進入坐標放樣模式，輸入測站點的坐標、儀器高、目標高。</p><p>　?。?）進入方位角的設(shè)置狀態(tài)，輸入后視點的坐標。精確找準后視點棱鏡中心，儀器根據(jù)測站點和后視點坐標，將自動完成后視點方位角的設(shè)備。</p><p>　?。?）再次進入坐標放樣模式，輸入放樣點的坐標。</p><p>　

88、?。?）旋轉(zhuǎn)儀器的照準部，使所顯示的水平角讀書為零。此時，照準部所照準的方向即為待測點的方向。照準帶測桿的棱鏡（待放樣點附近），通過對照準點的測量，儀器顯示出預(yù)先輸入的待放樣值與實測值之差，即“顯示值=實測值-放樣值”。</p><p>　?。?）根據(jù)顯示值，指揮持棱鏡的測量人員沿照準方向移動帶測桿的棱鏡，直到觀測屏幕上的顯示值在誤差范圍之內(nèi)。</p><p>　?。?）在測桿指示的位置埋

89、上刻有“+”字絲的螺栓，用水泥砂漿將螺栓固定。</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)的放樣工作使用經(jīng)緯儀、鋼尺、線墜等儀器，通過經(jīng)緯儀撥角度、定方向以及鋼尺量具來進行。利用全站儀的坐標放樣功能可有效地客服傳統(tǒng)放樣工作中的弊端，在測量過程中大大減少設(shè)站次數(shù)，可直接進行放樣并省去現(xiàn)場的記錄工作。</p><p>　　3、通過三角高程測距進行高程控制</p><p>　　高程測量在整

90、個測量工作中所占的工作量很大，也是測量工作的重要組成部分，利用全站儀的距離測量模式可精確地進行高程控制。具體方法如下：</p><p>　?。?）將全站儀架在水準點BM1附近。</p><p>　?。?）將兩根裝有棱鏡的測桿，一根立在BM1點上，另一根立在需測標高的點上。</p><p>　?。?）將全站儀對中、整平，進入距離測量模式，分別測出儀器至BM1點的平距、

91、斜距和高差h1以及儀器至所求點的平距、斜距和高差h2。</p><p>　?。?）若測桿1和測桿2的高度一致，則所求點A的計算式為：HA=BM1（高程）+h2-h1.若儀器至測桿1測得為負高差，則h1前變符號為“+”。兩側(cè)桿高度不一致時，若測桿2大于測桿1一個差值，則兩桿的高差減去這一差值，否則相加。</p><p>　?。?）通過架設(shè)的水準儀，可把A點的標高引測到露面上的其他位置。<

92、;/p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)的高程控制方法的缺點是工作量大，容易引起誤差。通過全站儀三角高程測距法進行高程控制，對施工作業(yè)干擾少、工作量小，引測速度快。</p><p>　　4、進行邊坡及附近建筑物的偏移和沉降觀測</p><p>　　大型工程的邊坡支護難度大，安全系數(shù)要求高。因此，對其進行定期檢測也是測量工作的一項重要內(nèi)容。其方法是：首先沿基坑四周的邊線沒變均勻設(shè)置3個監(jiān)

93、測點；再選取兩個可以同時的基準點，其坐標和高程已定出（既已知三維坐標），把全站儀架設(shè)于其中一點上，另一點作為后視點，可定期測出監(jiān)測點的三維坐標，并進行分析比較。</p><p><b>　　5、結(jié)束語</b></p><p>　　全站儀在房屋建筑測量中推廣應(yīng)用，大大便利了對建筑物的垂直觀測和平面、高程的測量控制；使得施工放樣的精確度和準確度得到了很大提升，它的很多優(yōu)點

94、是其它測量儀器所不能替代的。所以，我們應(yīng)強化全站儀的推廣應(yīng)用；用現(xiàn)代科技武裝建筑測量工作，來更好地保障房屋建筑工程質(zhì)量。</p><p>　　Application of total station instrument in measuring in housing construction</p><p>　　Abstract: Application of total station

95、 instrument in measuring in housing construction, puts forward some matters needing attention in the use of total station instrument.</p><p>　　Keywords: Total station, housing construction, construction surv

96、eying, application</p><p>　　With the development of science and technology, human labor is not only fast in the breadth and depth of development, and more concise and efficient. The emergence of optical rang

97、efinder to greatly improve the measurement range and measurement speed, electronic theodolite appear not only makes the measuring accuracy is improved, the visualization is brought great convenience for measurement, elec

98、tronic total station is set distance, angle, measuring height and automatic data processing of intell</p><p>　　A. Total station.</p><p>　　The total station instrument, namely the total station e

99、lectronic tacheometer. Is a set of light, machine, electricity as one of the high-tech measuring instruments, is the set of horizontal angle, vertical angle, distance (distance, horizontal distance), height measurement f

100、unctions in one instrument of Surveying and mapping system. The total station instrument has the advantages of high measuring precision, instrument integration, automation and intelligent degree and other advantages, has

101、 bee</p><p>　　B. Characteristics of two, the total station instrument</p><p>　　1, Total station with its own data processing system, as long as a sighting reflecting prism; can quickly detect ho

102、rizontal angle, vertical angle and slant range, automatically calculate the coordinates and elevation measurement, and can record the measurement and calculation of data.</p><p>　　2, Through standard communi

103、cation interface of total station instrument host, can realize data communication electronic total station and computer or other peripheral devices, which makes the measurement data acquisition, management, calculation a