簡介：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文天橋嶺生態(tài)林業(yè)示范區(qū)建設(shè)可行性的研究姓名姚世家申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)森林工程指導(dǎo)教師王立海柏廣新20021201ABSTRACTECOLOGICFORESTRYCONSTRUCTIONGIVESUSALLEFFECTIVEWAYTOGETOUTTHECIRCUMSTANCEOFFORESTRESOURCEDECREASINGANDFORESTRYECONOMYCRISISTHEPAPERELABORATEDTHEGENERALAIMANDTHEGENERALTASKOFTHEECOLOGICALFORESTRYCONSTRUCTIONOFTIANQIAOLINGBYANALYZINGTHENATURALENVIRONMENT，THEFORESTRESOURCES，LOCALECONOMYDEVELOPMENTANDSOCIALSTATE，ANDMADEOUTTHECONSTRUCTIONALGOALOFPROJECTANDTHEINVESTMENTCAPITALOFEACHSUBPROJECTSDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONALTERMTHEREAREELEVENSUBPROJECTSINVOLVEDINTHEGENERALPROJECTDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONALTERMTHEYARETHEPROTECTIONANDCONSTRUCTIONOFFORESTRYRESOURCESANDFORESTRYECOLOGICALENVIRONMENT，INTENSIVEREFORESTATION，THEPROTECTIONANDMANAGEMENTOFSTRENGTHENINGFORESTRYRESOURCES，THEPROTECTIONOFFORESTRYDIVERSITYANDTHEREASONABLEUTILIZATIONOFBIOLOGICALRESOURCES，THEFINEPROCESSINGOFFORESTRYPRODUCTSINDUSTRYFORESTRYMULTIPLEMANAGEMENT，THEPREVENTIONOFPOLLUTEDENVIRONMENT，THEBASICCONSTRUCTION，THESOCIALCOMPREHENSIVEDEVELOPMENTANDTHECONSTRUCTIONOFECOLOGICFORESTRYMODEMODELITALSOAPPRAISEDINDETAILTLLEECONOMICALECOLOGICALANDSOCIALPROFITSOFTHISSUBPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONTHECONCLUSIONIS，ACCORDINGTHEANALYSISBASEDONBOTHECOLOGICALANDSOCIALASWELLASECONOMICALASPECTS，THATITISFEASIBLETOCONSTRUCTTHEECOLOGICALFORESTRYZONEINTIANQIAOLINGFORESTSECTORKEYWORDSECOLOGICALFORESTRYZONE，F(xiàn)ORESTRESOURCES，F(xiàn)ORESTENVIRONMENT，PRODUCTSSTRUCTURE，ECONOMICALPROFIT，ECOLOGICALPROFIT，SOCIALPROFIT

簡介：江西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文上饒市林業(yè)分類經(jīng)營的研究姓名郭然申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)森林經(jīng)理學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師丁思統(tǒng)200261ABSTRACTSUMMM’IZINGANDASSIMILATINGTHEACHIEVEMENTSINFORESTCLASSIFCATIONMANAGEMENTTHOROUGHLYINVESTIGATINGTHEACTUALITYOFFORESTRESOURCESINSHANGRAODISTRICT。THISPAPERPTOBEDINTOTHEMANAGEMENTOFVARIOUSTYPESOFPUBLICBENEFITFORESTANDCOMMEREIALFOL’ESTACCORDINGTOTHEREQUIREMENTSOFCLASSIFICATIONMANAGEMENTITMAINLYINCLUDES1ANNIYSISOFTHETHEORETICALBASES，NECESSITY，CHANNELS，MEANSOFTHECOMPENSATIONSYSTEMOFPUBLICBENEFJTFOREST2BASEDONTHEWHOLEFORESTRYOUTPUTVALUEANDTHEDATAOFFIRST，SECONDANDTHIRDFORESTINDUSTRYINSHANGRAOFROM1995TO2000，THEPAPERMADEGRAYRELEVANCEANALYSISHERESULTINDICATEDTHATTHEMAININDUSTRYWASSTILLTHEFIRSTINDUSTRYTHETHIRDINDUSTRYWASH’TDEVELOPEDWELLITWASOPPOSITEWITHTHEMULTIPURPOSEFORESTRYMAJOREFFORTSWERESUGGESTEDTOBEMADETOTHETHIRDINDUSTRYANDTHESTRUCTUREINTHEFIRSTINDUSTRYTOBEIMPROVED3‘RHESTATUSOFECONOMICFORESTINTHEDISTT’ICLWASTHOROUGHLYANALYZED，WHICHREFLECTEDTHATINDIVIDUALMANAGEMENTOFECONOMICFORESTWASSTILLATTHEEXTENSIVEPERIODCLUSTELLANALYSISWASAPPLLEDTOANALYZETHESOFTSOFECONOMICFORESTINCOUNTIESANDEITIESOFTHEDISTRICT，ANDSOMECOUNTERMEASURESTOINDUSTRIALIZEECONOMICFORESTWEREAJSOPUTFORWARD43“HEMANAGEMENTANDADMINISTRATIONSYSTEMOFBENEFICIALFORESTWASDISCUSSED5IHERELATIONBETWEENTHETWOSYSTEMSINFORESTRYWASEXPOUNDEDINDEPTH，ANDTHEADMINISTRATIONSYSTEMTOFACILITATETHEIRCOORDINATIONWASALSOINQUIREDINTOTHEPAPERPONDEREDOVERTHEWAYTODEVELOPBOTHINTUNEJNTHEENDKEYWORDSFORESTCLASSIFICATIONMANAGEMENTBENELIIALFORESTCOMPENSATIONSYSTEM，GRAYECONOMICFOREST，TWOSYSTERNS2FORESTRESOURCES，PUBLICBENEFITFORESTRELEVANCEANALYSIS，C1USTERANNLYSIS

簡介：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文迎春林業(yè)局景觀格局的研究姓名劉立新申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師胡海清吳曉春20030601ABSTRACTBASEDONFORESTTYPEMAP1，25000，DIGITIZEDTERRAINMAP150000ANDGENERALINVESTIGATEDMATERIALOF1999，TWOCLASSESLANDSCAPETYPESWEREDIVIDEDINYINGCHUNBUREAUOFFORESTRYSUPPORTEDBYTHEGISSOFTWAREARCVIEWANDSTATISTICSSOFTWAREFRAGSL肖RSOFLANDSCAPEINDEX，THELANDSCAPESPATIALPANEMOFTHEREGIONWASANALYZEDANDASSESSEDUSINGLANDSCAPEECOLOGICALPRINCIPLES，SUCHASMASSSIZE、SHAPEINDEX、DIVERSITYINDEX、FRAETALDIMENSION、DOMINANCE、FRAGMENTATIONTHEN，COMBININGWITHTHESTATUSINQUOOFLOCATINGINSANJIANGPLAINANDINTERMIXWITLLFARMINGANDFOREST，THEAUTHORANATYSISEDITSECOFRANGIBILITYANDCOOESSENTIALITYATLAST，AREASONABLEECOLOGYPROGRAMMINGISADVANCEDTHERESULTARE1THEMAINBODYINYINGCHUNISFORESTMANAGEMENT，WOODLANDANDINFIELDINTERLEAVINGTOGETHERAGRICULTUREPRODUCTIONPOSSESSESASIZABLEPROPORTION。WOODLAND，INFIELDANDEVERGLADEAREDISTURBEDBADLYTHEDEGREEOFPATCHFRAGMEMATIONISVERYHI啦2BROADLEAVESFORESTISINTHEDOMINANT，BUTITSDISTRIBUTINGISVERYDISPERSE，PINLEAVESFORESTPATCHESTAKEONACOLLECTIVESTATE；THESHAPEOF掰瞬羚FORESTPATCHISVERYCOMPLEX，THESHAPEOFPLANLATIOAPATCHISVERYCODEX；3SUPERIORANDMIDDLETRAVELOFRIVER，EVERGLADE，NAKEDFIELD，UPSWEEPANDTHEINTERLEAVINGSTRAPOFWOODLANDANDINFIELDAREECOLOGICALFRANGIBILITYAREAANDNEEDTOBEPROTECTEDSTRICTLYTHISSTUDYPAVEDAWAYFORTHEPLANNINGOFTHESUSTAINABLEMANAGEMENTANDTHEPROTECTIONOFTHEBIODIVERSITYKEYWORDSFORESTLANDSCAPE、LANDSCAPEPATTERN、ECOLOGYFRANGIBILITY、ECOLOGYPROGRAMMING

簡介：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文汪清林業(yè)局長白落葉松第二代種子園總體規(guī)劃姓名胡立平申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)林業(yè)工程指導(dǎo)教師董希斌田靜波20021201ABSTRACTSEEDORCHARDISAPLANTEDFORESTTHATPRODUCESNURSERYSTOCKSWITHHIGHGENETICQUALITIESWANGQINGFORESTRYBUREAULOCATINGATJILINPROVINCEHADESTABLISHEDMANYPRIMARYSEEDORCHARDSFORLARIXOLGENSIS，LARIXLEPIOLEPIS。PINUSSYLVERSTRISVAMONGOLICAPINUSKORAIENSISANDSOFORTHONQINGHEFORESTRYFARMINTHEEARLYOF1980’STHELEVELOFGENETICIMPROVEMENTOFTHELARIXOTGENSISSEEDORCHARDISVERYHIGHANDWEHADPICKEDOUTMATERIALSWITHHIGHGENETICQUALITIESFORESTABLISHINGSECONDARYSEEDORCHARDTHROUGHPROGENYTESTOF750FAMILIESOFSELECTTREESFORTHISREASON，WEDECIDEDTOFOUNDTHESECONDARYSEEDORCHARDFORLARIXOLG’ENSISBASEDONORIGINALSEEDORCHARDTHEAREAOFTHESECONDARYSEEDORCHARDOFLARIXOTYENSISIS607HM2THEORCHARDISCOMPOSEDOFFOURPARTSWHICHAREPRODUCINGPOPULATION，BREEDINGPOPULATION，F(xiàn)ILIALGENERATIONDETERMINEDFORESTANDTHEDEMONSTRATIONFORESTWITHAREAOF177HM2，6OHM2，1OHM‘AND25HM。RESPECTIVELYTHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHESEEDORCHARDWASFROM2000TO2005ANDLASTSIXYEARSDURINGTHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHEORCHARD，WEWILLCONTINUOUSLYDOTHEWORKOFGENETICIMPROVEMENTFOREXAMPLE，WEWILLGOONPLUSTREESELECTION，CROSSBREEDINGANDCLONALTESTOFTHEHALFSIBANDTHEFULLSIBINTHEPROGRAMOFTHESEEDORCHARDFOUNDING，WEHAVEINVESTIGATEDTHECURRENTDEVELOPMENTOFNATURE，COMMUNICATIONSANDSOCIALECONOMYANDANALYZEDTHEPROBABILITYOFNATURALCONDITIONSFORFOUNDINGTHEORCHARDCONTINUOUSLYWEALSOHAVEANALYZEDTHECONDITIONSOFLABORANDCOMMUNICATIONSUNDERTHECONDITIONOFTHESEFACTORSFITTINGTHEDEMANDSOFESTABLISHMENTOFTHESEEDORCHARD，WEHAVEFURTHERDESIGNEDTHEPLANOFMANAGEMENTANDCARRIEDOUTTHEDESIGNINGOFMANAGEMENTPLANANDESTABLISHMENTTECHNOLOGYOFTHEORCHARDANDPUTFORWARDTHEPLANSOFPROGENYTESTANDSETTINGUPTHEDEMONSTRATIONFORESTINTHELIGHTOFTRAITOFTHEINTENSIVEFARMFORSEEDORCHARD，WEHAVEPOSEDTHETECHNIQUEOFMANAGEMENT，DESIGNMENTOFSEEDOUTPUT，DESIGNMENTOFBASICCONSTRUCTIONANDFUNDAMENTALFACILITIES，THEMECHANISMOFORGANIZATIONANDAUTHORIZEDSTAFFACCORDINGTOTHEBLOOMPATTERNOFLARIXOTGENSISANDTHELEVELOFGENETICIMPROVEMENT，WEHAVEANALYZEDCOMPREHENSIVCLYTHEECONOMICALBENEFITSANDSOCIALPROFITSBROUGHTBYTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHESEEDORCHARDTHETOTALINVESTMENTOFTHISPROJECTIS5007THOUSANDSYUANKEYWORDSLARIXOLGENSIS；SECONDARYSEEDORCHARD；CONSTRUCTION；DESIGN

簡介：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文幾種林木病毒鑒定與林業(yè)微生物菌種數(shù)據(jù)庫查詢系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建姓名黃金光申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)植物病理學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師李懷方20040601ABSTRACTSOMEFORESTIALPLANTSINFECTEDBYVIRUSES，INCLUDINGHIBISCUSROSASINENSISLINN。FRAXINUSEHINENSIS，SYRINGAOBLATELINDL，PAULOWNIAANDZIZYPHUSJUJUBEMILL，WEREDETECTEDANDIDENTIFIEDBYBIOASSAYSEROLOGYANDMOLECULARBIOLOGICALTECHNIQUESACCORDINGTOTHERESULTSOFTHESEDETECTION，ITREVEALED也ALONEHIBISCUSROSASINENSISSAMPLEFROMHENANW85INFECTEDBYTOMVTHEOTHERSAMPLEFROMBEIJINGWASINFECTEDBYTMVTWOFRAXIUSCHINENSISSAMPLESRESPECTIVELYCOMINGFROMNINGXIAANDBEIJINGWEREINFECTEDBYTMVSYRINGAOBLATELINDTSAMPLEFROMBEIJINGWASALSOIRIFEETEDBYTMV’PAULOWNIASAMPLEFROMHENANWASINFECTEDBYCMVANDTMVWEARESTILLUNDERTHEDETECTIONANDIDENTIFICATIONABOUTTHEPATHOGENFROMZIZYPHUSJUJUBEMILLNOWITWEREFIRSTLYREPORTEDABOUTTOMVONHIBISCUSROSASINENSISLINN，TMVONHIBISCUS，10SA8INENSISLINNANDSYRINGAOBLATELINDL，，CMVANDTMVONPAULOWNIATAKINGTHEFORESTRYMICROORGANISMSINFORMATIONASAPPLICATIONOBJECTBASEDONCOMPUTERNETWORKANDDATABASETECHNOLOGYTHISDISSERTATIONPRESENTARESEARCHONDESIGNINGOFDATABASEINDEXSEARCHINGFORFORESTRYMICROORGANISMSTHERESEARCHCONSISTSOFSUCHITEMSTHERATIONALSCHEMEOFLLS50ACCESSASPWASAPPLIEDTOTHESYSTEMTHEDATABASEOFFORESTRYMICROORGANISMSWASBUILTCORRECTLYANDTHEFRAMEWORKSOFTHESYSTEM’SHARDWAREANDSOFTWAREWEREMADETHEEFFECTIVERETRIEVEPROGRAMFORTHEDATABASEWASDESIGNEDAWEBSITETHATINTEGRATEDWITHDATABASEINDEXSEARCHINGFORFORESTRYMICROORGANISMSSYSTEMWASDESIGNED，USINGDREAMWEAVERULTRADEV40，AWEBSITEDEVELOPMENTT001THESYSTEMCANPROVIDEFULLANDACCURATEFORESTRYMICROORGANISMINDEXFORTLEUSERSANDPROVIDEFUNCTIONSOFDYNAMICALLYMANAGINGTHEDATABASEFORTHEADMINISTRATORKEYWORDSFORESTIALPLANKDETECTIONANDIDENTIFICATION，INDEXSEARCHINGSYSTEM，DATABASEII

簡介：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文林業(yè)新定位下，國有林區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整研究姓名李爾彬申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)管理學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師蔣敏元20031201ABSTRACTAFTERDOZESOFYEARS’CONSTRUCTIONANDREFORMATION，NATIONALFORESTREGIONHASHADCOMPLETELYDIFFERENTFROMTHEPASTINESSENCEESPECIALLYEVERSINCEPRACTICINGTHEPROJECTOFNATURALFORESTPROTECTIONINOURCOUNTRYWEGAVETHEMEWTHINKINGOF“FIVECHANGES”ANDRELOCATEDFORESTRYITMAKESFORESTRYDEVELOPINANEWSTAGESOTHENATIONALFORESTREGIONMUSTFACETHENEWADJUSTMENTOFECONOMYCONSTRUCTIONACCORDINGTOTHEFACTOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNATIONALFORESTREGIONOFOURCOUNTRYANDTHEDEMANDOFFORESTRYNEWRELOCATION，THISPAPERRESEARCHESTHEECONOMYCONSTRUCTIONOFNATIONALFORESTREGION，ANDGIVESTHEIDEASOFREADJUSTMENTTHERESEARCHOFTHISPAPERGOESWITHTHEFOLLOWINGFRAMEPROPOSITIONOFTHEMATTERCOMMENTSOFCURRENTRESEARCHSITUATIOLL_一THEIDEASOFREADJUSTMENTMEASURESANALYSISTHEMAINCONTENTOFTHISPAPERISASFOLLOWSFIRSTOFALLTHISPAPERPROPOSESTHEMATTERINDICATESTHEBACKGROUND，PURPOSE，SIGNIFICANCEANDPRESENTSITUATIONOFRESEARCHSECONDLNTHISPAPERGIVESTHEGUIDINGTHOUGHT，F(xiàn)OUNDATIONANDPRINCIPLEOFRESEARCHTHIRDLYACCORDINGTOTHENEWRELOCATION，THISPAPERRESEARCHESTHEPROBLEMSOFOWNERSHIPCONSTRUCTION，ORGANIZATIONCONSTRUCTIONOFBUSINESS，INDUSTRIESCONSTRUCTION，RESOURCECONSTRUCTION，PRODUCEFORCECONSTRUCTIONANDTHEDEVELOPMENTINTHEREGIONDURINGTHECOURSEOFRESEARCH，ACCORDINGTOTHEFACTOFFORESTRYREFORMATIONANDTHEPOLICIESOFCOUNTRYANDFORESTRYFROMTHESTRATEGYVIEWTHISPAPERRESEARCHESTHEREADJUSTMENTOFECONOMYCONSTRUCTIONOFNATIONALFORESTREGIONFROMPOSITIVEANALYSISTHISPAPERGIVESLESSTHEORYBACKGROUNDANDPAYSMOREATTENTIONTESOLVEFACTPROBLEMSKEYWORDNEWLO。CATIONOFFORESTRY；NATIONALFORESTRYREGION；ECONOMYSTRUCTURE；ADJUSTMENT

簡介：福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文廈門城市林業(yè)及本島山地森林改造的研究姓名趙思金申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)森林培育指導(dǎo)教師陳存及200351趙思金廈門城市林業(yè)及本島山地森林改造的研究風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)，面積30KIN2以上，森林順山體高低錯(cuò)落形成綠樹掩映的風(fēng)景林。”一環(huán)”即環(huán)島路及海濱的防礬林帶。“兩片”是指廈門島東、西形成兩片山水型綠化片區(qū)，形成城FH的。綠心”?！皟删€”系廈門島規(guī)劃的十字行兩條城市主干道綠化帶。二、城市防護(hù)林體系建設(shè)廈門市充分乖J用已有的廈門海域功能區(qū)劃、廈門海域環(huán)境功能區(qū)劃、廈門港總體規(guī)劃等項(xiàng)規(guī)劃，加快沿海防護(hù)林體系建設(shè)，大力推進(jìn)“海岸、路、河林帶化，農(nóng)田林網(wǎng)化、山體森林化、村鎮(zhèn)園林化”建設(shè)進(jìn)程。三、本島山地森林建設(shè)按功能將本島分為六大部分，1仙岳山一狐尾山公園片區(qū)；2園林植物園片區(qū)；3東南沿海一重山片區(qū)4云頂巖片區(qū)；5西孤嶺至大東山防護(hù)林片區(qū)6孤山小區(qū)片區(qū)。四、森林公園的建設(shè)森林公園以旅游開發(fā)為主，同時(shí)也起到保護(hù)生物多樣性、凈化空氣和美化環(huán)境的作用。天竺山、仙岳山森林公園建設(shè)成為廈門城市環(huán)境建設(shè)的一大亮點(diǎn)。4廈門本島山地森林改造城市森林的林相改造工程至今在全國還沒有引起足夠的重視，有關(guān)林相改造規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)匱乏。林相改造完全不同于造林規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)，與林分改造有某些相似之處，但又更復(fù)雜。原因是廈門本島山地森林改造對(duì)象均為生態(tài)公益林，改造重點(diǎn)是以馬尾松為優(yōu)勢(shì)樹種的林班、小班，其次是臺(tái)灣相思為優(yōu)勢(shì)樹種的小班。由了各功能區(qū)的改造性質(zhì)不同，立地條件千變?nèi)f化，改造更新樹種多種多樣。使改造方案變得錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜。通過調(diào)查廈門本島山地森林的資源現(xiàn)狀，分析目前存在的問題。把本島山地森林依其所處位置、功能劃分為六大片區(qū)。并提出本島山地森林改造的技術(shù)方案，把立地劃分為5種類型厚土層土層厚度LOOCM、中土層土層厚度60～100CM“、薄土層20～60EM、極薄土層20CM、裸巖無土層。林相樹種擬定三個(gè)層次1顯效樹種臺(tái)灣相思是最理想的先鋒樹種，其次是馬占相思、厚莢相思等新品種仙岳山、狐尾山馬尾松林冠下套種馬占相思效果很好。此外．楊梅耐瘠薄，較耐蔭是優(yōu)良的水士保持樹種。這類樹種一般應(yīng)占1，2左右，立地條件越差，所占比例越大。在極薄土層的巖縫之間，應(yīng)選用臺(tái)灣相思播種造林。2景觀樹種從廈門園棒綠化樹神中篩選出適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)、綠蔭和觀賞效果較好的喬禾樹種。如檸檬桉EUCALYPTUSEITRIODORA、榕櫥FICUSMICROCARPA、高山榕、木棉BOMBAXMALABARICUM、南洋杉ALBAIZIAFALCATARIA、香樟CINNAMOMUMCAMPHORA、風(fēng)凰木、楓香LIQUIDAMBARFORMOSANA、國槐SOPHORAJAPONICA等。具體選擇時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)不同小班的立地條件和林分生長特點(diǎn)，選擇2～3種作為景觀樹種，并與第一類樹種‘防護(hù)樹種進(jìn)行合理混交配置。景觀樹種一般占造林株數(shù)的L，4左右。3中試樹種不論是馬尾松或臺(tái)灣相思林分中，均有一些林中空地、林隙，可選擇有成功造林經(jīng)驗(yàn)的高大喬木樹種。如紅錐CASTANOPSISHYSTR扛華安、青錢8PCYELOC口N∞PALIURUA永春、細(xì)柄阿丁楓ALTINAGIAGRACILIPES、柚木TECTONAGRANDIS、楠木PHOEBPBOURNEI、鵝掌楸LIRIODENDRONCHINEME、觀光木TSOONGIODENDRONODORⅫN、團(tuán)花第2頁共“頁

簡介：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文遼寧省林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整研究姓名廖蔥蔥申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理指導(dǎo)教師萬志芳20031201

簡介：湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文長沙市生態(tài)環(huán)境分析及城市林業(yè)生態(tài)圈的規(guī)劃框架姓名李國輝申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)種植指導(dǎo)教師鄒冬生20031129附件獨(dú)創(chuàng)性聲明本人聲明所呈交的論文是我個(gè)人在導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。盡我所知，除了文中特別加以標(biāo)注和致謝的地方外，論文中不包含其他人已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫過的研究成果，也不包含為獲得湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)或其它教育機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)位或證書而使用過的材料。與我一同工作的同志對(duì)本研究所做的任何貢獻(xiàn)均已在論文中作了明確的說明并表示了謝意。研究生簽名勘習(xí)莉耷時(shí)間。肋弓年／護(hù)月言口日F關(guān)于論文使用授權(quán)的說明本人完全了解湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)有關(guān)保留、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定，即學(xué)校有權(quán)保留送交論文的復(fù)印件和磁盤，允許論文被查閱和借閱，可以采用影印、縮印或掃描等自制手段保存、匯編學(xué)位論文集。同意湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)可以用不同方式在不同媒體上發(fā)表、傳播學(xué)位論文的全部或部分內(nèi)容。保密的學(xué)位論文集在解密后應(yīng)遵守此協(xié)議研究生簽名導(dǎo)師簽名時(shí)間。2，嗎年，口月弓。日時(shí)間O歲年／≯月驢日

簡介：華中科技大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文基于林業(yè)跨越式發(fā)展的林地經(jīng)營研究姓名林靈活申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)公共管理指導(dǎo)教師譚術(shù)魁20040421華中科技大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文ABSTRACTWITHTHEWORLDECOSYSTEMTILRLLWORSEFURTHER，THEPROBLEMOFECOSYSTEMENVIRONMENTBECOMETHEINTEMATIONA／COMMUNITYTHEPROBLEMOFTHECOMMONCONCERNATLOCAL，F(xiàn)ORALONGTIME，BECAUSEPRODUCINGTIMERISA／WAYSTHEMAINCONCEPTOFTHEFOREST，CAUSETOTHEEXCESSIVEBREAKAGEOFTHEFORESTRESOURCES，ANDITBECOMETHEIMPORTANTFACTORTHATCUMBERTHESOCIETYANDECONOMYTOKEEPONDEVELOPING，EVENTOENDANGEREXISTINGOFMANKINDINSOMEREGIONIN1998THERARELYSEVEREFLOODINGOFCHANGIIANGRIVERWITHMOREANDMORETHESTORMOFSANDMAKEATTRACTOROFPEOPLEAGAIN，THEPROBLEMOFECOSYSTEMENVIRONMENTBECOMEMOREANDMOREIMPORTANTINOURCOUNTRY，THESIXGREATESTENGINEERINGOFFORESTRYISPRACTICEDONEAFTERANOTHERWITHSTARTING，ITMEANSTHEBEGINNINGOFFASTFORESTRYDEVELOPMENTSOONJUNE25IN2003，THECENTRALOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYOFCHINAWITHTHESTATEDEPARTMENTMAKETHEDECISIONTOMAXTHEFORESTRYDEVELOPQUICKLY，ITREQUIRETHEFORESTRYMUSTREALIZEFASTDEVELOPMENTAIMATFASTFORESTRYDEVELOPMENTTOBRINGUP，HOWTONLAKETHEFORESTRYDEVELOPFASTONTHEPRESENTCONDITIONBECOMETHEPROBLEMOFTHEWIDESPREADCONCERNFORTHEPEOPLE，PARTICULARLYTHEMANAGEROFFORESTRYTHEWRITER吐INKTHERESEARCHONWOODLANDISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTWITHDEEPTHOUGHTFROMMANYPRACTICEOFTHEFORESTRYINTHELASTYEARSBECAUSETHEWOODLANDISAFORESTTOCARRYWITHWHATWOODEXIST，ISAFORESTRESOURCESINSIDEINDISPENSABILITYBUTTHATCANNOTBEREBORNAGAIN；ITISTHEMAINFACTOROFFORESTRYDEVELOPMENTIFTHEWOODLANDISNOTEXIST，F(xiàn)ORESTWILLLOSTTORELYFOREXISTENCEOFCARRY，ANDTOREALIZEFASTDEVELOPMENTISIMPOSSIBLETHEWRITERINVESTIGATETHEPROBLEMOFMANAGEMENTOFTHEWOODLANDATPRESENTANDJOINTOGETHERSOMERELATEDTHEORIES，BRINGUPTHEWOODLANDMARKETTHATOPERATECIRCULATEMODEFORTHEPRESENTINCHINA，INORDERTOGIVESOMESUGGESTIONTHATCALLREALIZEFASTFORESTRYDEVELOPMENTQUICKLYKEYWORDSFORESTRYFASTDEVELOPMENTWOODLANDMANAGEMENT1I

簡介：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文基于“3S”技術(shù)的區(qū)域林業(yè)生態(tài)工程空間配置的研究姓名孫曉娟申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)森林經(jīng)理學(xué)科指導(dǎo)教師范文義蔡體久20030601ABSTRACTTHEESSENTIALOFTHEREGIONALFORESTRYECOLOGICALENGINEERINGISTHESPATIALALLOCATIONOFTHESHELTERFORESTTHATDEMANDINGMEASURESSHOULDBESUITABLETOIOCALCONDITIONS，ANDCOUNTERMEASURESSHOULDBETAKENTOCOMBATTHECALAMITYINORDERTOPROMOTETHEECOSYSTEMTOWARDBENIGNDIRECTIONCIRCULATIONANDSTRENGTHENTHESTABILITYOFTHEECOSYSTEMFORTHEABILITYOFTHEOBTAININGSPATIALINFORMATIONANDANALYZINGRELEVANTDATAOFDIFFERENTSOURCES，THE‘‘3S”TECHNOLOGIESHAVEBECOMEAPOWERFULANDEFFICIENTTOOLTOSTUDYSPATIALALLOCATIONOFTHEREGIONALFORESTRYECOLOGICALENGINEERINGATFIRSTONTHEBASESOFANALYZINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEVEGETATIONINDEXNDVIOFTHEREMOTESENSINGIMAGEANDTHEVEGETATIONCOVERAGE，COMBININGTHEGEOGRAPHICINFORMATIONOFSLOPE，ASPECTANDTHEALTITUDE，ALINEARREGRESSIONMODELWITHREGARDTOTHEREMOTESENSINGANDGEOGRAPHICINFORMATIONHASBEENSETUPTOCALCULATINGTHEVEGETATIONCOVERAGEOFEVERYPIXETFORINTHESOILEROSIONMONITORINGMODELANDTHESTUDYOFTHEREGIONALCHANGE，THEQUANTITATIVEINFORMATIONOFVEGETATIONCOVERAGEPLAYSAMOSTIMPORTANTROLESECONDLYINTHISTHESISBYWAYOFTHEFUSIONOF1OMMULTISPECTRALIMAGEAND5MPANCHROMATICIMAGETOENHANCETHESPATIALRESOLUTION，COMBINEDTHEAERIALMAP，F(xiàn)ORESTRYRESOURCEINVESTIGATIONMATERIALS，RAINFALLANDOBSERVATIONDATA，ANDTHEDATAISTAKENFROMOUTSIDEINVESTIGATION，ALLTHEFACTORSOFTHEEQUATIONOFWATERANDSOILEROSIONMODELISCALCULATEDTHEAMOUNTOFSOILEROSIONANNUALLYINTHEUNITOFIOM1OMOFTHEWHOLEWATERSHEDHAVEBEENGOTFINALLY，UTILIZINGTHEQUANTITATIVEANALYSISOFCURRENTSITUATIONOFSOILEROSIONOFTHEGONGBIELARIVERWATERSHED，ANDCOMBININGTHELANDUSEANDTHERELEVANTCLASSIFICATIONMAPS，THEAREAOFTHEEROSIONMODULUSISGREATERTHAN2500T／KIN2ISDIVIDEDINTOTHEMANAGINGAREAESPECIALLYTHEAREAOFWATERANDSOILCONSERVATIONFOREST，THEWATERRESOURCEPROTECTIONFOREST，THESURROUNDINGAREAOFTHERESERVOIRANDTHENATURERESERVEAREAAREDIVIDEDINTOTHEPREVENTINGAREAESPECIALLYANDVARIOUSKINDSOFWATERANDSOILCONSERVATIONFORESTLAYOUTISCARRIEDONSCIENTIFICALLY

簡介：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文生物有機(jī)肥料在林業(yè)育苗應(yīng)用上的生態(tài)效應(yīng)研究姓名關(guān)兆紅申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師李玉文郭春景20040601ABSTRACTNOWPEOPLEATTACHIMPORTANCETOENVIRONMENTPROTECTINGINCREASINGLYANDECOLOGICALCONSCIOUSNESSGRADUALLYBIOFERTILIZERBECOMESONEOFIMPORTANTINALULCSBITBYBITANDWILLEXERTGRANDACTIONINFUTUREAGRICULTUREANDFORESTBECAUSEBIOFERTILIZERISASORTOFREPRODUCIBLEMANURESWITHORGANICOFFALWHICHPL’INCIPLEISBIOLOGICALNIROGENFIXATIONANDBENEFICIALMICROBESIMPROVINGFERTILITYSTATUSECOLOGICALEFFICACYOFBIOFERTILIZERRESEARCHINGINAPPLICATIONOFTHERRESTSEEDLINGBREEDINGISTHEEMPHASESINTHISPAPERSURVBEROTEBIOFERTILIZERCANIMPROVESEEDLINGGROWTHEFFECTIVELYTHESEEDLINGVEGETATEDBETTERWITHHIGHFERTILIZINGSCALARFROMJULYTOSEPTEMBER，THESAPREMENETINCREASINGQUANTITYOFSEEDLINGHEIGHTANDGROUNDDIAMETERARE487、O026CMPINUSKORAIENSIS，1872、0257CMLAL。髓GMELINI，2821、0298CMHIPPOPHASCRHAMNOIDEANDTHESUPREMENETINCREASINGQUANTITYOFHIPPOPHASERHAMNOIDE’SLEAFLENGTHANDWIDTHAL’CI73、034CMTBESUPREMENETINCREASINGQUANTITYAPPEAREDINTREATMENT4609／M一TOTALLYANDWITHTHEDOSAGEOFFERTILIZERENHANCED，THEBIOMASSOFEVERYSPECIESENHANCEDTOOBIOFERTILIZERCANOBSERVABLYIMPROVETHEDYNAMICBALANCEOFEACHMICROBCPOPULATIONQUANTITYINSOIL1HEQUANTITYOFEFFECTIVELIVCCLCNLCNTSINBIOIDT’TILL／EL’INCREASEDANERTHEBIOFERTILLZCRFERTILIZEDTOSOILFROMJUN。ETOJULYRTHEEACHNAICROBCPOPULATIONQUANTITYAUGMENTSABOUT10TIMES，WHICHMADEEACHMICROBEACTIONBRINGINTOPLAY③BIOFERTILIZERCADINCREASEDSOILFERTILITYMELIORATEDTHESOIL衙TILFICILCUMSTANCEBIO，F(xiàn)ERTILIZERCANOBSERVABLYRELAXTHEREDUCINGOL、VARIOUS11L111“J、。MATERIALSDUETOSEEDLINGGROWTHSOMELARGEELEMENTSFORSEEDLINGGROWTHSUCHASORGANICANDAVAILABLENITROGEN，PHOSPHORUS，POTASSIUMANDSO013GETEFFECTIVELYINTHESEEDLINGGROWTHSEASONANDATTHESAMETIME，MICROBE’SACTIVITYCALLRELEASETARDIVENITROGENPHOSPHORUS，POTASSIUMINSOILWHICHCANIMPROVEMICRO‘ECOLOGICALENVIRONMENT④INTHEPROCESSOFBIOFERTILIZERMANUFACTURINGANDFERTILIZEDTOSOILSOMCMETABOLICNRODUCTSOFMICRAHERAREAEMMNLATLNOINRNILTHEQORNETNHNLIENMLLR’TT

簡介：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文煙臺(tái)市林業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)的實(shí)證研究姓名張明財(cái)申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)種植業(yè)指導(dǎo)教師奉公高萬斌20040301ABSTRACTWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFECONOMYANDSOCIETYTHEMAINDEMANDOFHUMANBEINGSFORFORESTRVHASALREADYCHANGEDINTOECOLOGICALREQUIREMENITHENFORESTECOENVIRONMENTALCONSTRUCTIONHASBECOMEAMAINTRENDOFFORESTRYDEVELOPMENT1、HISPAPERSYSTEMATICAL1YDEALTWITHTHEROLEOFFORESTRYINEEOENVIRONMENTALCONSTRUCTIONANDPROFOUNDLYANALYZEDTHETENDENCYOFWORLDFORESTRYDEVELOPMENTFINDINGTHATMOREANDMOREREGARDSHAVEBEENGIVENTOECOLOGICALENVIRONMENTALCONSTRUCTIONOFFORESTRYCURRENTLYCHINESEGOVERNMENTPUTSFORESTRYINTHEFIRSTPLACEINECOENVIRONMENTALCONSTRUCTION，DIRECTINGANDSUPERVISINGITSDEVELOPMENTSIMULTANEOUSLY。SOMEPROVINCESANDCITJESHAVEBEGUNTOBUILDTHEMSELVESINTO“ECOPROVINCE”O(jiān)R“ECOCITY’’THISPAPERREVIEWEDANDSUMMARIZEDTHEACHIEVEMENTSMADEINECOENVIRONMENTALCONSTRUCTIONOFYANTAIFORESTRYANDSYSTEMATICALLYANALYZEDTHEEXISTINGPROBLEMSANDDIFFICULTIESINTHECONSTRUCTION，THENPUTFORTHAPLANFORFORESTECOENVIRONMENTALCONSTRUCTIONOFYANTAICITY，INWHICHARELATIVELYPERFECTFORESTECOSYSTEMAIMINGAT“ECOCITY，GREENYANTAI”EMPHASIZINGIN“THREEALONGANDTHREECIRCLE”THATIS，ALONGROADS，ALONGRIVERS，ALONGSEASANDTIRELINSCITIES，CIRCLINGTOWNSANDCIRCLINGVILLAGES，ANDCHARACTERIZINGWITHAPATTERNOFPOINTS一1INES～SIDESINTEGRATIONINCLUDINGHILLS，PLAINS，BEACHES，ISLANDSANDTOWNS；MSSETUPFO’FORESTECOENVIRONMENTALCONSTRUCTIONISASYSTEMATICALPROJECTINORDERTOREALIZETHEABOVEOBJECTIRES，WESUGGESTTHATADMINISTRATIVELEADERSHIPSHOULDBESTRENGTHENEDANDAFUNDSUPPORTINGSYSTEM，ASCITECHSERVICESYSTEMANDANENGINEERINGMANAGEMENTANDSAFEGUARDSYSTEMSHOULDBEESTABLISHEDANDIMPROVEDKEYWORDSYANTAIIFORESTRYECOENVIRONMENTALCONSTRUCTIONPIANV

簡介：南京林業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文神經(jīng)元網(wǎng)絡(luò)在中山陵景區(qū)林業(yè)土地分類中的應(yīng)用姓名朱清苗申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)森林經(jīng)理指導(dǎo)教師彭世揆20040601THEADDLICATIONOFARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKDIFFERENTIATINQKIND8O￡TERRAININZHONGSHANMAUSOLEUMABSTRACTTHETRADITIONA玉REMOTESENSINGIMA窖ECLASSI矗CATIONMTLLODSAREMAXIMUMLIKELIHOOD，MINDISTANCECLASSMCATION，ETCHL也ISPAPER’T11EANMCIALNEURALNCTWORKANNMODDWASINTM血CEDTOCLASSIFYFIVETYPICA】HNDSOFTERRAININZHONGSHAILMAUSOLEUM，SUCHASFBREST，WATER’FA玎NLANDAND筍ASSLAND，BUILDING，ANDOTHERSBASEDORIMEPNCIPLE，ⅡLEPAPERCOMPAREDTHEDISTINCTNESSOFTHETHREEDASSIFICATIONMEMODSWITH吐LEATCEMPTTOBRINGOUTMET【℃NDOFREMOTESENSINGIMAGECLASSIFICATIONBEINGUSEDINZTIONGSHAILMAUSOIEUMONT_HEBASISOFGEOMETRICCON_ECTIONFBRREMOTESENSINGIRNAGESDATA，DETAILEDCHARACTCRANALYSISWASCONDUCTEDFORTHERIMIMAGESNENSEVERALIMAGETRANSFB冊(cè)ATIONSSUCHASINTERACTIVECONTRASTSTRETCTIING，RATIOENHANCERNENT，面NCIPALCORNPONENTSTRANSFOMATION，TASSELEDCAP廿AILSFOMATION，IMAGECOLORCONBINE，ETC，WEREIMPLCMENTEDT鉀OINIIEXESWASCALCULATEDTOESTIMATCTTLEBESTBANDSUNIONFBRCOLORCOMBINATIONONEISOPTIMUMINDEXFACTOROⅡ一，THEOMERISⅡLEDETERIILIN鋤TOFTHECOV耐AILCEMAMXITCAILBESEENFFOMTHERESULT￡HATFORCOLORCOMBINATIONTHEORIGINALOPDMALBAIIDSWEREN，T2、TM4、TM7，MEB黯T岫【EDIRNAGESWEREPCI、NDVI、THTHEMAINDRAWBACKOF仃ADIDONALREMOTESENSINGIMAGECLASSIFICATIONMETHODSISITS10WPRECISIONTHENEURALNETWORL_BASEDREMOTESENSIR喀IMAGECLASSI丘CATIONTECHNIQUEHASBEENPRESCNTED，THERESULTDEMONSTRATEDMATTHENELLRALNETWOFKCLASSI五CAT主ONSYSTEMCOULDBEUSEDINREMOTESENSING岫AGECLASSIFICANON，ANDITSCLASSIFICATIONPRECISIONWASSUPERIORTOMATOFTHEMA【IMURMLTKCLILIOODANDMINDISTARLCE，ACHIEVINGANACCURACYOF9643％王NTHISPAPERTHEAUTHORAPPLIEDTLLEGRAPLEVEIVALUES0FTHREEBANDSURDONASTHENETWORKMODEL’SINPUTVARIABLES，ANDCHOSEFIVE垴NDS鼢AINASTHEMODEL’SOUTPUTVARIABLESFIRSTTHEORI百NALBACKPRDPAGATIONNETWORKWASUSEDTOCLASSIFYTERRAINTYPES，MERESLLLTOFTBECLASSMCATIONDCMONS仃ATEDMATTRAILLING砌幢SE玎ORCOULDIL’TDESCENDTHEEXPECTEDVALUETHCNMOMENTUMMOTHEDTRIEDTOIMPR0VEMEORI百NALBACKPR叩A(chǔ)GATIONALG嘶THM，THEEXPERIMENTAL『ESULTSSHOW也ATNETWORKCORⅣERGCDSPEEDIIYACHIE“NGTHEEXPECTEDVALUEO1ACCURACYAIIALYSISISANECESSARYWORKINMECLASSIFICADONOFREMOTESENSINGDATAHLMISPAPER’THEEVALUATINGINDEXCSINC王UDEDO黼AILACCURACY’勛PPACOE街CIENT，PM血CTACCURACY，USERACCURACY’ETCIFLAWORD，ANNCLASSIFICATIONISSUP嘲0RTO缸ADITIONALMETHODS，ANDHASWIDEPROSPECTSIILFOFCSTRYREMOTE8ENSINGKEYWORDSPFINCIPALCOMPONEN忸鋤ALYSIDMAXIMUMMKELILLDODANNBACKPR叩A(chǔ)G撕ONALG礎(chǔ)THM；ACCUFACYEV“UATE

簡介：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文基于GIS的綏陽林業(yè)局森林資源與生態(tài)價(jià)值變化分析姓名郭聃申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別碩士專業(yè)森林經(jīng)理指導(dǎo)教師郎奎建20040601ABSTRACTTHISSTUDYCOMBINESTHESHUIYANGFORESTDEPARTMENT’SNATURALSURVEYANDBUSINESSHISTORY，WHICHISONTHEGISTECHNOLOGYPLATFORMSHUIYANGFORESTDEPARTMENT’STWOPERIODSOFFORESTMAPSOF1958AND1999AREMAINBASICDAT氛SETUPAFORESTRESOURCESPACEDATABASEOFRESEARCHAREAOF1958AND1999，ACHIEVEDATARETURNOFTWOPERIODSOFFORESTRESOURCEWEMAINLYMAKEASTUDYOFFOLLOWINGASPECTS1WESTATISTICALLYEDUCETHEFORESTRESOURCEVARIATIONCOURSEONQUANTITYANDSPACEDISTRIBUTINGDURINGFORTYONEYEARSDURINGFORTYONEYEARS，THEAREAOFFORESTLANDANDSHRUBLANDINCREASE，F(xiàn)OREST_COVEREDRATIOANDUSEDLANDRATIISE，ARTIFICIALFORESTAREAINCREASESMUCHMOREANDFORESTSTRUCTUREALSOIMPROVESBUTSTANDVOLUMEDESCENTSTOAGREATEXTENT，AGECLASSANDSTANDDENSITYSTRUCTUREAREMALADJUSTEDBADLY，ANDTHENUMBEROFSTANDGROVAHISLOWATTHESAMETIMENONFORESTLANDAREATURNSWIDEANDDISTRIBUTINGRANGEENLARGES2FROMTHELANDSCAPINGANDECOLOGYANGLE，CHARACTERSOFTWOPERIODSOFLANDSCAPEPATTERNAREQUANTIFICATIONALLYANALYZEDIN1958AND1999；ALLKINDSOFSTYLESOFLANDSCAPECHANGERATIOARECONFIRMEDTHEANALYSISRESULTINDICATESTHATTHEQUALITYOFLANDSCAPESTYLEBECOMESLARGE，THETOTALNUMBEROFPATCHREDUCESMADAVERAGEPATCHAREAEXPANDSOLDGROWTHFORESTRATIOINLANDSCAPEDECREASES，SOFTWOODFORESTRATIOANDRAREBROADLEAVEDFORESTRATIOTURNHIGHANDCONSTRUCTIVELANDPATCHENLARGEAPPARENTLYWHILETHEREISNOOBVIOUSFRAGMENTATIONINTHEWHOLELANDSCAPE，THESHAPEOFPATCHTRENDSTOBECOMPLEX3THEECOLOGICALBENEFITASARESULTOFFORESTRESOURCECHANGEINTHEFORESTDEPAAMENTISQUANTIFICATIONALLYANALYZEDANDEVALUATEDINVALUEBYECOLOGICALBENEFITMEASURETHEORYTHEWHOLEECOLOGICALBENEFITSHOWSDOWNTREND，ESPECIALLYTHEAREAOFNUTRIENTWATERHEADANDWATERANDSOILBENEFITINFORESTGETLARGE，ANDONTHECONTRARYTHEFORESTAREALESSENS4THEREASONSTHATREASONLESSCHANGEOFFORESTSTRUCTURECOMESINTOBEINGARCANALYZEDBECAUSEOFEXCESSIVECENTRALIZEDDISFOREST，ASERIESOFINTEMALSTRUCTUREOFFORESTAREDESTROYEDSERIOUSLYTHOUGHFORESTAREACONLEBACKTORISESINCERESOURCEMANAGEMENTANDARTIFICIALFORESTARESTRENGTHENEDBUTSCIENTIFICMETHODSANDEFFECTIVE