簡介：JOURNALOFASIANELECTRICVEHICLES,VOLUME16,NUMBER1,JUNE20181781LAWANDPOLICYONTHEDEVELOPMENTANDPROMOTIONOFTHENEWENERGYVEHICLENEVMARKETINCHINADENNISNIKOLAUSBLATTKOGUANLAWSCHOOL,SHANGHAIJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY,HINACKSJTUEDUCNABSTRACTCHINA’SCOMMITMENTTOWARDSBECOMINGMOREINNOVATIVEANDENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLY,HASLEDTOTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFAMYRIADOFPOLICIESTOFULFILLFUTUREDEVELOPMENTPLANSWHICHHASSUBSEQUENTLYALLOWEDTHENEWENERGYVEHICLENEVMARKETTOTHRIVETHENEVMARKETHASBENEFITTEDFROMPOLICIESWHICHINCENTIVIZEANDPRIORITIZEINDUSTRIESINTHEFIELDOFINNOVATIONANDENVIRONMENTALTECHNOLOGY,INADDITIONTOPOLICIESPROVIDINGGENEROUSSUBSIDIESSPECIFICALLYTOWARDSTHEMANUFACTURINGANDSALESOFNEVSASCHINA’SNEVMARKETCONTINUESTOGROWATARAPIDPACE,THISPAPERWILLANALYZETHESIGNIFICANCEPLAYEDBYPOLICIESIMPLEMENTEDATVARIOUSGOVERNMENTLEVELS,TOWARDSFACILITATINGTHEDEVELOPMENTANDPROMOTIONKEYWORDSCHINA,POLICIES,DEVELOPMENT,PROMOTION,NEWENERGYVEHICLE1INTRODUCTIONCHINAISCURRENTLYTHEWORLD’SLARGESTELECTRICVEHICLEMARKET,ANDHAVINGSETASALESTARGETOF5MILLIONNEWENERGYVEHICLESNEVSBY2020,HASLEDTOTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFPOLICIESATVARIOUSGOVERNMENTLEVELS,TOHELPFACILITATEFURTHERADVANCEMENTSTOWARDSTHEDEVELOPMENTANDPROMOTIONOFTHENEVMARKETTHENEVMARKETPLAYSANINTEGRALROLEINCHINA’SFUTUREDEVELOPMENT,ASTHE13TH5YEARPLAN20162020HASEMPHASIZEDTHEIMPORTANCETOWARDSINNOVATIONANDTRANSITIONINGINTOAGREENECONOMYASTHETARGETSPROVIDEDINCHINA’S5YEARPLANSAREN’TPOLICIESTHEMSELVES,THEYREQUIREPOLICIESTOHELPFACILITATEACHIEVINGSUCHTARGETSCHINA’SCOMMITMENTTOWARDSPOSITIONINGTHEMSELVESASGLOBALPOWERHOUSEINTHEFIELDSOFENVIRONMENTALDEVELOPMENTANDINNOVATION,HASRESULTEDINTHENATIONSHIFTINGTOWARDSECOFRIENDLYANDINNOVATIVEINDUSTRIESTOHELPACHIEVEFUTURETARGETSZHENGETAL,2012THUS,ALLOWINGTHENEVMARKETTOTHRIVECHINA’SNEVMARKETHASHADAPOSITIVEIMPACTTOWARDSHELPINGACHIEVESUCHTARGETS,ASTHEMARKETHASFACILITATEDSUCHAREASASREDUCINGURBANAIRPOLLUTIONANDCARBONEMISSIONS,REDUCINGTHENATION’SDEPENDENCEOFOIL,INADDITIONTOSTRENGTHENINGTHELABORMARKETBYPROVIDINGMOREJOBSANDINCREASINGTHEDEMANDFORSPECIALIZEDTALENTSTHECURRENTPOLICIESAREACLEARINDICATIONOFCHINA’SSTRONGCOMMITMENTTOWARDSTHEIRNEVMARKETPOLICIESREGARDINGTHEISSUANCEOFSUBSIDIES,ALLOWSELIGIBLENEVSTOBESOLDATCOMPETITIVEPRICESADDITIONALLY,ITREMOVESSKEPTICISMOVERTHELACKOFFACILITIES,ASSUBSIDIESAREALSOPROVIDEDTOMANUFACTURERSOFCHARGINGFACILITIESTHENEVMARKETHASALSOBENEFITTEDTHROUGHCERTAINRESTRICTIONSPLACEDONTHEIREMISSIONBASEDCOUNTERPARTS,THUSCREATINGAMARKETFRIENDLYENVIRONMENTFORNEVSCURRENTLY,THECHINESENEVMARKETISASUBSIDYDRIVENMARKET,ANDHASSURPASSEDTHEUNITEDSTATESINTERMSOFSALESVOLUME,BYACHIEVINGASALESTOTALOF336,000NEVSIN2016,ACCORDINGTHESTATISTICSPROVIDEDBYTHEINTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYINTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY,2017ACCORDINGTOAREPORTPUBLISHEDONSEPTEMBER2017BYBLOOMBERGNEWENERGYFINANCE,DOMESTICNEVMANUFACTURERSSUCHASBYDANDBAICFAREDBETTERTHANTHEIRFOREIGNCOUNTERPARTS,WITHBOTHMANUFACTURERSACCOUNTINGFORROUGHLY40OFTHEMARKET,WHEREASTESLAACCOUNTSFOR9OFTHEMARKETANDISTHEONLYFOREIGNNEVMANUFACTURERHOLDINGARESPECTABLESHAREOFCHINA’SNEVMARKETBLOOMBERG,2017CHINA’SNEVMARKETCANBECATEGORIZEDINTOTHREETYPESOFVEHICLESTHEMBEING,BATTERYELECTRICVEHICLESBEV,PLUGINHYBRIDVEHICLESPHEV,ANDFUELCELLVEHICLESFCEVALTHOUGHTHENEVMARKETISCURRENTLYASUBSIDYDRIVENMARKET,THESTATECOUNCILHASANNOUNCEDTHATALLNEVSUBSIDIESWOULDBESLOWLYPHASEDOUTBYTHEENDOF2020HENCE,MAKINGTHEAMENDMENTANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFCERTAINNEVRELATEDPOLICIESINEVITABLE2HISTORY21EARLYSTAGESDEVELOPINGNEVSTHESOURCEOFCHINA’SEARLIESTNEVRELATEDSTRATEGIESCANBETRACEDBACKTOTHEPERIODOFCHINA’S8TH5YEARPLAN,WHICHPROPOSEDAPLANTODEVELOPELECTRICVEHICLESRESULTINGINTHEINTRODUCTIONOFGOVERNMENTJOURNALOFASIANELECTRICVEHICLES,VOLUME16,NUMBER1,JUNE20181783UPDATEDCATALOGTHE15THVERSIONOFTHECATALOGWASPUBLISHEDON19DECEMBER2017MINISTRYOFINDUSTRYANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,2017THEISSUANCEOFSUBSIDIESHASHELPEDTOWARDSCREATINGAMARKETFRIENDLYENVIRONMENTINOTHERAREASOFTHEMARKET,ASSUBSIDIESAREALSOPROVIDEDTOWARDSTHEMANUFACTURINGOFCHARGINGFACILITIES,ADDITIONALLY,THEDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYFORCHARGINGFACILITIESAREPROVIDEDINTHE“DEVELOPMENTGUIDELINEONEVCHARGINGINFRASTRUCTURE20152020”THEPLANPROVIDEDNATIONWIDETARGETOF5MILLIONNEWLYCONSTRUCTEDCHARGINGPILESTHROUGHOUT2015TO2020,WHILSTADDRESSINGTHENEEDTOESTABLISHAMOREDEVELOPEDCHARGINGNETWORKTHISRESULTEDINTHESTRATEGICPLACEMENTOFCHARGINGPILESTHROUGHOUTDIFFERENTCITIESANDSAWCHARGINGPILESBEINGERECTEDINGASSTATIONSANDPUBLICPARKINGFACILITIESADDITIONALLY,THEPLANCALLEDFORTHESTRENGTHENINGOFSUPPORTMEASURES,TOGOINACCORDANCEWITHTHE“GUIDINGOPINIONSONACCELERATINGTHEPROMOTIONOFTHEAPPLICATIONOFNEWENERGYVEHICLES”STATINGTHATTHERELEVANTSTATEDEPARTMENTSAREENCOURAGEDTOFORMULATEADDITIONALPOLICIESTOPROVIDEFISCALSUPPORT,WHILSTENCOURAGINGLOCALGOVERNMENTSTOINTRODUCETHEAFOREMENTIONEDPOLICIESANDPROVIDETHEFISCALSUBSIDIESATTHELOCALLEVELALTHOUGHTHEISSUANCEOFSUBSIDIESISTHEPREFERREDMETHODTOWARDSDEVELOPINGTHEMARKET,OTHERINCENTIVESAREPROVIDEDMAINLYTOWARDSTHEBUYERSOFNEVS,WITHTHEINCENTIVESVARYINGBYREGIONNEVOWNERSAREENTITLEDTONEVSPECIFICLICENSEPLATESINVARIOUSCITIES,ALLOWINGTHEMTOOBTAINALICENSEPLATEWITHOUTHAVINGTOPARTICIPATEINALICENSEPLATELOTTERYCE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簡介：9300英文單詞，英文單詞，53萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文16萬字萬字文獻出處文獻出處SMITHITHELAWANDECONOMICSOFMARRIAGECONTRACTSJJOURNALOFECONOMICSURVEYS,2003,172201225THELAWANDECONOMICSOFMARRIAGECONTRACTSIANSMITHABSTRACTGROWTHINPROPERTYOWNERSHIPHASRAISEDTHESTAKESINTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFFINANCIALASSETSONDIVORCEGIVENHIGHRISKSOFMARITALFAILURE,THISHASSTIMULATEDTHEDEMANDFORPRIVATEORDERINGTHROUGHENFORCEABLEMARRIAGECONTRACTSTHISPAPERSURVEYSTHEEXISTINGLAWANDECONOMICSLITERATUREANDLEGALPRACTICETOCONSIDERTHESTATEOFKNOWLEDGEONTHEECONOMICTHEORY,SCOPEANDLIMITSOFWRITTENNUPTIALAGREEMENTSKEYWORDSMARRIAGECONTRACTSPRENUPTIALAGREEMENTSMARITALPROPERTY1INTRODUCTIONWHILETHEREISMUCHSCHOLARLYINVESTIGATIONOFTHEFINANCIALCONSEQUENCESOFMARITALBREAKDOWN,1DISCUSSIONOFTHEPRIVATEREGULATIONOFSUCHOUTCOMESUSINGMARRIAGECONTRACTSISLESSSYSTEMATICTHETOPICOFMARITALCONTRACTINGTOALTERTHEDIVORCEENTITLEMENTSOFTHEPARTIESRECEIVES,FOREXAMPLE,ONLYBRIEFCOMMENTSINTHESTANDARDSURVEYSOFTHEECONOMICSOFTHEFAMILYOFFEREDBYBECKER1991,BERGSTROM19961997,CABRILLO1999,CIGNO1991,ERMISCH1993,GROSSBARDSHECHTMAN1993,POLLAK1985ANDWEISS1997EMPIRICALLY,THEMOSTFREQUENTTYPEOFMARITALCONTRACTINCOMMONLAWJURISDICTIONSISTHEEXPOSTSEPARATIONAGREEMENTDRAFTEDFOLLOWINGMARRIAGEBREAKDOWNSUCHPOSTMARITALSEPARATIONAGREEMENTSARETYPICALLYPREFERREDTOAJUDICIALLYDETERMINEDDIVORCESETTLEMENTBOTHBYDIVORCINGCOUPLESFARMERANDTIEFENTHALER,2001ANDBYCOURTSWHICHRARELYSETASIDEPRIVATELYNEGOTIATEDSOLUTIONSLESSNUMEROUSAREEXANTESEPARATIONAGREEMENTS,COMPRISINGBOTHPRENUPTIALCONTRACTSWRITTENPRIORTOMARRIAGEANDTHOSENEGOTIATEDDURINGACONTINUINGMARRIAGEEXPOSTSEPARATIONAGREEMENTS,SIGNEDATDIVORCE,ARERELATIVELYUNCONTROVERSIALANDHAVELESSANALYTICALLYINTERESTINGCHARACTERISTICSTHANMARITALCONTRACTSNEGOTIATEDEITHERASACONDITIONOFTHEWEDDINGORDURINGANONGOINGMARRIAGETHEDIFFERENCEINTHEORETICALSIGNIFICANCEARISESBECAUSE,INTHECASEOFEXPOSTSEPARATIONAGREEMENTS,EXECUTIONANDENFORCEMENTAREALMOSTCONTEMPORANEOUSWHEREASMARITALCONTRACTSREQUIRECONTINGENTCONTRACTINGOVERAPOSSIBLYDISTANTANDUNCERTAINFUTUREEVENTTHECONSEQUENCEISTHATMARRIAGECONTRACTSINVOLVEISSUESOFRENEGOTIATIONANDSIGNALLING,ASWELLASTHEBARGAININGPROBLEMSTHATALSOARISEWITHPOSTMARITALSEPARATIONAGREEMENTSASCONTRACTINGONSEPARATIONISWELLANALYZEDBYMNOOKINANDKORNHAUSER1979ANDTREBILCOCKANDKEVSHANI1991ITWILLBELARGELYIGNOREDINWHATFOLLOWSCONTRIBUTIONSOUTLININGTHETHEORYANDPRACTICEOFNUPTIALAGREEMENTSDRAWFROMTHELITERATUREONLAWANDECONOMICSANDTHEECONOMICSOFCONTRACTS2MOSTOFTHEDISCUSSIONISRECENT,WITHONLYAFEWPUBLISHEDSTUDIESINENGLISHPRIORTOWEITZMAN1981ASTHEFIELDISRELATIVELYNEW,ANDTHEENFORCEABILITYOFEXANTEMARRIAGECONTRACTSCONTROVERSIALINSOMEJURISDICTIONS,MANYOFTHECONTRIBUTIONSTOTHETOPICHAVEADISTINCTLYNORMATIVEASWELLASANALYTICALFLAVOURWRITERSGENERALLYFAVOURABLETOMARITALCONTRACTSINCLUDEBECKERANDBECKER1997,BIX1998,DNES2000,GROSSBARDSHECHTMANANDLEMENNICIER1999,MARSTON1997,RASMUSENANDSTAKE1998,SCOTTANDSCOTT19981999,TREBILCOCK1999,TREBILCOCKANDKESHVANI1991,WAX1998,WEITZMAN1981ANDYOUNGER19881992SCEPTICSINCLUDEBRINIG2000,BROD1994,COHEN19872002,DIFONZO2000,FRANK1988,MCLELLAN1996,NASHERI1998,NEAVEOWNRELATIONSHIPTERMS,ISTHECOROLLARYOFITSINCREASINGCONCEPTUALIZATIONINTERMSOFRIGHTSTOPROPERTYBELL1997ARGUESFROMANANTHROPOLOGICALPERSPECTIVETHATMARRIAGETRADITIONALLYCONFERREDRIGHTSONAHUSBANDOFSEXUALACCESSTOHISWIFEHOWEVER,INNOVATIONSINFEMALECONTRACEPTIVETECHNOLOGYANDTHELEGALIZATIONOFABORTIONHAVEGIVENGREATERSEXUALANDREPRODUCTIVEAUTONOMYTOWOMENMARRIAGEISNOLONGERDEFINEDSOMUCHINTERMSOFSEXUALRIGHTSBUTRATHERINTERMSOFECONOMICRIGHTSANDCONSEQUENCESITISDISTINGUISHEDFROMNONMARITALCOHABITATIONBYITSIMPLICATIONSFORPROPERTYDIVISION,PENSION,HOUSING,FISCALANDINHERITANCEBENEFITS,ASWELLASBYGREATERENTRYANDEXITCOSTSTHISISTRUEEVENINCOUNTRIESSUCHASSWEDENWHICHSEEKNEUTRALTREATMENTOFDIFFERENTFAMILYFORMSSWEDISHLAWTYPICALLYTREATSNEARLYALLSPOUSALPROPERTYASMARITAL,TOBEPOOLEDANDDIVIDEDEQUALLYONDIVORCE,WHEREASTHATOFCOHABITANTSISTREATEDASSEPARATEPROPERTYBRADLEY,1996INSOFARASTHEINSTITUTIONOFMARRIAGEISCONCEIVEDPRIMARILYINTERMSOFFINANCIALEFFECTS,THISWILLNATURALLYLENDITSELFTOPRIVATECONTRACTINGMOREOVER,MANYLEGALCOMMENTATORSHAVENOTEDARETREATFROMTHEREGULATIONOFMARRIAGEINFAMILYLAW,CREATINGACLIMATEFAVOURABLETOMARITALCONTRACTINGINPARTICULAR,THEFOCUSISSHIFTINGFROMTHELEGALOBLIGATIONSOFPARTNERSTOTHOSEOFPARENTSCARBONE,2000THEMOVEFROMPARTNERSTOPARENTSISEVIDENTINTHEADVENTOFTHECLEANBREAKPHILOSOPHYTHATSEVERSSPOUSALFINANCIALRESPONSIBILITIESINTHEDIVORCESETTLEMENTBUTSTRICTLYENFORCESCONTINUINGCHILDSUPPORTPAYMENTSTHETRENDTOWARDSTHEPRIVATIZATIONOFMARRIAGEISALSOAPPARENTINTHEMODERNEMPHASISONNOFAULTDIVORCE,ANDALTERNATIVENONLITIGIOUSDISPUTERESOLUTIONPROCEDURES,SUCHASMEDIATION,TORESOLVEMARITALCONFLICTSOBSERVINGTHEINCREASINGSELFDETERMINATIONOFOBLIGATIONS,DIFONZO2000POSITSTHATDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESAREEXPERIENCINGATRANSITIONTOVARIABLEORCUSTOMIZEDMARRIAGEHERALDEDBYLEPACSINFRANCEANDREGISTEREDPARTNERSHIPSINTHENETHERLANDS,SCANDINAVIAANDELSEWHEREMOREGENERALLY,MARRIAGECONTRACTSARECONSISTENTWITHCHANGESINPOLITICALCULTURETHATFAVOURINDIVIDUALAUTONOMYOVERSTATEIMPOSEDSOLUTIONSHOWEVER,THEUSEOFMARITALAGREEMENTSISNOTNEWMARRIAGESETTLEMENTSHAVEHISTORICA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簡介：THELAWANDECONOMICSOFMARRIAGECONTRACTSIANSMITHUNIVERSITYOFSTANDREWSABSTRACTGROWTHINPROPERTYOWNERSHIPHASRAISEDTHESTAKESINTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFFINANCIALASSETSONDIVORCEGIVENHIGHRISKSOFMARITALFAILURE,THISHASSTIMULATEDTHEDEMANDFORPRIVATEORDERINGTHROUGHENFORCEABLEMARRIAGECONTRACTSTHISPAPERSURVEYSTHEEXISTINGLAWANDECONOMICSLITERATUREANDLEGALPRACTICETOCONSIDERTHESTATEOFKNOWLEDGEONTHEECONOMICTHEORY,SCOPEANDLIMITSOFWRITTENNUPTIALAGREEMENTSKEYWORDSMARRIAGECONTRACTSPRENUPTIALAGREEMENTSMARITALPROPERTY1INTRODUCTIONWHILETHEREISMUCHSCHOLARLYINVESTIGATIONOFTHEFINANCIALCONSEQUENCESOFMARITALBREAKDOWN,1DISCUSSIONOFTHEPRIVATEREGULATIONOFSUCHOUTCOMESUSINGMARRIAGECONTRACTSISLESSSYSTEMATICTHETOPICOFMARITALCONTRACTINGTOALTERTHEDIVORCEENTITLEMENTSOFTHEPARTIESRECEIVES,FOREXAMPLE,ONLYBRIEFCOMMENTSINTHESTANDARDSURVEYSOFTHEECONOMICSOFTHEFAMILYOFFEREDBYBECKER1991,BERGSTROM19961997,CABRILLO1999,CIGNO1991,ERMISCH1993,GROSSBARDSHECHTMAN1993,POLLAK1985ANDWEISS1997EMPIRICALLY,THEMOSTFREQUENTTYPEOFMARITALCONTRACTINCOMMONLAWJURISDICTIONSISTHEEXPOSTSEPARATIONAGREEMENTDRAFTEDFOLLOWINGMARRIAGEBREAKDOWNSUCHPOSTMARITALSEPARATIONAGREEMENTSARETYPICALLYPREFERREDTOAJUDICIALLYDETERMINEDDIVORCESETTLEMENTBOTHBYDIVORCINGCOUPLESFARMERANDTIEFENTHALER,2001ANDBYCOURTSWHICHRARELYSETASIDEPRIVATELYNEGOTIATEDSOLUTIONSLESSNUMEROUSAREEXANTESEPARATIONAGREEMENTS,COMPRISINGBOTHPRENUPTIALCONTRACTSWRITTENPRIORTOMARRIAGEANDTHOSENEGOTIATEDDURINGACONTINUINGMARRIAGEEXPOSTSEPARATIONAGREEMENTS,SIGNEDATDIVORCE,ARERELATIVELYUNCONTROVERSIALANDHAVELESSANALYTICALLYINTERESTINGCHARACTERISTICSTHANMARITALCONTRACTSNEGOTIATEDEITHERASACONDITIONOFTHEWEDDINGORDURINGANONGOINGMARRIAGETHEDIFFERENCEINTHEORETICALSIGNIFICANCEARISESBECAUSE,INTHECASEOFEXPOSTSEPARATIONAGREEMENTS,EXECUTIONANDENFORCEMENTAREALMOSTCONTEMPORANEOUSWHEREASMARITALCONTRACTSREQUIRECONTINGENTCONTRACTINGOVERAPOSSIBLYDISTANTANDUNCERTAINFUTUREEVENTTHECONSEQUENCEISTHATMARRIAGECONTRACTSINVOLVEISSUESOFRENEGOTIATIONANDSIGNALLING,ASWELLASTHEBARGAININGPROBLEMSTHATALSO09500804/03/020201–25JOURNALOFECONOMICSURVEYSVOL17,NO2BLACKWELLPUBLISHINGLTD2003,9600GARSINGTONROAD,OXFORDOX42DQ,UKAND350MAINST,MALDEN,MA02148,USAEQUITABLEFORAHIGHPROPORTIONOFCASESALEGALREGIMECHARACTERIZEDBYJUDICIALDISCRETION,WHILEACCOMMODATINGMARITALHETEROGENEITYTOSOMEEXTENT,INTRODUCESUNCERTAINTYOVERADJUDICATIONANDMAYPROMOTELITIGATIONONERESPONSETOTHEGREATERVARIETYOFMARITALCIRCUMSTANCES,TOMOREWIDESPREADAWARENESSOFTHEBITTERNESSOFADVERSARIALDIVORCECONFLICTS,ANDTOHIGHERFINANCIALSTAKESONDIVORCEISTHEGROWTHINDEMANDFORPRIVATEORDERINGTHROUGHMARITALCONTRACTSSPECIFYINGPOSTDISSOLUTIONENTITLEMENTSFORPROSPECTIVESPOUSES,THEPRIVATENEGOTIATIONANDINDIVIDUALIZEDTAILORINGOFDIVORCECONSEQUENCESACCORDINGTOCIRCUMSTANCESANDPREFERENCESMAYGENERATEEFFICIENCYGAINSFOREXAMPLE,TOTHEEXTENTTHATRELATIVELYEASYACCESSTOCLEANBREAK,NOFAULTDIVORCEHASATTENUATEDINCENTIVESTOINVESTINMARRIAGE,COUPLESCANPROTECTMARRIAGESPECIFICCAPITALBYCUSTOMIZINGSUPPORTOBLIGATIONSDNES,2000INADDITION,COUPLESMAYVALUETHEFREEDOMPRIVATELYTOORDERTHEIRFINANCIALAFFAIRSRATHERTHANHAVINGJUDICIALSOLUTIONSCOERCIVELYIMPOSEDBYTHESTATE,PERMITTINGAMICABLEDETERMINATIONOFPROPERTYRIGHTSPRIORTOORDURINGMARRIAGERATHERTHANLITIGIOUSLYINDIVORCEPROCEEDINGSGROSSBARDSHECHTMANANDLEMENNICIER,1999INDEED,THEREISSOMEEVIDENCETHATNEGOTIATINGADIVORCESETTLEMENTWITHOUTLEGALINTERVENTIONPROMOTESCOMPLIANCEPETERSETAL,1993ONTHESUPPLYSIDE,ALLEN1990HASARGUEDTHATTHESTATEPERMITSPRIVATEMARITALCONTRACTINGINSTEADOFIMPOSINGITSUNIFORMMARRIAGECONTRACTWHENTHEBENEFITSFROMFLEXIBILITYEXCEEDTHEJUDICIALCOSTSOFUSINGTHIRDPARTYSANCTIONSTOENSUREECONOMICJUSTICECONTEMPORARYMOVESTOWARDSTHECONTRACTUALIZATIONOFMARRIAGE,INWHICHPARTIESDEFINETHEIROWNRELATIONSHIPTERMS,ISTHECOROLLARYOFITSINCREASINGCONCEPTUALIZATIONINTERMSOFRIGHTSTOPROPERTYBELL1997ARGUESFROMANANTHROPOLOGICALPERSPECTIVETHATMARRIAGETRADITIONALLYCONFERREDRIGHTSONAHUSBANDOFSEXUALACCESSTOHISWIFEHOWEVER,INNOVATIONSINFEMALECONTRACEPTIVETECHNOLOGYANDTHELEGALIZATIONOFABORTIONHAVEGIVENGREATERSEXUALANDREPRODUCTIVEAUTONOMYTOWOMENMARRIAGEISNOLONGERDEFINEDSOMUCHINTERMSOFSEXUALRIGHTSBUTRATHERINTERMSOFECONOMICRIGHTSANDCONSEQUENCESITISDISTINGUISHEDFROMNONMARITALCOHABITATIONBYITSIMPLICATIONSFORPROPERTYDIVISION,PENSION,HOUSING,FISCALANDINHERITANCEBENEFITS,ASWELLASBYGREATERENTRYANDEXITCOSTSTHISISTRUEEVENINCOUNTRIESSUCHASSWEDENWHICHSEEKNEUTRALTREATMENTOFDIFFERENTFAMILYFORMSSWEDISHLAWTYPICALLYTREATSNEARLYALLSPOUSALPROPERTYASMARITAL,TOBEPOOLEDANDDIVIDEDEQUALLYONDIVORCE,WHEREASTHATOFCOHABITANTSISTREATEDASSEPARATEPROPERTYBRADLEY,1996INSOFARASTHEINSTITUTIONOFMARRIAGEISCONCEIVEDPRIMARILYINTERMSOFFINANCIALEFFECTS,THISWILLNATURALLYLENDITSELFTOPRIVATECONTRACTINGMOREOVER,MANYLEGALCOMMENTATORSHAVENOTEDARETREATFROMTHEREGULATIONOFMARRIAGEINFAMILYLAW,CREATINGACLIMATEFAVOURABLETOMARITALCONTRACTINGINPARTICULAR,THEFOCUSISSHIFTINGFROMTHELEGALOBLIGATIONSOFPARTNERSTOTHOSEOFPARENTSCARBONE,2000THEMOVEFROMPARTNERSTOPARENTSISEVIDENTINTHEADVENTOFTHECLEANBREAKPHILOSOPHYTHATSEVERSSPOUSALFINANCIALRESPONSIBILITIESINTHEDIVORCESETTLEMENTBUTSTRICTLYENFORCESCONTINUINGCHILDSUPPORTPAYMENTSTHETRENDTOWARDSTHEPRIVATIZATIONOFMARRIAGEISALSOAPPARENTINTHEMODERNMARRIAGECONTRACTS203BLACKWELLPUBLISHINGLTD2003

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簡介：1錯誤錯誤未找到目未找到目錄項錄項。淺析非婚同居的法律問題賈磊摘要摘要近年來，隨著商品經濟的發(fā)展，社會環(huán)境日益寬容，現代人對婚姻家庭的傳統(tǒng)思想觀念正在經歷著前所未有的改變，非婚同居現象的增多是主要表現之一?，F階段，非婚同居在我國尚未有體系化的法律法規(guī)予以規(guī)制，以致產生一系列的社會問題。對此，應當從維護合法婚姻的權威和保護相關當事人正當權益出發(fā)，理性分析非婚同居的實質，明確界定非婚同居的法律地位，參照和借鑒國外有關立法，構建符合中國國情的非婚同居法律制度。關鍵詞關鍵詞非婚同居非法同居事實婚姻法律規(guī)制隨著商品經濟的日益繁榮，人們的生活多元化發(fā)展，當今社會不斷擴大對個人自由的尊重與寬容，現代人對婚姻家庭這一傳統(tǒng)概念的認識正經歷著諸如“新同居時代”1等新名詞的強烈沖擊，許多人選擇了非婚同居這一游走于法律門外的“新婚姻”方式。然而，由于傳統(tǒng)道德與新觀念的較量難分高下，法學理論與司法實踐的矛盾長期存在，導致法律對非婚同居這種普遍社會現象的規(guī)制仍有待完善。由非婚同居引發(fā)的各種糾紛時有發(fā)生，中華人民共和國婚姻法（以下簡稱新婚姻法）及其司法解釋中僅有的幾個零散的規(guī)定遠遠不能滿足司法實踐的需要。我國婚姻法應立足于社會現實，正視非婚同居現象，從保護有關利害關系人的合法權益出發(fā)，制定規(guī)范非婚同居行為的法律法規(guī)。一、非婚同居含義分析1、非婚同居的概念和構成要件3間，是因為這種結合只有持續(xù)存在，才能證明其具有一定的穩(wěn)定性，而和“一夜情”等行為區(qū)別開來。在法律規(guī)制非婚同居行為的國家，都要求當事人的行為持續(xù)一定的期間才能獲得非婚同居規(guī)則的使用，而且這一期間不能有明顯的間斷。如美國的某些州規(guī)定的是三個月以上，丹麥等規(guī)定須三年以上。結合我國國情，筆者認為，非婚同居的持續(xù)期間應以兩年為宜。二、非婚同居法律地位的界定只有對某個概念作出明確的界定，才能正確區(qū)分其與相似概念的異同，進而確立適合的法律規(guī)范加以規(guī)制。在我國，由于婚姻法和相關司法解釋對現實中普遍存在的各種同居現象缺乏一個統(tǒng)一的分類，加之歷史上法律對“事實婚姻”和“非法同居”的態(tài)度曾經經歷過幾次重大的轉變，理論界對非婚同居法律地位的界定一直未能達成一致。長期以來，有兩種主流觀點１、認為非婚同居等同于非法同居。受中國傳統(tǒng)道德觀念的影響，老百姓長期認為，如果男女雙方未經“明媒正娶”就公開居住在一起，長期被看作是不道德甚至是傷風敗俗的行為。而在2001年新婚姻法頒布之前，我國司法領域也長期堅持這種觀點。其代表有1989年11月21日最高人民法院關于人民法院審理未辦理結婚登記而以夫妻名義同居生活的若干意見（以下簡稱意見）第三條明確規(guī)定“自民政部新的婚姻登記管理條例實施之日起即1994年2月1日，未辦理結婚登記即以夫妻名義共同生活的按非法同居關系對待?！弊罡呷嗣穹ㄔ涸陉P于適用新的〈婚姻登記管理條例〉的通知中明確指出“自1994年2月1日起，沒有配偶的男女，未經結婚登記即以夫妻名義同居生活的，其婚姻關系無效，不受法律保護，對于起訴到人民法院的，應按非法同居關系處理?！彪S著時代的發(fā)展，這種觀點越來越遭到各方的質疑。首先，非法同居，是指不合法的男女同居行為?；橐龇ú⑽疵魑囊?guī)定禁止婚前同居行為，僅憑司法解釋認定非婚同居都為非法同居是不符合法理的。其次，新婚姻法頒布以前，司法解釋以是否以夫妻名義同居作為判斷非婚同居行為法律性質的依據，僅對以夫妻名義同居生活的行為做出規(guī)定，卻不規(guī)定有配偶且與他人不以夫妻名義的同居行為，這樣只會為姘居、“包二奶”等真正的“非法”同居行為放行。

簡介：防范不良信貸資產的法律機制研究防范不良信貸資產的法律機制研究防范不良信貸資產的法律機制研究作者黃學海/馬樺/舒達坤頻頻發(fā)生的金融危機的原因是多方面的，但各國商業(yè)銀行不良信貸資產的累積，加劇了整個金融體系風險，動搖了國民和外國投資者對金融機構的信心，以致于引發(fā)金融危機，應是主要原因之一。一、我國商業(yè)銀行不良信貸資產現狀及其成因分析（一）商業(yè)銀行不良信貸資產現狀眾所周知，我國四大國有商業(yè)銀行不良信貸資產數額巨大。按有關資料統(tǒng)計，全國國有商業(yè)銀行不良信貸資產比例約為2025％左右，按20％計算，19901996年不良信貸資產數額如下表年份1990年1991年1992年1993年不良貸款金額億元295196351896421634517394年份1994年1995年1996年不良貸款金額億元648824784992948690由此可見，一方面，不良信貸資產存量數額巨大，到1996年達9500億元，而同年全國四大國有商業(yè)銀行的所有者權益與呆賬準備金合計約為3200億元，因此，只要不良貸款回收比例低于40％，國有商業(yè)銀行實際上處于資不抵債狀態(tài)；另一方面，不良信貸資產增量不斷累加。由于社會保障機制的不健全及政府的干預，銀行對陷入困難的企業(yè)不能見死不救，“安定團結”之類貸款的發(fā)放，導致了國有商業(yè)銀行不良信貸資產的迅速累積。所以說，化解我國國有商業(yè)銀行的存量不良信貸資產，特別是進一步預防增量不良信貸資產的產生，已成為減少和降低金融風險，形成良好金融秩序，確保國家經濟安全，建立社會主義市場經濟體制的一個重大問題。（二）不良信貸資產成因的一般分析不良信貸資產的形成原因是復雜的，既有體制政策上的，也有經營管理方面的；既有外部的，也有內部的；既有歷史的，也有現實的。從體制方面看，傳統(tǒng)計劃經濟體制下的資金供給制和財稅改革后的“撥改貸”所形成的銀企依賴機制，使國有銀行的大量貸款在之門。從上述分析看，不良信貸資產的成因是復雜的、多變的，我們可以采取經濟、行政的手段進行短期的化解和防范，但從法律角度建立一套內外結合、縱橫統(tǒng)一的防范機制，才能從根本上消除誘發(fā)不良信貸資產產生的各種因素，為依法治理金融，確保金融業(yè)的良性循環(huán)創(chuàng)造良好的法治環(huán)境，最終達到保障金融業(yè)長治久安的目的。二、商業(yè)銀行信貸制度的完善完善商業(yè)銀行信貸制度需從商業(yè)銀行外部、內部兩個方面考慮。（一）商業(yè)銀行信貸經營的外部保證機制1市場化的銀企機制。根據我國法律法規(guī)的規(guī)定和市場經濟的客觀要求，市場經濟中的商業(yè)銀行和工商企業(yè)都應為完全獨立的經濟人和法人，都是為追求自身利益最大化的平等的經濟主體，二者之間的交易行為須以互惠互利為前提，按照平等、自愿、公平和誠實信用原則進行資金、信息等往來，以求共同發(fā)展。這種市場化的銀企機制就是指銀企之間信貸契約市場化和信用關系正?；?，其實質是指通過資金連接，產生宏微觀經濟效益，以實現銀企雙方各自效益的最大化。這種利益均享、風險共擔的銀企機制一方面要求銀行在信貸經營中，必須考察貸款企業(yè)的資信能力和信用狀況，以求減少信貸風險，確保信貸資產的保值增值；另一方面也客觀上要求和促進企業(yè)提高經濟效益，增強經營活力，加快建立現代企業(yè)制度的步伐，從而從根本上控制和減少不良信貸資產的產生。2規(guī)范的多元化融資機制。發(fā)展金融市場，完善金融市場法律體系，形成規(guī)范的多元化融資機制，一方面使政策性貸款從商業(yè)銀行的業(yè)務中徹底分離出去，確保商業(yè)銀行信貸資產的安全性、流動性、盈利性，降低信貸風險；另一方面，可加大直接融資比例，給企業(yè)提供獲取資金的另一條途徑，緩解企業(yè)對銀行資金的高度依賴性，為銀行轉移，分散風險提供廣闊的空間，同時，通過直接融資充實企業(yè)的資本金，也可減輕企業(yè)負擔，增強企業(yè)盈利能力和抗風險能力，為最終解決因企業(yè)虧損而導致大量不良信貸資產的產生創(chuàng)造條件。3健全的社會保障機制。深化社會保障體制改革，加快和完善社會