外文翻譯---在網(wǎng)絡(luò)地理信息系統(tǒng)環(huán)境中地圖的作用

1、附錄 附錄附錄 附錄 1 外文文獻(xiàn)原文 外文文獻(xiàn)原文The role of the map in a Web-GIS environmentMenno-Jan KraakInternational Institute of Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation,Department of GeoInformation Processing, PO Box 6, 7500 AA Ensc

2、hede, The Netherlands(e-mail: kraak@itc.nl)Abstract. The World Wide Web has changed the perspective on the role that maps can play. Their traditional function remains, e.g. to represent an abstraction of a selected part

3、of reality to offer insight into geospatial patterns and relations. Additionally the map can be an important part of a search engine, especially in the context of geospatial data infrastructure. Maps can also function as

4、 an interface to other geographic and nongeographic information on the Web. The question ‘What are the implications of this expanding role of maps for a WebGIS environment?’ is addressed in this paper.1 IntroductionMaps

5、are recognised in their capacity to offer an overview of and insight into spatial patterns and relations. Maps can guide us from A to B, show the structure of the landscape, display the changes in population distribution

6、s, or show future urban plans. Maps do this because they represent abstractions and selections of reality. If well designed, the meaning of their symbology will give the user a link to a part of reality. Geographic

7、al Information Systems (GIS) are characterised by the ability to integrate geospatial data from a wide variety of sources. The functionality of such systems allows different kinds of spatial analysis operations. The natu

8、re of these operations is often based on applications models, the current disciplinary approach to the problem at hand. Obviously, maps play an important role in GIS. Not only do they present the final results of the spa

9、tial analysis but they are also critical during the whole iterative process of geospatial data handling. The popularity of GIS has had a the tools for user-friendly queries and retrieval when studying the massive amount

10、of data for instance produced by sensors, now available via the Web (Cartwright et al. 1999; Kraak and Brown 2000; Peterson 2001).Maps are no longer just a medium to display final results. Maps are used anywhere in the g

11、eospatial data handling process. Additionally, technological developments have brought mapping closer to other disciplines, which have influenced the approach to mapping. Interaction and dynamics became important keyword

12、s. In the 1990s, developments around scientific visualization (McCormick et al. 1987) have given the word visualization an enhanced meaning. These have linked visualization to more specific ways in which modern computer

13、technology facilitates the process of ‘‘making data visible’’ in real time in order to strengthen knowledge. The relations between mapping and GIS on the one hand, and scientific visualization on the otherhave been discu

14、ssed in depth by (Hearnshaw and Unwin 1994; Taylor 1994; MacEachren and Taylor 1994). In addition to scientific visualization, which deals mainly with medical imaging, process model visualization, and molecular chemistry

15、, another branch of visualization that influenced mapping can be recognized. This is called information visualization (Card et al. 1999), and focuses on visualization of non-numerical information. In this field we see th

16、e map used as metaphor to access data. Other disciplines 84 Menno-Jan Kraakhaving had influence on the map are image analysis, exploratory data analysis (EDA), and of course methodological developments in GIS and cartogr

17、aphy not to be forgotten.The above developments in scientific visualisation stimulated (DiBiase 1990) to define a model for map-based scientific visualisation. It covers both the communication and thinking functions of t

18、he map. Communication is described as ‘‘public visual communication’’ since it concerns maps aimed at a wide audience. Thinking is defined as ‘‘private visual thinking’’ because it is often an individual playing with the

19、 geospatial data to determine its significance. On a more detailed level, different visualisation stages can be recognised, each requiring a different strategy from the perspective of map use. This ranges from presentati