交通外文翻譯-- 交通擁堵收費和城市交通系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展（英文）

1、Congestion Pricing and Sustainable Development of Urban Transportation system Jianhu Zheng (Department of Automobile Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China) zjianhu1028@163.com Abstract The rapi

2、d growth in urbanization and motorization generally contributes to an urban transportation system that is economically, environmentally and socially unsustainable. The result has been a relentless increase in traffic

3、congestion. Road congestion pricing has been proposed many times as an economic measure to fight congestion in urban traffic, but has not seen widespread use in practice because of Some potential impacts of road pric

4、ing remain unknown. The paper first reviews the concept of sustainable transportation system, which should meet the goals of economic development, environmental protection and social justice collectively. And then, b

5、ased on the characteristics of sustainable transportation system, how congestion pricing can contribute to economic growth, environmental protection and social justice is examined. Examination result shows that conge

6、stion pricing is a powerful way to promote the sustainable development of urban transportation system. 1. Introduction Urban transportation is a pressing concern in mega cities around the world. Along with China’s rapi

7、d development of urbanization and motorization, traffic jams has become a more and more serious problem, resulting in greater time delay, increase of energy consumption and air pollution, decrease of reliability of

8、road network. In many cities traffic congestion is seen as a hindrance to economic development. Numerous methods can be used to address congestion and reduce transport density, including building new infrastructure,

9、improving maintenance and operation of infrastructure, and using the existing infrastructure more efficiently through demand management strategies, including pricing mechanisms. Congestion pricing has long been propos

10、ed as an effective measure to combat traffic congestion. The principle objective of congestion pricing is to alleviate congestion by implementing surcharge for the use selected congested facilities during peak time pe

11、riods. By shifting some trips to off-peak periods, to routes away from congested facilities, or to higher-occupancy vehicles, or by discouraging some trips altogether, congestion pricing schemes would result in saving

12、s in time and operating costs, improvements in air quality, reductions in energy consumption and improvements in transit productivity. There are lots of successful applications in some countries and regions in the re

13、st of the world. Following Singapore in the early 1970s and Norwegian toll rings in the mid-1980s, the city of London introduced its area toll in February 2003; up till now, it is the most well-known example of a lar

14、ge metropolitan area that has implemented congestion pricing. However, congestion pricing has not seen widespread use in practice due to theoretical and political reasons. Some potential impacts of road pricing remain

15、unknown, and the sustainability of congestion pricing for urban development requires further study. Sustainability is normally taken as basic objectives in the assessment of transportation policy. The idea of sustaina

16、ble transportation emerges from the concept of sustainable development in the transport sector and can be defined as follows [1], “sustainable transportation infrastructure and travel policies that serve multiple goal

17、s of economic development, environment stewardship and social equity, have the objective to optimize the use of transportation systems to achieve economic and related social and environment goals, without sacrificing

18、 the ability of future generations to achieve the same goals”. Sustainable transportation systems require a dynamic balance between the main pillars of sustainable development, i.e. economic development, environmenta

19、l protection and social justice for current and future generations. In the context of sustainable transport systems, how congestion pricing can contribute to economic growth, environmental protection and social justic

20、e is examined in this paper. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. In section 2, the impacts of congestion pricing on economic development are described. Section 3 presents the contribution to environment p

21、rotection, and the relationship between social justice and congestion pricing is analyzed. Some conclusions are given in section 5. 2. Economic development 2008 Workshop on Power Electronics and Intelligent Transportat

22、ion System978-0-7695-3342-1/08 $25.00 © 2008 IEEE DOI 10.1109/PEITS.2008.43 449pollution, noise, and climate change. Motor vehicles are the dominant producers of urban air and noise pollution, including carbon mon

23、oxide, oxides of nitrogen, and airborne particulates. These pollutants are key factors in many respiratory ailments such as asthma as well as “a range of other human health effects, from headaches and eye irritation

24、to cancer” [8]. The World Bank estimates that 0.5 million people in developing countries die each year from transport-related air emissions, with a similar death toll from traffic accidents [9]. Transportation cannot b

25、e replaced because it is the part of the production chain. For this reason, transportation systems must be developed and standardized, the effectiveness of transportation service must be increased, while the environme

26、ntal pollution must be decreased or prevented. Emission from road traffic is a complex system with an output that cannot be completely measured. It is natural to analyze the emissions from a sample of vehicles under d

27、ifferent driving conditions. The California Air Resources Board pointes out that congestion-stop and go traffic significantly increases emissions. As an example, one report estimates that a 10-mile trip, using an aver

28、age 1987 automobile, results in running exhaust HC emission of 1grams at a speed of 55 mph but that HC emissions would be 7 grams at an average speed of 20 mph, typical of stop-and-go conditions [10]. The relationshi

29、p between emissions and speed can be seen in Table 1. Table 1 Emissions level in different speed [11,12] Speed (km/h) CO (g/km) CO2 (g/km) Fuel consumption (g/km) 10 4.85 310 130 20 2.80 240 96 30 2.05 200 7

30、9 40 1.70 170 65 50 1.25 150 55 60 1.15 145 48 70 1.05 138 43 80 0.95 130 40 100 0.8 110 50 With respect to air quality impacts, congestion pricing can be expected to improve air quality in two ways. Th

31、e first impact comes from the reduced level of congestion on the facility, compared with the level of congestion on the un-priced road. The second impact on emissions is due to the reduced number of vehicles on the r

32、oad facilities. To the extent that higher prices succeed in reducing vehicle miles traveled, there will be fewer vehicles on the road. It is clear that reduced travel demand in peak periods reflects fewer and shorter

33、trips being made and results in higher travel speeds during peak periods, with consequent reductions in vehicles emissions during peak periods. However, the bulk of daily travel occurring in off-peak periods may be n

34、egatively affected, as some peak travelers shift their time of travel to off-peak periods to avoid tolls. Overall beneficial impacts on air quality may thus be smaller than that suggested simply by peak period travel

35、demand reductions. This reduction cannot be measured directly, but will have to be calculated from the information on traffic diversion, congestion reduction, and ride-sharing increase. In the long term, congestion p

36、ricing could lead to increases in use of alternative travel modes for all daily trips, thus reducing total daily emissions. 4. Social justice Sustainable development has three widely agreed meta-goals: sustainable e

37、conomic development, environmental protection and social justice. All three goals must be addressed together if development is to be sustainable. Much attention has been paid to economic development and environmental

38、 protection, but less attention has been paid to social justice. Social justice (equity) contains economic equity and environmental equity. Economic equity issues resulting from congestion pricing are difficult to add

39、ress completely. Some people have argued that road pricing is regressive, in that it will bear more heavily on poorer car users, short distance journeys, and on those living adjacent to the cordons; more generally co

40、ncern has been expressed at the impact on those who, for whatever reason, have no choice but to travel by car. These arguments can be countered to some extent by devising more flexible charging regimes. It has to be

41、accepted that any form of road pricing will introduce some inequities. The key is to keep these to minimum, and to find ways of compensating those who do not benefit from congestion pricing. In practice, the lowest i

42、ncome travelers, who typically travel by public transport or on foot, are most likely to benefit. For the conventional transportation system, the tax rates on gasoline, which are the same regardless of whether transpor

43、t users are traveling during congested or un-congested periods, provide no incentive for users to use infrastructure more efficiently. Congestion pricing is expected to reduce this unfair by implementing surcharge fo

44、r the use selected congested facilities during peak traffic periods. Under congestion pricing, residents inside the cordon should pay extra charge in peak periods, and seemly have an increase in travel costs. In fact,

45、the reduction in congestion brought by the cordons including time savings, resulting in lower travel costs to cordon residents. If congestion pricing scheme is well designed, and revenues collected through charges sh

46、ould be directed to local authorities and earmarked for further improvements in the transport situation and mitigation of the congestion effects. It is no doubt that congestion pricing should enhance economic equity