[雙語翻譯]房產(chǎn)稅外文翻譯--房地產(chǎn)行為對稅收變化的反應(yīng)（英文）

1、 Procedia Economics and Finance 15 ( 2014 ) 1420 – 1427 2212-5671 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licen

2、ses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Emerging Markets Queries in Finance and Business local organization doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00607-8 ScienceDirectAvailable online at www.scien

3、cedirect.comEmerging Markets QuThe real estate behavior iC?t?lina Cozmeia,*, MuleraThe Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 6, PiaAbstract In this paper we endeavor to clear up the direct impact of estate. So, we ca

4、nvass the “trend growth” of revenues association with the appreciation and contraction of prope markets for housing and fiscal bubbles and the benefits of© 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selectio Markets Queries in

5、 Finance and Business lKeywords: tax; real estate; market value; property taxes 1. Introduction The demand on the real estate market could be iand social-economic characteristics of the inhabitan of the family life, inc

6、ome level, size and family economic circumstances (residences price, financi volume) and [iii] characteristics of the desired r commuting time, area, amenities, equipment and demographic, economic and psychographic var

7、iable of fixed amenities, public services and the housing s* Corresponding author: Tel.: +40-722-633-015. E-mail address: cozmei.catalina@yahoo.com. ueries in Finance and Business in response to the tax vagaries r Onofr

8、eia, Elena Claudia ?erbana ata Romana, 1stdistrict, Bucharest, postal code:010374, Romania f the real estate market downturn on the local tax receipts from real s from property taxes and changes in tax regimes over time

9、 in erties’ prices, also pointing out the role of speculation in real estate f levying the real estate at market value. on and/or peer-review under responsibility of Emerging ocal organization influenced by the follow

10、ing characteristics [i] demographic nts (age, sex, income, occupation, marital status, cycle stage composition, upward and downward mobility etc.); [ii] ings options, job opportunities, inflation and constructions r

11、esidence (location - accessibility to local public goods, d standard). Also, the value of house is a function of es. So, the equilibrium price of housing is given by the sum stock which in turn influence the migration

12、 pattern. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibil

13、ity of the Emerging Markets Queries in Finance and Business local organization1422 C?t?lina Cozmei et al. / Procedia Economics and Finance 15 ( 2014 ) 1420 – 1427 information on the location of property and its

14、real market value, the taxable value being calculated according to the current provisions of the tax code. Market values were based on average prices estate evaluations available for 2012 and were taken from the “Guide

15、 for real estate values in Bucharest“ for 2012. In accordance with available market values for 2012 and in order to ensure a consistent data, the taxable values were figured according to the Annex to the Government Dec

16、ision no. 956/2009 without taking into account the taxable values per square meter of built area held in buildings by individuals, set and valid for 2013. The sample is representative for Bucharest (we gathered data fo

17、r all the 6 districts) for the four tax areas established by local councils (A-D) and the following types of individual properties: one-room apartments, 2 rooms, 3 rooms, 4 rooms and 5 rooms apartments with the next de

18、grees of comfort: increased comfort, comfort I, comfort II and comfort III, apartments located in buildings constructed in the following periods: 2008- present, 1998-2007, 1978-1997, 1967-1977 and before 1967. The co

19、llected data was afterwards processed using content analysis and the discussions and conclusions are presented in the following sections. 4. Property tax The property tax receipts are the main source of income for loca

20、l budget. The property tax is a proxy for the value of real estate while the real estate transfer tax is a proxy for the volume of real estate transactions. The real estate transfer tax, sometimes referred to as a deed

21、 recordation tax or a realty conveyance tax is collected when real estate changes hands and is typically based on the value of the real property which was being transferred (Behrens and Gravelle 2004). The tax rate is

22、progressive and also depends on the property holding period. 4.1. Tax on buildings For natural persons, the taxable value of the building is determined by applying the taxable values provided by the law, per square me

23、ter. Lump sum per square meter is in accordance with the provisions of Article 251 of Law no.571/2003 regarding the Fiscal Code. Then, the taxable basis of the building is adjusted in compliance with the rank of the mu

24、nicipality and the location (zone) inside municipality. The tax rate which is applied to the taxable basis of the building computed with the corrective coefficients is 0,1%. In the past, the tax rate was differentiated b

25、y the type of area where the building was located, thus 0,2% of the taxable value of the building for urban areas and 0,1% of the taxable value of the building for rural areas. In respect to the tax base for buildings,

26、 this was broadened since 2002 almost annually by a gradual rise, in the range of 5-10%, in the lump sum per square meter until 2006; then, in 2009, it was hiked by almost 20 % and in 2013 again by 16% compared to the

27、2009 value. Since 2002 the tax base applied per square meter surged by 75% on average, from 540 ron/sqm to 935 ron/sq.m, for a reinforced building with concrete frames or exterior walls made of burnt brick or any other

28、 materials resulting from a heat treatment and/or a chemical treatment. Not only the tax base per square meter has trended upper but also the corrective coefficients for the rank of the municipality and location (zone)

29、inside municipality, which in 2009 have doubled for the rank of the municipality identified by the figures: 0, I, II, III and the zones with the characters: A,B,C and D. Only the IV and the V rank of the municipality h

30、ave remained steady during the analyzed period in order to reflect more clearly the gap between isolated, poor localities and the others. The discrimination between the tax rate for buildings situated in the rural area

31、s against those situated in the urban areas has been expelled, nowadays being enforced a single rate of 0,1% of the taxable basis for natural persons. Also the tax rate for natural persons that have in their possession

32、 more than one house has burst in 2009 and edged up to an increase of 65% for the first building other than the address of the domicile; of 150% for the second building other than the address of the domicile; and of 30