自考英語二電子版及翻譯

1、1Unit One What Is a Decision ?何為決策 ? A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectiv

2、es. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 決策是一種選擇，來自可以獲得的、任擇其一的行動(dòng)步驟。作決策的意圖是要確立和實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)構(gòu)的目標(biāo)和目的。作決策的原因是有問題存在、目標(biāo)和目的

3、不正確、或者有某種東西妨礙目標(biāo)或目的的實(shí)現(xiàn)。 Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although man

4、agers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chanc

5、e, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious. 因此，作決策的過程對(duì)管理人員來說至關(guān)重要。管理者所做的每件事幾乎3often it means that a t

6、horough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blind s the

7、m to other alternatives. 抉擇是從中可以作出選擇的可能的行動(dòng)步驟。假如沒有可供選擇的可能性，這就意味著沒有 做過對(duì)問題進(jìn)行徹底調(diào)查的工作。例如，管理者有時(shí)用兩者擇一的方式來處理問題，即他們簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)雜問題的手法。但是，這種簡(jiǎn)化的傾向使他們看不到其他可供選擇的可能性。 At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives a

8、s well as identify ing them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited. 在管理層，作決策包括了限定和鑒別可供選擇的可能性，其限定范圍從非常有限到基本無限。 Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is be

9、st — that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals (and organizations) frequen

10、tly have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but