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1、Argument提綱提綱一.開(kāi)頭部分Inthisargumentthearguerconcludesthat…tosubstantiatetheconclusionthearguerpointsoutthat…Inadditionthearguerassumesthatreasonsthatcitestheexampleofcitestheresultofarecentstudythat…Acarefulexaminationofthi
2、sargumentwouldrevealhowgroundlessitis.二.論證駁斥部分Firstofalltheargumentisbasedonafalseanalogy.Thearguersimplyassumesthat…buthedoesnotprovideanyevidencethat…isindeedcomparable.Asweknow…differconspicuously.Itistruethatboth…but
3、evenhereexistfundamentaldifferences…Therefeeventhough…provedeffectiveindoing…thereisnoguaranteethatitwillwkjustaswellf…AsaresultABdonotestablishawarrantedanalogysowecannotsafelyassumethat…(兩者無(wú)法比)Theauthunfairlyassumestha
4、tAbearssomerelationstoB.HowevertheauthprovidesnoevidencetosupptthatthisisthecasendoestheauthestablishacausalrelationshipbetweenAB.ItishighlypossiblethatotherfactsmightcontributetotheBchangeprogress.Fexample…itisalsolikel
5、yBjustresultedfrom…LackingevidencethatlinksAtoBitispresumptuoustosuggestthatAwasresponsiblefB.(無(wú)法建立必然的因果關(guān)系)Theevidencetheauthprovidesisinsufficienttosuppttheconclusiondrawnfromit.Oneexampleisrarelysufficienttoestablishag
6、eneralconclusion.Basedonaspecificexampleof…itislogicallyunsoundedtomakesuggestionfall…Infactinfaceofsuchlimitedevidenceitisfallacioustodrawanyconclusionatall.Unlessitcanbeshownthat…isrepresentativeofall…theconclusionthat
7、…iscompletelyunwarranted.(單個(gè)事例不能說(shuō)明整體問(wèn)題)Thearguerassumestheacteristicsofasgroupsapplytoeverymemberofthatgroup.Theconclusionthat…isbasedontheassumptionthat…Howeverthereisnoguaranteethatthisisthecasendoestheauthprovideanyev
8、idencetosubstantiatethisassumption.Itisverylikelythat…Lackingsuchevidencetheauthcannotdrawanyfirmconclusion.(整體規(guī)律不一定適用于個(gè)人)Itisassumedwithoutjustificationthatbackgroundconditionshaveremainedthesameatdifferenttimesconditio
9、ns.Thearguerunfairlyinfersfrom…inthepastthat…Howeverheshefailstoofferanyevidencetosubstantiatethisinference.Itisverylikelythat…that…Anyofthesescenariosiftruewouldservetounderminetheclaimthat…(從過(guò)去不能推知現(xiàn)在和將來(lái))Finallytheargue
10、rprovidesnoassurancethatthesurveyonwhichtheargumentdependsisstatisticallyreliable.Lackinginfmationaboutthenumberof…surveyedthenumberofrespondentsitisimpossibletoassessthevalidityoftheresults.Fexampleif…weresurveyedbutonl
11、y…respondedtheconclusionthat…wouldbehighlysuspected.Anotherproblemistherepresentativenessoftherespondents.Weretheyrepresentativeofallthe…Were…chosenfthesurveychosenromlydidtheyvolunteerfthesurvey…Lackingsuchevidencetheau
12、thcannotdrawanyfirmconclusionbasedonthestudy.三.結(jié)尾部分Insummarythisargumentisnotpersuasiveasitsts.Tomakeitmeconvincingthearguerwouldhavetoprovidemeevidenceconcerning…provideevidencetoruleoutotherpossiblecausesof…Tobettereva
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