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1、MicroprocessBasedProtectiveRelaysThisarticledescribesthebenefitsofmicroprocess（μP)relayperfmanceitscapabilitiesbeyondpreviousprotectiverelayingtechnologies.Thisarticlealsodiscussesamultiplequalitymeasurementapproachtoobs

2、ervingmeasuringthencalculatingμPrelayreliabilityunavailability.Thisisanimptantconsiderationfindustrialcommercialfacilitiesthatarebeingrequiredtorepairreplaceoldelectromechanicalsolidstate(analogdigital)protectiverelaying

3、equipmentbecauseofequipmentmalfunctionsmisoperationsaccidentaltrippingobsolescentparts.AlthoughμPrelayshavebeencommerciallyavailablefmethan20yearsresearchedfthepast40yearsindustrialcommercialplantengineerstendtobemereluc

4、tanttoembracetheμPtechnology.ElectricpowerutilitiesinNthAmericahaveaggressivelyedtoreplaceolderprotectionequipmentbyupgradingreplacingtheequipmentwithnewμPrelayswheneverwhereverpossible.Thisarticleisusefulfconsultingengi

5、neersindustrialcommercialelectricpowerplantengineersiginalequipmentmanufacturer(OEM)engineerswhoareinterestedindoingreliabilityunavailabilitypredictionsfindustrialelectricpowerdistributionsystemsthatemployμPrelays.Furthe

6、rmethisarticleassiststhosemakingμPrelaycostversusreliabilitydecisionswhenperfmingfacilitiesstudiestoevaluateimprovethesystemreliabilitycapacityofanexistingplant.Thisarticleexplesthebenefitsinperfmance(sensitivityspeed)re

7、liability(securityivitydependability)availabilityefficiencyeconomicssafetycompatibilitycapabilitiesofμPmultifunctionprotectiverelayingtechnologyoverthepreviousexistingtechnologiesnamelyelectromechanicalsolidstate.Thesugg

8、estedtypicalvaluesqualitymeasurementsanalysisofprotectiverelayingperfmancereliabilityunavailabilityareintendedtobearecommendationofwhatcouldbeusedasabenchmarkinourindustry.In1988thearticle‘‘PracticalBenefitsofMicroproces

9、sBasedRelaying’’[1]presentedatthe15thAnnualWesternProtectiveRelayConference(WPRC)describedtheequipmenthardwarehowtypicalearlymodelμPbasedprotectiverelaysperfmthesignalprocessingfrominputslogicmanipulationscalculations.La

10、terin19911992[2][3]providedgooddetailedexplanationsexamplesoftheincreasedoperationalflexibilitytheadditionalfeaturesofμPrelaysthatbetteraccommodatesystemdisturbancesrelayfailuresprotectionphilosophiesnumberoffailuresinth

11、atperiodprovidedthatasufficientnumberoffailureshasoccurredinthatperiod.MTBFsobserved(repaireditems):Fastatedperiodinthelifeofanitemthemeanvalueofthelengthoftimebetweenconsecutivefailurescomputedastheratioofthecumulativeo

12、bservedtimetothenumberoffailuresunderthestatedconditions.1)Thefailurecriteriashallbestatedgenerallythemaincriteriaisfailuretoconfmtospecification.2)Cumulativetimeisthesumofthetimesduringwhicheachindividualitemhasbeenperf

13、mingitsrequiredfunctionunderthestatedconditions.3)ThisMTBFisthereciprocaloftheobservedfailurerateduringtheperiod.4)MTBFdoesnotindicateusefullife.Meantimebetweenremovals(MTBR)observed:Themeanvalueofthelengthoftimebetweenc

14、onsecutiveunscheduledunitremovalscomputedastheratioofthecumulativeobservedserviceyearsofinstalledbasetothenumberofhardwareunrepeatablesoftwaremanufacturingprocessfieldfailures.Removalrate:Themeannumberofremovalsofacompon

15、entperyearthatis1MTBR.Outage:Thestateofacomponentsystemwhenitisnotavailabletoproperlyperfmitsintendedfunctionbecauseofsomeeventdirectlyassociatedwiththatcomponentsystem.Interruption:Thecompletelossofvoltagefatimeperiod.T

16、hetimebaseoftheinterruptionisacterizedasfollows:Instantaneous:0.5–30cyclesMomentary:30cyclesto2sTempary:2sto2minSustained:greaterthan2min.Inducedfailure:Failureattributabletotheapplicationofstressesbeyondthestatedcapabil

17、itiesoftheitem.Initialqualityerrrate(IQ):Thenumberoffailuresoccurringduringthefirsttwodaysofownershipofaunitexpressedasapercentofthoseunitstestedplacedinservice.Maintenanceindicat(MI)observed:Themeanvalueofthelengthoftim

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