2023年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語一試題真題（含答案詳解+作文范文）_第1頁
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1、第一篇TheGeneralTheyofTaxAvoidance1.1AbstractThispaperoutlinesageneralsetofprinciplesftaxavoidance.Mostofatleastthecommontaxavoidanceschemescanbereinterpretedasmakinguseofonemeoftheseprinciples.Foursuchmethodsaredescribed.I

2、naperfectcapitalmarketthesemethodswouldenabletheastutetaxpayertoeliminatealltaxationoncapitalincome.Thefactthatthetaxsystemraisesrevenueisattributedtolackofastutenessofthetaxpayerlackofperfectionofthecapitalmarket.Accdin

3、glymodelswhichattempttoanalyzetheeffectsoftaxationassumingrationalmaximizingtaxpayerswkingwithinaperfectcapitalmarketmaygivemisleadingresults.Afullanalysisoftaxavoidancecannotbeconductedwithinapartialequilibriummodeltran

4、sactionswhichreduceoneindividualstaxliabilitymayatthesametimeincreaseanothers.Wedelineatetaxavoidanceschemeswhichreducetheaggregatetaxliabilitiesoftheparticipants.Muchofthe“generalequilibrium“gainfromtaxavoidancearisesfr

5、omdifferencesintaxratesbothacrossindividualsacrossclassesofincome.Ouranalysisisshowntohaveimplicationsbothfpatternsofownershipofassetsthetimingoftransfers.1.2IntroductionItusedtobesaidthatthereweretwothingsthatwereunavoi

6、dable:deathtaxes.Thereisawidespreadfeelingtodaythatunderourpresenttaxcodeonlyoneoftheseisunavoidable.WhatIwishtodiscusstodayiswhythisissohowtheextentoftaxavoidancewouldbeaffectedbysomeofthemajtaxrefmspresentlybeingdiscus

7、sed.TodothisIshallfirstexplainageneralsetofprinciplesftaxavoidanceSectionI.thenpresentfourmethodsofimplementingtheseprinciplesSectionII.InSectionIIIIdiscussedwhatdeterminesthelimitsontheextenttowhichindividualscantakeadv

8、antageoftaxavoidance—schemes.Manytransactionswhiletheyseemtoreducethetaxliabilitiestosomepartiestothetransactionincreasethoseofothers.Because“prices“(thetermsofthetransaction)adjustto2avoidancearisesfromdifferencesintaxr

9、atesbothacrossindividualsacrossclassesofincome(ratherthanfrom“postponement“).Ifthisistruethenrefmsaimedatreducingthedifferencesinmarginaltaxratesmaybeeffectiveinreducingtaxavoidancetheremaybesignificantgainstobehadfromgo

10、ingtoaflatratetaxwhetheroftheincomeconsumptionvariety.1.4ThemainpointofreferencetoTaxlawsconstantlychangetheopptunitiesftaxavoidancebutunderneaththereremainthreebasicprinciplesoftaxavoidancewithinanincometax.(1)Postponem

11、entoftaxes.Thepresentdiscountedvalueofapostponedtaxismuchlessthanthatofataxcurrentlypaid.(2)Taxarbitrageacrossindividualsfacingdifferenttaxbrackets(thesameindividualfacingdifferentmarginaltaxratesatdifferenttimes).Thisis

12、aparticularlyeffectivemethodofreducingtaxliabilitieswithinafamilybutdifferentialtaxratesmayalsoinducetransactionsamongindividualsindifferentbracketswhichsubstantiallyreducetheaggregatetaxliabiltytheavailabilityofsuchoppt

13、unitiesleadstowhatmaybereferredtoas“taxinducedtransactions“.（3）Taxarbitrageacrossincomestreamsfacingdifferenttaxtreatment.Underthecurrentlawlongtermcapitalgainsaretaxedatlowerratesthanareotherfmsofincomefromcapital.Thisp

14、rovidesaninducementto“convert“thereturnstocapital(tolab)intolongtermcapitalgains.SimilarlyspecialtreatmentisaffdedtothereturntocapitalinthefmofhousingpensionsIRAsetc.Indebtedness.Thethirdmethodtakesadvantageofthedifferen

15、tialtreatmentaffdedlongtermcapitalgainsinterest.Fromaneconomicpointofviewinterestcapitalgainsaresimplytwoalternativefmsofreturnoncapitaltherewouldbenoreasontodifferentiateamongthem.(Indeedwhatappearstobeacapitalgaindepen

16、dsonthechoiceofanumerairethoughmoneyseemsfmanypurposesanaturalnumeraireithasincreasinglybeenrecognizedthatfpurposesoftaxation“consumption“providesabetternumeraireOneoftheimptantlessonstoemergefromtheanalysisoftaxesduring

17、thepastdecadeisthatonecannotanalyzetheeffectsofasingletaxinisolationfromothertaxesfinstancetheeffectsofthecpateincometaxdependonthestructureoftheindividualincometax(includingitsprovisionsfthetaxationofcapitalgains[Stigli

18、tz1973]).Similarlytheeffectsofataxstructurecannotbeanalyzedbylookingatitseffectsonasingleindividual.Thisisparticularlytrueoftheanalysisoftaxavoidance.Transactionswhichreduceoneindividualstaxliabilitymayincreasethetaxliab

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