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1、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)告共65頁(yè)第1頁(yè)┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊裝┊┊┊┊┊訂┊┊┊┊┊線┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊外文翻譯EvolvementofbridgeEngineeringbriefreviewAmongtheearlydocumentedreviewsofconstructionmaterialsstructuretypesarethebooksofMarcusVitruviosPolliointhefirstcenturyB.C.Th

2、ebasicprinciplesofstaticsweredevelopedbytheGreekswereexemplifiedinwksapplicationsbyLeonardodaVinciCardenoGalileo.Inthefifteenthsixteenthcenturyengineersseemedtobeunawareofthisrecdreliedsolelyonexperiencetraditionfbuildin

3、gbridgesaqueducts.ThestateoftheartchangedrapidlytowardtheendoftheseventeenthcenturywhenLeibnitzNewtonBernoulliintroducedmathematicalfmulations.PublishedwksbyLahire(1695)Belid(1792)aboutthetheeticalanalysisofstructurespro

4、videdthebasisinthefieldofmechanicsofmaterials.Kuzmanovic(1977)focusesonstonewoodasthefirstbridgebuildingmaterials.Ironwasintroducedduringthetransitionalperiodfromwoodtosteel.AccdingtorecentrecdsconcretewasusedinFrancease

5、arlyas1840fabridge39feet(12m)longtospantheGaroyneCanalatGrisolesbutreinfcedconcretewasnotintroducedinbridgeconstructionuntilthebeginningofthiscentury.Prestressedconcretewasfirstusedin1927.Stonebridgesofthearchtype(integr

6、atedsuperstructuresubstructure)wereconstructedinRomeotherEuropeancitiesinthedleages.ThesearcheswerehalfcircularwithflatarchesbeginningtodominatebridgewkduringtheRenaissanceperiod.Thisconceptwasmarkedlyimprovedattheendoft

7、heeighteenthcenturyfoundstructurallyadequatetoaccommodatefuturerailroadloads.Intermsofanalysisuseofmaterialsstonebridgeshavenotchangedmuchbutthetheeticaltreatmentwasimprovedbyintroducingthepressurelineconceptintheearly16

8、70s(Lahire1695).Thearchtheywasdocumentedinmodeltestswheretypicalfailuremodeswereconsidered(Frezier1739).Culmann(1851)introducedtheelasticcentermethodffixedendarchesshowedthatthreeredundantparameterscanbefoundbytheuseofth

9、reeequationsofcoMPatibility.WoodentrusseswereusedinbridgesduringthesixteenthcenturywhenPalladiobuilttriangularframesfbridgespans10feetlong.Thisefftalsofocusedonthethreebasicprinciplesogbridgedesign:convenience(serviceabi

10、lity)appearanceendurance(strength).severaltimbertrussbridgeswereconstructedinwesternEuropebeginninginthe1750swithspansupto200feet(61m)supptedonstone畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)告共65頁(yè)第3頁(yè)┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊裝┊┊┊┊┊訂┊┊┊┊┊線┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊unlimited.WhereverPt

11、lcementsuitableaggregatesareavailableitcanreplaceothermaterialsfcertaintypesofstructuressuchasbridgesubstructurefoundationelements.Inadditiontheintroductionofreinfcedconcreteinmultispanframesatthebeginningofthiscenturyim

12、posednewanalyticalrequirements.Structuresofahighderofredundancycouldnotbeanalyzedwiththeclassicalmethodsofthenieenthcentury.TheimptanceofjointrotationwasalreadydemonstratedbyMerla(1880)Bendixen(1914)whodevelopedrelations

13、hipsbetweenjointmomentsangularrotationsfromwhichtheunknownmomentscanbeobtainedthesocalledslopedeflectionmethod.MesimplificationsinframeanalysisweremadepossiblebythewkofCalisev(1923)whousedsuccessiveapproximationstoreduce

14、thesystemofequationstoonesimpleexpressionfeachiterationstep.ThisapproachwasfurtherrefinedintegratedbyCross(1930)inwhatisknownasthemethodofmomentdistribution.Oneofthemostimptimptantrecentdevelopmentsintheareaofanalyticalp

15、roceduresistheextensionofdesigntocovertheelasticplasticrangealsoknownasloadfactultimatedesign.PlasticanalysiswasintroducedwithsomepracticalobservationsbyTresca(1846)wasfmulatedbySaintVenant(1870)Theconceptofplasticityatt

16、ractedresearchersengineersafterWldWarⅠmainlyinGermanywiththecenterofactivityshiftingtoEngltheUnitedStatesafterWldWarⅡ.Theprobabilisticapproachisanewdesignconceptthatisexpectedtoreplacetheclassicaldeterministicmethodology

17、.Amainstepfwardwasthe1969additionoftheFederalHighwayAdiministration(FHWA)”CriteriafReinfcedConcreteBridgeMembers“thatcoversstrengthserviceabilityatultimatedesign.Thiswaspreparedfuseinconjunctionwiththe1969AmericanAssocia

18、tionofStateHighwayOffficials(AASHO)StardSpecificationwaspresentedinafmatthatisreadilyadaptabletothedevelopmentofultimatedesignspecifications.Accdingtothisdocumenttheproptioningofreinfcedconcretemembers(includingcolumns)m

19、aybelimitedbyvariousstagesofbehavi:elasticcrackedultimate.Designaxialloadsdesignshears.Structuralcapacityisthereactionphaseallcalculatedmodifiedstrengthvaluesderivedfromtheeticalstrengthsarethecapacityvaluessuchasmomentc

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