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1、在文勇的網(wǎng)站會(huì)定期更新黃金精選閱讀最新版本歡迎熱心同學(xué)定期轉(zhuǎn)載1Mail@a目錄1.APPLIEDARTSFINEARTS(OG).................................................................................................72.THEIGINSOFCETACEANS(OG)................................

2、.................................................................123.DESERTFMATION(OG).............................................................................................................194.EARLYCINEMA(OG)......

3、................................................................................................................285.AGGRESSION(OG)..........................................................................................

4、...............................376.ARTISANSINDUSTRIALIZATION(OG).....................................................................................467.SWIMMINGMACHINES(OG)...............................................

5、..........................................................558.NIEENTHCENTURYPOLITICSINTHEUNITEDSTATES(OG).......................................................639.THEEXPRESSIONOFEMOTIONS(OG).............................

6、...............................................................7210.GEOLOGYLSCAPE(OG).................................................................................................8111.GROUNDWATER(TPO1)................

7、..............................................................................................9012.THEIGINSOFTHEATER(TPO1)................................................................................................97

8、13.TIMBERLINEVEGETATIONONMOUNTAINS(TPO1)...................................................................10414.ARCHITECTURE(TPO3).........................................................................................

9、......................11115.DepletionoftheOgallalaAquifer(TPO3)...................................................................................11816.TheLongTermStabilityofEcosystems(TPO3)..............................

10、.............................................12517.OpptunistsCompetits(在線測(cè)試在線測(cè)試)................................................................................13218.LauxCavePaintings(在線測(cè)試在線測(cè)試)...........................

11、................................................................13919.ElectricityfromWind(在線測(cè)試在線測(cè)試)...............................................................................................14620.DeerPopulationsofthe

12、PugetSound(TPO4).............................................................................15321.CaveArtinEurope(TPO4)....................................................................................................

13、.....16022.PetroleumResources(TPO4)......................................................................................................16723.MeteiteImpactDinosaurExtinction(官方?？碱}官方模考題)..................................

14、........................17424.MINERALSPLANTS(TPO5).................................................................................................18125.THEIGINOFTHEPACIFICISLPEOPLE(TPO5).................................

15、.................................18826.THECAMBRIANEXPLOSION(TPO5)...........................................................................................19627.PoweringtheIndustrialRevolution(TPO6).....................

16、...........................................................20328.WilliamSmith(TPO6)................................................................................................................20929.InfantileAmnesia(TP

17、O6)...........................................................................................................21630.TheGeologicHistyoftheMediterranean(TPO7)................................................................

18、....22331.AncientRomeGreece(TPO7)..............................................................................................23032.AgricultureIrontheBantuPeoples(TPO7)...................................................

19、.....................237在文勇的網(wǎng)站會(huì)定期更新黃金精選閱讀最新版本歡迎熱心同學(xué)定期轉(zhuǎn)載3Mail@APPLIEDARTSFINEARTSAlthoughwenowtendtorefertothevariouscraftsaccdingtothematerialsusedtoconstructthemclayglasswoodfibermetalitwasoncecommontothinkofcraftsinter

20、msoffunctionwhichledtotheirbeingknownasthe“appliedarts.“Approachingcraftsfromthepointofviewoffunctionwecandividethemintosimplecategies:containersshelterssuppts.Thereisnowayaroundthefactthatcontainersshelterssupptsmustbef

21、unctional.Theappliedartsarethusboundbythelawsofphysicswhichpertaintoboththematerialsusedintheirmakingthesubstancesthingstobecontainedsupptedsheltered.Theselawsareuniversalintheirapplicationregardlessofculturalbeliefsgeog

22、raphyclimate.Ifapothasnobottomhaslargeopeningsinitssidesitcouldhardlybeconsideredacontainerinanytraditionalsense.Sincethelawsofphysicsnotsomearbitrarydecisionhavedeterminedthegeneralfmofappliedartobjectstheyfollowbasicpa

23、tternssomuchsothatfunctionalfmscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits.Buildingswithoutroofsfexampleareunusualbecausetheydepartfromthenm.HowevernotallfunctionalobjectsareexactlyalikethatiswhywerecognizeaShangDynastyvaseasbeingdif

24、ferentfromanIncavase.Whatvariesisnotthebasicfmbuttheincidentaldetailsthatdonotobstructtheobjectsprimaryfunction.Sensitivitytophysicallawsisthusanimptantconsiderationfthemakerofappliedartobjects.Itisoftentakenfgrantedthat

25、thisisalsotruefthemakeroffineartobjects.Thisassumptionmissesasignificantdifferencebetweenthetwodisciplines.Fineartobjectsarenotconstrainedbythelawsofphysicsinthesamewaythatappliedartobjectsare.Becausetheirprimarypurposei

26、snotfunctionaltheyareonlylimitedintermsofthematerialsusedtomakethem.Sculpturesmustfexamplebestablewhichrequiresanunderstingofthepropertiesofmassweightdistributionstress.Paintingsmusthaverigidstretcherssothatthecanvaswill

27、betautthepaintmustnotdeteriatecrackdiscol.Theseareproblemsthatmustbeovercomebytheartistbecausetheytendtointrudeuponhisherconceptionofthewk.FexampleintheearlyItalianRenaissancebronzestatuesofhseswitharaisedfelegusuallyhad

28、acannonballunderthathoof.Thiswasdonebecausethecannonballwasneededtosuppttheweightoftheleg.Inotherwdsthedemsofthelawsofphysicsnotthesculptsaestheticintentionsplacedtheballthere.Thatthisdevicewasanecessarystructuralcomprom

29、iseisclearfromthefactthatthecannonballquicklydisappearedwhensculptslearnedhowtostrengthentheinternalstructureofastatuewithironbraces(ironbeingmuchstrongerthanbronze).Eventhoughthefineartsinthetwentiethcenturyoftentreatma

30、terialsinnewwaysthebasicdifferenceinattitudeofartistsinrelationtotheirmaterialsinthefineartstheappliedartsremainsrelativelyconstant.Itwouldtherefenotbetoogreatanexaggerationtosaythatpractitionersofthefineartswktoovercome

31、thelimitationsoftheirmaterialswhereasthoseengagedintheappliedartswkinconcertwiththeirmaterials.Paragraph1:Althoughwenowtendtorefertothevariouscraftsaccdingtothematerialsusedtoconstructthemclayglasswoodfibermetalitwasonce

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