buildingperformancenilslarssonexecutivedirector-researchgate

1、Towards a Focus on Small Urban Areas關(guān)注小城區(qū)Nils LarssonExecutive Director, iiSBE,iiSBE 執(zhí)行董事 the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment國際可持續(xù)發(fā)展建筑環(huán)境組織and contributions byAndrea Moro and Giulia

2、 Barbano, iiSBE Italia and CLUEMarkus Bercholtd, NENA Network and Hannes Mahlknecht, Eurac ResearchJiri Skopek, 2030 Districts (Toronto)及Andrea Moro Giulia Barbano Markus Bercholtd Jiri Skopek March 20152015年3

3、月,2,There is much current interest in assessment and potential performance gains at the level of neighbourhoods or even smaller urban zones or building clusters;目前人們對社區(qū)、小城區(qū)或建筑群的評估和潛在性能表現(xiàn)出日漸濃厚的興趣；It is useful to evalua

4、te the issues and experience to date.反思評估過程中出現(xiàn)的問題并吸取經(jīng)驗(yàn)是非常有用的。,Context背景介紹,3,Start with issues of significance at the building level從建筑層面具有重要意義的問題開始,traditional issues: 傳統(tǒng)問題：Functional

5、suitability 功能適用性Functional efficiency 功能效率Comfort 舒適性Capital Cost 建設(shè)成本Operating cost 運(yùn)作成本Style / appearance 風(fēng)格/外觀Market appeal 市場吸引力to these we have added in recent years: 近幾年新增的問題：Indoor environmental

6、 quality 室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量Environmental performance 環(huán)保性Social factors 社會因素Economic factors 經(jīng)濟(jì)因素Building management 建筑管理,4,A full set of building performance parameters for sustainability assessment is extensive (only the top t

7、wo levels of SBTool shown here).,S1 to S3: High-level criteria for Site assessmentsS1-S3： 現(xiàn)場評估的高級標(biāo)準(zhǔn),A1 to G1: High-level criteria for Project assessmentsA1 to G1：項(xiàng)目評估的高級標(biāo)準(zhǔn),,對建筑可持續(xù)發(fā)展的評估有著一整套的性能參數(shù)，內(nèi)容非常全面（左圖中僅列出兩個最重要級別的

8、評估工具）,5,A1 to G1: High-level criteria for Project assessmentsA1 to G1：項(xiàng)目評估的高級標(biāo)準(zhǔn),A full set of building performance parameters for sustainability assessment from SBTool,6,A problem with most assessment systems絕大多數(shù)評估系統(tǒng)

9、存在的問題,Most developers of assessment methods focus on creating a suitable set of indicators and related calculations;大部分開發(fā)商的評估方法專注于建立一套合適的指標(biāo)和相關(guān)的計算；This ignores the issue of how to aggregate the scores of various catego

10、ries of indicators;這樣忽略了如何實(shí)現(xiàn)合計出不同類別指標(biāo)的得分As we place more emphasis on multi-factor assessment, this limits the credibility of results;過多強(qiáng)調(diào)評估多種影響因素，將影響結(jié)果的可行度,7,A problem with most assessment systems絕大多數(shù)評估系統(tǒng)存在的問題,For

11、 example, the CABEE Cluster tool provides a maximum point distribution as follows:例如, CABEE群評估工具提供以下最高得分點(diǎn)Process Quality 過程質(zhì)量 100 points 100點(diǎn)Environmental Quality 環(huán)境質(zhì)量400 points 400點(diǎn)Social Quality 社會

12、質(zhì)量400 points 400點(diǎn)Economic Quality 經(jīng)濟(jì)質(zhì)量100 points 100點(diǎn)This assumes that, for example, Social Quality is 4 times as important as Economic Quality;這意味著，如假定社會質(zhì)量的重要性是經(jīng)濟(jì)質(zhì)量的4倍；Why not 2 times or 6 times or equal??為何不

13、是2倍或6倍或一樣？？This problem does not exist in systems that set performance targets, such as 2030 Districts, rather than try to assess actual or predicted performance.然而基于性能表現(xiàn)為目標(biāo)的評估系統(tǒng)不會試圖評估實(shí)際或預(yù)估的性能，因而就不存在上述問題，如2030 地區(qū)項(xiàng)目就采用

14、基于性能表現(xiàn)為目標(biāo)的評估方法,8,A problem with most assessment systems絕大多數(shù)評估系統(tǒng)存在的問題,There is a better approach, through the use of algorithms that take into account the following factors;通過運(yùn)算考慮以下因素，可以得出一個更好的評估方法：Predicted intensity

15、 of impact;預(yù)測影響的強(qiáng)度Predicted duration of impact;預(yù)測影響的持續(xù)時間Predicted extent of impact;預(yù)測影響的范圍There is obviously a need to add a local adjustment factor;顯然需要增加當(dāng)?shù)氐恼{(diào)整因素This is not a perfect system, and it does need wo

16、rk to develop the intensity, duration and extent factors, but it does provide a more consistent basis for assigning points.這并不是完美的評估系統(tǒng)，需要對影響強(qiáng)度、持續(xù)時間和范圍因素進(jìn)行開發(fā)，然而這卻為分值分配提供一個更可靠一致的評估基礎(chǔ),SB method weightingSB加權(quán)法,9,Weights

17、for each parameter is based on degrees of probable duration and intensity of effect, combined with links to key impact indicators.每一項(xiàng)參數(shù)是基于影響的持續(xù)時間和強(qiáng)度，同時結(jié)合其與其他關(guān)鍵影響因素的關(guān)聯(lián)性進(jìn)行衡量Regional authorities can modify the weighting v

18、alues shown and they may also increase or reduce the resulting weights to a maximum of 10% +/-. 地方政府有權(quán)調(diào)整表中所示的加權(quán)值，對于加權(quán)結(jié)果可以最高提高或減少10% +/-,Adjustable 可調(diào)整,Pre-set values 預(yù)設(shè)值,10,In most cases, neighborhoods are existing en

19、tities under continuing development and re-development, with existing structures, uses and population;大部分情況下，社區(qū)是在現(xiàn)有的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)、使用功能和人口規(guī)模下開發(fā)和二次開發(fā)起來的；Local roads, pedestrian ways and public green spaces;地方道路、人行道和公共綠化區(qū)域Loca

20、l transportation, both public and private;公共和私人區(qū)域內(nèi)的交通A mix of public and private infrastructure;公共和私人基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施A variety of physical building types (different sizes and heights);多樣化的物理建筑類型（不同規(guī)模和高度）,Issues that emerge a

21、t the neighborhood scale社區(qū)層面出現(xiàn)的問題,11,In most cases, a variety of occupancy types;通常情況下入住群體多種多樣Inter-building issues, such as land-use efficiency, densities, solar shading and synergy of energy systems;建筑物之間的問題包括土地利

22、用效率、建筑密度、建筑遮陽和能源系統(tǒng)的協(xié)調(diào)等Social and economic issues, such as population density, economic and social diversity and property ownership;社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，例如入住密度，經(jīng)濟(jì)水平和社會屬性多樣性以及財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)The importance of of governance, local public opini

23、on and political decisions.政府部門，當(dāng)?shù)孛癖娨庖姾驼螞Q策的重要性,Issues that emerge at the neighborhood scale社區(qū)層面出現(xiàn)的問題,12,Because each city has a unique physical context, social and economic structure, and history;每個城市有其獨(dú)特的物理環(huán)境、社會和經(jīng)

24、濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)和歷史底蘊(yùn)；Some of these factors are immutable while others change very slowly;以上因素其中一些保持不變，而有一些在緩慢地改變These factors, and the fact that there are so many factors to assess in a city, make cthem poor candidates for compa

25、rative analysis;事實(shí)上影響評價一個城市的因素非常之多，同時這些因素也阻礙著對城市進(jìn)行有效的對比分析,Why not just focus on the city scale?為何不只從城市層面進(jìn)行關(guān)注,13,On the other hand, we can find repeating examples of neighbourhood or district types, with fewer confound

26、ing factors;另一方面，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)有其他重復(fù)或相似的社區(qū)或地區(qū)，有著較少的混合因素So, it is easier to have meaningful comparisons between areas such as:因此，在以下地區(qū)之間進(jìn)行有效比較更容易實(shí)現(xiàn)：Old residential suburbs, pre-1950; 1950年前建成的郊區(qū)住宅區(qū)Suburban shopping centre

27、郊區(qū)購物中心Mixed-use area, post-1950 1950年后建成的混合用途地區(qū) and so on等等And it is even easier in a building cluster or small urban zone.然而對建筑群或小城區(qū)進(jìn)行比較還將更加簡便,Why not just focus on the city scale?為何不只從城市層面進(jìn)行關(guān)注,14,Much of this work

28、 has been carried out within CESBA (Common European Sustainable Building Assessment), CABEE (Capitalizing Alpine Building Evaluation Experiences), EURAC (Accademia Europea di Bolzano/Europäische Akademie Bozen) and

29、iiSBE Italia;大部分研究工作在CESBA(歐洲可持續(xù)發(fā)展建筑評估), CABEE(阿爾卑斯山建筑評估經(jīng)驗(yàn)）， EURAC和意大利iiSBE的共同協(xié)作下完成的；,Work on urban clusters in Italy and Europe研究意大利和歐洲地區(qū)的建筑群,15,CLUE: Climate Neutral Urban Districts in EuropeCLUE:歐洲氣候中和城區(qū),CLUE is a

30、 consortium of local and regional authorities as well as universities from 9 European countries focusing on new solutions and technologies for a low carbon economy in urban areas;CLUE，由來自9個歐洲國家的當(dāng)?shù)睾偷貐^(qū)政府當(dāng)局以及大學(xué)共同參與，專注于研究城

31、區(qū)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的全新解決方案和技術(shù)；,16,CLUE: Climate Neutral Urban Districts in EuropeCLUE:歐洲氣候中和城區(qū),Case studies include:研究案例包括：Stockholm Royal Seaport斯德哥爾摩皇家港口HafenCity Hamburg漢堡港口新城Museum of Rome羅馬國家博物館Valibona Barcelona  巴塞羅

32、納alibonaMunisipality of Zakopane扎科帕內(nèi) Munisipality Torino托里諾（意大利西北部城市）,17,This work is a collaboration between the City of Torino and iiSBE Italia;由托里諾市政府和意大利iiSBE共同合作完成；The area in which the assessment has been carri

33、ed out is part of a large urban transformation known as Variante 200;評估區(qū)域是以Variante200著稱的大型城市轉(zhuǎn)型中的部分區(qū)域；,CLUE: Case study in TorinoCLUE：托里諾市案例研究,案例研究,現(xiàn)有區(qū)域,改造城區(qū),The red line defines the perimeter related to the area analy

34、zed in CLUE, which is included in the project Urban Barriera圖中紅線框選范圍表示CLUE項(xiàng)目所評估分析的區(qū)域，屬于Barriera城區(qū)項(xiàng)目,18,CLUE: Case study in TorinoCLUE：托里諾市案例研究,OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYAC1 – THERMAL COMFORT OF OUTDOOR AREAS AC1-室

35、外熱舒適性,INTENT 意圖Reduce the discomfort at ground level during summer 減少夏季地面上的不舒適感ASSESSMENT METHOD 評估方法To assess this criterion, calculate the area of all the surfaces in the cluster. Assign to each surface an albedo va

36、lue, considering green areas and areas that are shaded in summer days as having an albedo of 1. Multiply all surfaces for their albedo value, and divide their sum area by the total area of all surfaces of the cluster 通過

37、計算建筑群內(nèi)的所有表面面積從而對評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行評估.每個表面分配一個反照射率值,設(shè)想綠色區(qū)域和夏天遮擋區(qū)域的反照射率是1,乘以所有表面積的反照射率值,再將面積之和除以建筑群所有表面面積SCALE 范圍Neighborhood-Cluster 社區(qū)群APPLICATION 應(yīng)用New construction/Renovation 新建/改造CALCULATION 計算19. 6 %,URBAN RENOVATION城區(qū)改造

38、19. 6%,19,CLUE: Case study in TorinoCLUE：托里諾市案例研究,20,CLUE: Case study in TorinoCLUE：托里諾市案例研究,21,2030 Districts is a north American private/ public partnership that brings together property owners and mana

39、gers, businesses, local governments, and community stakeholders;2030地區(qū)項(xiàng)目是北美地區(qū)的私立和公立部門合作項(xiàng)目，將業(yè)主和房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)理、商家、地方政府和社區(qū)利益相關(guān)者集結(jié)在一起；,Developments in North America: the 2030 Districts北美地區(qū)的發(fā)展： 2030 地區(qū)項(xiàng)目,開創(chuàng)性的高性能建筑區(qū),The prime objecti

40、ve is to meet carbon reduction targets for new and existing buildings in the district, through benchmarking and implementation of best practices and other creative strategies, but other district specific objectives

41、 can be also followed, such as resiliency.,首要目標(biāo)是通過以最佳實(shí)踐為基準(zhǔn)，同時執(zhí)行其他創(chuàng)造性策略，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)減少新建建筑和現(xiàn)有建筑的碳排放目標(biāo)，同時也可以遵循其他具體區(qū)域目標(biāo)。,22,Developments in North America: the 2030 Districts北美地區(qū)的發(fā)展： 2030 地區(qū)項(xiàng)目,There are 5 projects in the USA and on

42、e in Canada (Toronto).包括5個美國項(xiàng)目和1個加拿大多倫多項(xiàng)目,開創(chuàng)性的高性能建筑區(qū),23,Developments in North America: the 2030 Districts北美地區(qū)的發(fā)展： 2030 地區(qū)項(xiàng)目,Common Targets and Metrics meet carbon reduction targets 實(shí)現(xiàn)減少碳排放的共同目標(biāo)和指標(biāo)Efficiencies of Sc

43、ale and infrastructure規(guī)模效率和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Engages market leaders 市場領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的參與Beacons for efficient use of resource and economic investments 資源和投資的有效利用,Why Districts?何以是地區(qū),24,Conclusions結(jié)論,,For assessment purposes, neighbou

44、rhoods provide more meaningful comparative results than cities, and building clusters or small urban zones are even better;與城市相比，對社區(qū)的評估可以提供更多有意義的比較結(jié)果，并且對建筑群或小城區(qū)的評估結(jié)果還要更理想；There is much significant research work going o

45、n at these smaller scales in Europe and North America;在歐洲和北美地區(qū)，大量有意義的對小城區(qū)的評估工作正在開展；,25,,The potential performance benefits of inter-building synergies at the scale of small urban zones are also considerable;同時小城區(qū)范圍內(nèi)的建筑

46、物協(xié)同體系的潛在性能優(yōu)勢也值得考慮；However, in existing areas where the focus is on improvement of existing performance, management issues will provide barriers;然而，現(xiàn)有區(qū)域在管理方面的問題將阻礙其現(xiàn)有性能的提高；In any case the potential performance gains ar

47、e considerably more than in single buildings. 總之，不能從單一的建筑中評估潛在的性能表現(xiàn)。,Conclusions結(jié)論,26,,Further information:聯(lián)系方式：Nils Larssonlarsson@iisbe.orgAndrea Moroarch.andreamoro@gmail.comJiri SkopekJiri.Skopek@am.jll.co