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1、AChoosingtheRightResolution(決定)MillionsofAmericansbegan2015withthesameresolutiontheystarted2014withagoaloflosingweight.Howeversettingweightlossasagoalisamistake.Toreachourgoaloflosingweighttheoutputweneedtocontrolwhatwee
2、attheinput(輸入).Thatiswetendtocareabouttheoutputbutnottocontroltheinput.Thisisabadwaytoachievegoals.Thealternativeistofocusyourresolutionontheinput.Insteadofresolvingtoloseweighttryanactionableresolution:“I’llstophavingde
3、ssertflunch”“I’llwalkeverydayf20minutes.”Creatingagoalthatfocusesonawellspecifiedinputwilllikelybemeeffectivethanconcentratingontheoutcome.Recentlyanewsciencebehindincentives(激勵)includingineducationhasbeendiscussed.Fexam
4、pleresearcherRolFryerwantedtoseewhatwksbestinmotivatingchildrentodobetterinschool.Insomecaseshegavestudentsincentivesbasedoninputlikereadingcertainbookswhileinotherstheincentiveswerebasedonoutputlikeresultsonexams.Hismai
5、nfindingwasthatincentivesincreasedachievementwhenbasedoninputbuthadnoeffectonoutput.Fryer’sconclusionwasthattheintensivesfinputsmightbemeeffectivebecausestudentsdonotknowhowtodobetteronexamasidefromgeneralruleslike“study
6、harder”.Readingcertainbooksontheotherhisawellsettaskoverwhichtheyhavemuchmecontrol.Aslongasyouhavedirectcontroloveryourgoalyouhaveamuchhigherchanceofsuccess.it’seasiertostartagainifyoufailbecauseyouknowexactlywhatyouneed
7、todo.Ifyouwanttocutdownonyourspendingagoodgoalwouldbemakingmningcoffeeathomeinsteadofgoingtoacafefexample.Thisisawellspecifiedactionbasedgoalfwhichyoucanmeasureyoursuccesseasily.Spendinglessmoneyisn’tagoalbecauseit’stoog
8、eneral.Similarlyifyouwanttospendmetimewithyourfamilydon’tstopwiththisgeneralwish.ThinkaboutanactionablehabitthatyoucouldadoptsticktolikeafamilymovienighteveryWednesday.Inthelongrunthesenewgoalscouldbecomeahabit.21.Thewri
9、terthinksthatsettingweightlossasagoalisamistakebecause_________.A.itisfocusedtoomuchontheresultB.itishardtoachievefdinarypeopleC.itisdependentontoomanyfactsD.itisbasedonactionabledecisions22.InRolFryer’sresearchsomestude
10、ntsdidbetterthantheothersbecause________.A.theyobeyedallthegeneralrulesB.theybenefitedfromreadingcertainbooksC.theyattachedmeimptancetoexamsD.theyweregreatlyinspiredbytheirinstructs23.Accdingtothewriterwhichofthefollowin
11、gstatementsisagoodgoalA.“I’llstudyharderthanbefe.”B.“I’llcutdownmyexpense.”C.“I’llspendmetimewithmyfamily.”D.“I’llwalkeverydayf15minutes.”24.Thewriterstronglybelievesthatweshould__________.A.beoptimisticaboutfinalgoalsst
12、icktothemB.focusontheoutcomefmgoodhabitsC.IntheUnitedArabEmirate.D.InSwitzerl.(DCD)CLetsdosomesleepmath.YoulosttwohoursofsleepeverynightlastweekbecauseofabigprojectdueonFriday.OnSaturdaySundayyousleptingettingfourextraho
13、urs.OnMondaymningyouwerefeelingsobrighteyedyouonlyhadonecupofcoffeeinsteadofyourusualtwo.Butdontbecheatedbyyourenergy:You’restillcarryingaroundaheavyloadofsleepinesswhatexpertscall“sleepdebt”.Sleepdebtisthedifferencebetw
14、eentheamountofsleepyoushouldgettheamountyouactuallyget.Itsadeficit(不足)thatgrowseverytimeweremovesomeminutesoffournightlysleep.“Peoplegetmemesleepdebtwithoutnoticingit”sayspsychiatristWilliamC.DementfounderoftheStanfdUniv
15、ersitySleepResearchCentre.Studiesshowthatsuchshttermlackofsleepleadstoafoggybrainwsenedeyesighttroubleremembering.Longtermeffectsincludeobesityheartdisease.AsurveybytheNationalSleepFoundationreptsthatwe’relosingonehourof
16、sleepeachnight—methantwofullweeksofsleepeachyear.Thegoodnewsisthatlikealldebtssleepdebtcanbepaidoffwithsomewk.Addinganextrahourtwoofsleepanightisthewaytocatchup.Fthelongtermlackofsleeptakeiteasyfafewmonthstogetbackintoan
17、aturalsleeppattern.Gotobedwhenyouaretiredallowyourbodytowakeyouinthemningnaturally(noalarmclockallowed).Frecoverysleepboththesleeptimethesleepqualityareimptant.Someofyourmostrefreshingsleepoccursduringdeepsleep.Althoughs
18、uchsleep’strueeffectsarestillbeingstudieditisgenerallyconsideredaperiodfthebraintorest.whenyousleepmehoursyouallowyourbraintospendmetimeinthisperiod.Asyoupayoffsleepdebtyourbodywillcometoarestatasleeppatternthatisparticu
19、larlyrightfyou.Sleepresearchersbelievethatalthoughtheexactgenes(基因)remaintobediscoveredgenesdodetermineourindividualsleeppatterns.Thatprobablymeansyoucan’ttrainyourselftobea“shtsleeper”you’refoolingyourselfifyouthinkyou’
20、vedoneit.Soifyouearnbackthatlostsleepfollowthedersofyourinnersleepneedsyou’llfeelbetter.“Whenyouputawaysleepdebtyoubecomeasuperman”SaysDementtalkingabouttheimprovedmentalphysicalcapabilitiesthatcomewithbeingwellrested.28
21、.Theexampleofsleepmathisusedtoshow___________.A.howyoubuildupyoursleepdebtB.howyoucanpayoffsleepdebtsatweekendsC.whyyouneedenoughsleepeverynightD.whyyoushoulddrinkcoffeetostayenergetic29.Thoseinsleepdebtfalongtimearelike
22、lytosufferfrom____________.A.failingeyesightB.pomemyC.weakheartD.weightloss30.It’simpossibletotrainoneselftobea“shtsleeper”because_________.A.onecanonlygettheirenergyduringdeepsleepB.howonesleepsisdeterminedwhentheywereb
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