靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài)

1、靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài),Stative vs．Dynamic,English: Static vS. Chinese: Dynamic,· 1.English tend to be stative,characterized by nominalization( 名詞化) ( prepositionalphrases) and weakening of verbs(in theform of adjectives,adverbs…..)

2、. 2.Chinese tend to be dynamic, marked with the prevailing(主要的)of verbs.,Stative English,1.Nominalization ( 名詞化)2.Agentive nouns (施事者) in place of verbs.3.Preparation- Prominent ( 名詞優(yōu)勢(shì))4.Verbs-weaken ( 動(dòng)詞弱化與虛化)5.Ajec

3、tives and adverbs in place of verbs ( 形容詞、副詞表達(dá)動(dòng)詞的意義)6.Nouns in place of adjectives to form headlinephrase(標(biāo)題式短語(yǔ)),1.Nominalization,Nominalization refers to the replacement of clauses,which contain finite verbs, with comp

4、lex structures consisting of nouns and noun adjuncts. 名詞化主要指用名詞(短語(yǔ))來(lái)表達(dá)原來(lái)屬于動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))所表達(dá)的信息，如用抽象名詞來(lái)表達(dá)動(dòng)作、行為、變化、狀態(tài)等。,,這次比賽她贏了，因而備受鼓舞。She succeed in this match,so she felt encouraged.Her success in this match made her encour

5、aged. 我們的兒子令我們失望。 Our son has disappointed us. Our son has been a disappointment to us.,,2. To use Agentive Nouns in place of Verbs 用名詞表示施事者，以代替動(dòng)詞他妹妹老是說(shuō)謊。His sister always lies.His sis

6、ter is a great liar.我恐怕不能教你打網(wǎng)球，我想杰克比我教得好。I am afraid I can't teach you playing tennis. I think Jack is a better teacher than I.,,·3 Preparation- prominent(名詞優(yōu)勢(shì)造成介詞優(yōu)勢(shì))· ( 1 ) Preparation phrases in place

7、 of verb phrases· 英語(yǔ)常用介詞短語(yǔ)代替動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，即“以靜代動(dòng)”· (2) "noun+preparation’·名詞+介詞的優(yōu)勢(shì)常見(jiàn)于英語(yǔ)里大量的弱式短語(yǔ)。,,(1) Preparation phrases in place of verb phrases①他們立刻出動(dòng)去追擊敵人。They immediately set out in pursuit of the

8、enemy.（They immediately set out to pursue the enemy.)②有人給他撐腰。 He has someone behind him.（Someone supports him.)③他在讀書(shū)。 He is at his books.（He is reading books. ),,（2)名詞+介詞的優(yōu)勢(shì)常見(jiàn)于英語(yǔ)里大量的弱式短語(yǔ)。Ogive rise to

9、 （arouse）make contact with (meet）arrive at a decision

10、 (decide) bring to a conclusion （finish）undertake a study of （study)

11、take into consideration （consider)afford an opportunity to （allow）,,carry out experiments ( experiment)conduct

12、 an investigation into (investigate)of a kindlynature (kind)of an unusual character ne ( unusual)beyond the shadow of a doubt ( certain)I due to the fact that ( because) on two separate occasions ( twice)

13、in view of the foregoing circumstances ( therefore),,4. Verb- weaken動(dòng)詞的弱化與虛化(1) 英語(yǔ)里最常用的動(dòng)詞正是動(dòng)作意味最弱的動(dòng)詞----to be，其各種形式包括must be, maybe, should havebeen都缺乏動(dòng)態(tài)感，由it或there 與be構(gòu)成的句式，其靜態(tài)意味更加明顯:山腳有一棟大別墅。There is a big villa a

14、t the foot of the hill.A big villa locates at the foot of the hill.,,(2) 英語(yǔ)還常把動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化或派生成名詞，置于虛化動(dòng);詞(have, make, take, do)之后做其賓語(yǔ)，如have a look,take a walk, make attempts, pay visits, do somedamages,putupaproposal等。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)顯得虛

15、弱而平淡無(wú)味。如:他和老板吵架之后就辭職了。After he had a quarrel with his boss,he quit.After he quarreled with his boss,he quit.,,5. Ajectives and Adverbs in place of Verbs(1)英語(yǔ)常用動(dòng)詞的同源形容詞與弱化動(dòng)詞相結(jié):合的方式表達(dá)動(dòng)詞的意義。她在睡覺(jué)。She is asleep.(She is

16、sleeping.)他懷疑我的動(dòng)機(jī)。He is suspicious of my intentions.He suspects my intentions.,,(2)英語(yǔ)還常用副詞來(lái)表達(dá)動(dòng)詞的意義。我明天早上動(dòng)身。I'm off tomorrow morning.就經(jīng)濟(jì)力量而言，印度落后很遠(yuǎn)。In terms of ecnomic sthrength, India is far behind.,,6.Nouns i

17、n place of adjectives to form headlinephrase(標(biāo)題式短語(yǔ))報(bào)刊、新聞標(biāo)題科技英語(yǔ)黃金儲(chǔ)備 gold reserve 代溝 generation gap,Dynamic Chinese,1.動(dòng)詞連用 是漢語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)現(xiàn)象2動(dòng)詞(詞組)可充當(dāng)漢語(yǔ)句子的各種成分3.漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常常重復(fù)或重疊,,1.動(dòng)詞連用是漢語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)現(xiàn)象連動(dòng)式、兼語(yǔ)式、把字式、被動(dòng)式1) He thought his way

18、out of the dilemma.他想辦法擺脫了困境(連動(dòng)式)2) We asked her to sing.我們請(qǐng)他唱歌(兼語(yǔ)式),,3) Go to the classroom and call him back你去教室把他叫回來(lái)(把字式)4)I was called to the office by the teacher tomake a self-criticism我被老師叫到辦公室去做檢討(被字式),,2.動(dòng)

19、詞(詞組)可充當(dāng)漢語(yǔ)句子的各種成分2.1可充當(dāng)助動(dòng)詞，置于主要?jiǎng)釉~的前后，形成動(dòng)詞連用。他來(lái)借書(shū)他借書(shū)來(lái)了他來(lái)借書(shū)來(lái)了He's come to borrow books,,2.2漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可充當(dāng)介詞葵花朵朵向太陽(yáng)Sunflowers turn towards the sun向自然開(kāi)戰(zhàn)to wage a battle against nature人們來(lái)來(lái)往往People are coming and going