對(duì)外貿(mào)易

1、進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)以來(lái)，全球多邊貿(mào)易體制和低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)成為新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)，關(guān)稅壁壘等一系列傳統(tǒng)的貿(mào)易保護(hù)措施的作用已經(jīng)被大大削弱，而非關(guān)稅壁壘作為一些更為隱蔽的手段開(kāi)始被大多數(shù)國(guó)家所采用，并對(duì)我國(guó)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。EntersincetwentyfirstCenturytheglobalmultilateraltradingsystemlowcarboneconomyhasbecomeaneweconomicgrowthpointt

2、ariffbarriersaseriesoftraditionalroleoftradeprotectionmeasureshavebeengreatlyweakenednontariffbarriersassomeofthemesubtletechniquesbegantobeadoptedbymostcountriesourcountrysfeigntradehadaenmousinfluence.Inthe21centurythe

3、globalmultilateraltradingsystemalowcarboneconomyhasbecomeaneweconomicgrowthpointtariffbarrierssoonaseriesoftraditionaltradeprotectionmeasuresrolehasbeengreatlyweakenednontariffbarriersassomemecovertmeansbeginstobeusedbym

4、ostofthecountriesonChinasfeigntradehashadahugeimpact.國(guó)際際貿(mào)易摩擦表現(xiàn)形式多樣化，且數(shù)量不斷增加。摩擦手段由過(guò)去傳統(tǒng)貿(mào)易壁壘轉(zhuǎn)向新貿(mào)易壁壘。除傳統(tǒng)的反傾銷(xiāo)、反補(bǔ)貼和保障措施(包括特別保障措施)外技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)調(diào)查、安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及社會(huì)責(zé)任認(rèn)證調(diào)查等形式。Internationaltradefrictiondiversificationoffmsthenumberisi

5、ncreasing.Frictionbymeansoftraditionaltradebarrierstonewtradebarriers.Inadditiontothetraditionalantidumpingcountervailingsafeguardmeasures(includingthespecialsafeguardmeasures)technicalbarrierstotradeintellectualproperty

6、rightsinvestigationssafetystardsenvironmentalstardscertificationsurveyotherfmsofsocialresponsibility.Theinternationalbdertradefrictionfmsdiversificationtheamountisincreasing.Frictionmeansfromthepasttraditionaltradebarrie

7、rstonewtradebarriers.Inadditiontothetraditionalantidumpingantisubsidysafeguardmeasuresincludingspecialsecuritymeasures)outsidetechnicalbarrierstotradeintellectualpropertyrightsinvestigationsafetystardsenvironmentalstards

8、socialresponsibilitytheauthenticationsurveyfm.Atraditionaltradeprotectionmeansweakening一、傳統(tǒng)貿(mào)易保護(hù)手段弱化貿(mào)易自由化是國(guó)際貿(mào)易發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)，符合世界各國(guó)的根本利益，有利于全人類(lèi)的共同發(fā)展。當(dāng)今世界經(jīng)濟(jì)正處于全球化的進(jìn)程中自由貿(mào)易己成為各國(guó)政府的共識(shí)。繼續(xù)公開(kāi)使用關(guān)稅和傳統(tǒng)的非關(guān)稅壁Withthedevelopmentofsocialeconomyt

9、helivingstardofpeoplegrowingconsumptionbehavialsowillhavechangeddramaticallyconsumersincreasinglystrictrequirementsonqualityofproductenhancetheivitytodesignchangeismesensitivetothehealthsafetyoftheindexfhigheregotoprotec

10、tconsciousnessenhancement三、技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的不平衡性隨著人類(lèi)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，科學(xué)技術(shù)的突破，使得很多商品的生產(chǎn)、加工過(guò)程中涉及的技術(shù)因素日益增多，加之檢驗(yàn)檢測(cè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，給各國(guó)限制進(jìn)口設(shè)置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)壁壘提供了一定的條件。由于科學(xué)技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的不平衡性，導(dǎo)致工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、檢驗(yàn)和檢疫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、包裝和標(biāo)簽要求等的制定水平和內(nèi)容居于領(lǐng)先地位Threetechnologyeconomyoftheimbalanc

11、eindevelopmentWithWithhumanhumansocietysocietyeconomyeconomydevelopmentdevelopmentthethesciencesciencetechnologytechnologybreakthroughbreakthroughmakemakealotlotofofthetheproductionproductionofofgoodsgoodsmachiningmachin

12、ingprocessprocessofoftechnicaltechnicalfactsfactsinvolvedinvolvedininincreasingincreasingtogethertogetherwithwiththetheexaminationexaminationofofthethedevelopmentdevelopmentofofthethetechnologytechnologyffcountriescountr

13、iesimptimptrestrictionsrestrictionssetsetstardsstardsbarriersbarriersprovidesprovidescertaincertainconditions.conditions.BecauseBecauseofofsciencesciencetechnologytechnologythetheimbalanceimbalanceofofeconomiceconomicdev

14、elopmentdevelopmentleadingleadingtotodevelopeddevelopedcountriescountriestechnicaltechnicalstardstardthetheenvironmentalenvironmentalprotectionprotectionstardsstardsinspectioninspectionquarantinequarantinestardsstardspac

15、kagingpackaginglabelinglabelingrequirementsrequirementsetcetcofoffmulationfmulationlevellevelcontentcontentisisininaleadingleadingposition.position.四、世貿(mào)組織協(xié)議中的例外規(guī)定留下了灰色空間WTO的規(guī)則體系是個(gè)多邊的規(guī)則體系，每個(gè)成員國(guó)不僅是締約國(guó)，有遵守規(guī)則的義務(wù)，同時(shí)又是擁有各自利益的單

16、個(gè)主體，每個(gè)國(guó)家的情況不同，WTO在規(guī)則制定上不可能一刀切，必然有柔性的迂回空間發(fā)展中國(guó)家與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家在環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上的差異也是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)壁壘產(chǎn)生的重要因素。由于各國(guó)經(jīng)科技水平不同，在環(huán)境保護(hù)資金投入和環(huán)保技術(shù)上存在差異，各國(guó)環(huán)境標(biāo)參差不齊，難以協(xié)調(diào)。FourthewldtradeganizationagreementprovisionsofexceptionleftgrayspaceTheWTOrulesystemisamultilaterals

17、ystemofruleseachmemberstatepartiesisnotonlyhavetheobligationtoabidebytherulesatthesametimehavetheirrespectiveinterestsofindividualsubjecteachcountryssituationisdifferenttheWTOruleinthatonesizefitsalltheremustbeflexibleci