中國的對外貿(mào)易【外文翻譯】

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Foreign Trade of China</p><p>　　Material Source: Wanfang Database Author: Hitomi Iizaka<

2、/p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　On December 11, 2001, China officially joined the World Trade Organization(WTO) and became its 143rd member. China’s presence in the world economy will continue to

3、 grow and deepen. The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development. At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial to all its trading partners.

4、Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and more varieties of imported consumer goods, raw materials and i</p><p>　　??In 2001, total trade to gross domestic product (GDP) ratio in China is 44%<

5、/p><p>　　??In 2001, 47% of Chinese trade is processed trade1</p><p>　　??In 2001, 51% of Chinese trade is conducted by foreign firms in China2</p><p>　　??In 2001, 36% of Chinese exports

6、 originate from Guangdong province</p><p>　　??In 2001, 39% of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere</p><p>　　2. Evolution of China’s Trade Regime</p><p>　

7、　Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports. Table 2a shows China’s annual export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time. In 1980, primary goods acco

8、unted for 50.3% of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for 49.7%. Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of 1980’s, it remains at 50.6% in 1985. Since then, exports of man

9、ufactured goods have grown at a much faster rate than exports</p><p>　　Also shown in those tables are five subgroups for manufactured goods and primary goods. China’s export was highly dependent on its expor

10、ts of coal, petroleum, and petroleum products until mid-80s. The large export volume of petroleum was also supported by a sharp rise in oil prices during the period. In 1985, the share of mineral fuels is 26.1%. In 1986,

11、 the sudden decline in the share of primary goods in total exports occurs, which is largely associated with the decline in the export volume of </p><p>　　Domestic agriculture production expanded during the 1

12、980’s in response to the higher prices through the price reforms and more opportunities given to the producers to market their products. Although the share of food and live animals in total exports has declined over time

13、, China has become a net exporter of such products since 1984.</p><p>　　Turning to the manufactured goods, the large increase in the share of the manufactured goods in the total exports since mid-80s is larg

14、ely accounted for by the increase in the export in the textile category and the miscellaneous products category. These two groups include labor-intensive products such as textiles, apparel, footwear, and toys and sportin

15、g goods. During the 1990s, the category that exhibited the most significant surge in exports is machinery and transport equipment. Its share expa</p><p>　　3. China’s Processing Trade and Trade by Foreign Inv

16、ested Firms</p><p>　　China established the legal framework for processing and assembly arrangements in 1979. Since then, China has built up considerable strengths in assembling and processing of industrial p

17、arts and components. It covers a wide range of industries such as electric machinery, automobile, aerospace, and shipbuilding. Table 3a and Table 3b demonstrate the amount of processing exports and imports and the import

18、ance of stateowned enterprises (SOEs) and foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) in such forms of</p><p>　　4. China’s Trade by Provinces and Regions</p><p>　　A regional breakdown of exports and imp

19、orts reveals important characteristics of the foreign trade in China. In 1997, 89.1% of the total exports came from the Eastern region of China (Beijing, Tianjin, Heibei, Lioaning, Guangxi, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, F

20、ujian, Shangdong, Guandong and Hainan). Within the East, the Southeast region accounts for 76.3% of China's exports in 1997.4 Guangdong alone produces 41.6% of the total exports for the same year. Such regional imbal

21、ances in exporting activi</p><p>　　This imbalance of the regional growth in foreign trade may partially be attributed to the various geographic-specific and sequential open-door policies China has exercised

22、throughout the last twenty years. The strong growth of the export sector in the coastal area has been supported by the massive use of foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI was first attracted by the creation of the Specia

23、l Economic Zones (SEZ). FDI was concentrated in the provinces of the Southeast coast, namely, Guandong and F</p><p>　　The share of exports in The Yangtze River Delta, the home of Shanghai and two provinces,

24、Jiangsu and Zhejiang has grown steadily during the period 1997 to 2001. The share of those three regions grew to 10.1%, 11.0%, and 9.1% in 2001 from 8.1%, 7.9% and 5.9% in 1997, respectively. As the role of high-tech ind

25、ustry becomes more significant in China’s output and China’s comparative advantage in skilled-labor and capital-intensive industries becomes higher, the Yangtze River Delta becomes a new magn</p><p>　　5. For

26、eign Trade by Major World Regions</p><p>　　Using China’s official statistics, Table 4a and 4b highlight merchandise exports and imports to and from major world regions for 1993 - 2001: Asia, Africa, Europe,

27、Latin America, North America and Oceania. As we see from Table 4a, China’s most important export region has always been Asia, which absorbs 53% of China’s exports in 2001. However, their share of absorption declines from

28、 almost 62%, their peak level of 1995. The importance of North America and Europe in China’s exports, however, has b</p><p>　　6. China’s Merchandise Exports and Imports by Major Trading Partners</p>&

29、lt;p>　　Table 5a and Table 5b document China’s merchandise exports to and imports from its major trading partners, using China’s official statistics. According to Table 5a, the major exports markets for China in 2001 a

30、re: the United States (20.4%), Hong Kong (17.5%), Japan (16.9%) and the European Union (15.4%). It is well-known that a large proportion of Chinese exports to Hong Kong are re-exported elsewhere so that the true size of

31、the Hong Kong export market has to be estimated. To save space for thi</p><p>　　9. Conclusion</p><p>　　In the future, we see that there are at least two challenges facing China in the area of in

32、ternational trade. First, with China’s competitiveness growing, many countries will perceive that their producers will not be able to compete with the Chinese exports, either in the third market or in their own domestic

33、market. The backlash will take the form of an increased use of anti-dumping duties and safeguards. We have already seen the use of such trade instruments against China from a variety of cou</p><p>　　A second

34、 challenge facing China is how to manage its trade relationship with the United States. The United States is the largest economy on earth. The United States is China’s largest export market. It is also a critical source

35、of technology. A stable and healthy relationship with the United States is important for China’s economic development. It is always a difficult adjustment process for countries to accept a newly emergent economic power.

36、The United States as well as other countries may per</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p><b>　　中國的對外貿(mào)易</b></p><p>　　資料來源: 萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫 作者：Hitomi Iizaka&l

37、t;/p><p><b>　　1、簡介</b></p><p>　　2001年12月11日，中國正式加入世界貿(mào)易組織（WTO），成為其第143個(gè)成員，中國在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中的作用將繼續(xù)增強(qiáng)和深化。對外貿(mào)易對中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展起著重要的和多方面的作用。與此同時(shí)，中國在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中的擴(kuò)長有利于所有的貿(mào)易伙伴，中國的區(qū)域貿(mào)易有利于各種各樣更便宜的消費(fèi)品、原材料和中間產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)口。中國也是一個(gè)巨

38、大的出口市場。任何主要貿(mào)易國的進(jìn)入可以在全球貿(mào)易系統(tǒng)中創(chuàng)建一個(gè)調(diào)整的過程，其結(jié)果基本上是一個(gè)雙贏的局面。在本文中，我們想提供各機(jī)構(gòu)有關(guān)中國法律和貿(mào)易特點(diǎn)的一個(gè)調(diào)查。根據(jù)相關(guān)調(diào)查結(jié)果，我們可以強(qiáng)調(diào)以下內(nèi)容：</p><p>　　2001年，中國的貿(mào)易總額占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）的比例為44%。</p><p>　　2001年，中國47%的貿(mào)易是加工貿(mào)易。</p><p&g

39、t;　　2001年，中國51%的貿(mào)易是由外資企業(yè)創(chuàng)造的。</p><p>　　2001年，中國36%的出口由廣東省創(chuàng)造。</p><p>　　2001年，中國39%的出口通過香港再出口。</p><p>　　2、中國貿(mào)易體制的演變</p><p>　　中國進(jìn)出口商品構(gòu)成的變化同樣顯著。表2a顯示了中國逐年的初級產(chǎn)品和制成品的年出口量。1980

40、年，初級產(chǎn)品占中國出口的50.3%，工業(yè)制成品占中國出口的49.7%。盡管在八十年代前期初級產(chǎn)品的份額有所下降，但是在1985年仍然占50.6%。自那以后，工業(yè)制成品的出口比初級產(chǎn)品出口以更快的速度增長。結(jié)果到2001年，制成品的份額提高到90.1%，而初級產(chǎn)品下降到9.9%。</p><p>　　3、中國的加工貿(mào)易和外商投資企業(yè)的貿(mào)易</p><p>　　中國于1979年建立了加工和裝配

41、安排的法律框架。從那時(shí)起，中國已在裝配和零部件加工業(yè)取得相當(dāng)大的優(yōu)勢。它廣泛的涵蓋了如機(jī)電，汽車，航空航天，造船等行業(yè)。表3a和表3b顯示了從1995到2001年，加工出口和進(jìn)口的總量以及國有企業(yè)(SOEs)和外商投資企業(yè)(FIEs)貿(mào)易方式的重要性?？v觀1995年至2001年期間，這兩種加工出口方式占的份額超過中國出口總額的一半以上。2001年，加工出口占出口總額的55.4%。正如在表3a，1995年，加工和組裝在國有企業(yè)占主導(dǎo)地位。

42、但是，這種趨勢一直在變化。裝配業(yè)在國有企業(yè)的份額一直在穩(wěn)步下降，多年來從1995年的84%下降到2001年的62%。其他類型的貿(mào)易，進(jìn)料加工主要是由外商投資企業(yè)大部分控制，他們股票已經(jīng)逐步增加，從1995年的81%增加到2001年的88%。中國的進(jìn)口（見表3b）相較出口，加工貿(mào)易相對比較小。在1997年達(dá)到49%的高峰后，到2001年加工進(jìn)口下降到39%。國有企業(yè)的重要性下降也可以在中國的進(jìn)口中看出，在加工和裝配業(yè)，國有企業(yè)股份從199

43、5年的81%下降到2001年的58%，進(jìn)料加工而從18%下降到7%。對于國有企業(yè)在加工貿(mào)</p><p>　　4、中國的省份和地區(qū)貿(mào)易</p><p>　　進(jìn)出口的區(qū)域細(xì)分揭示了在中國對外貿(mào)易的重要特征。1997年，89.1%的出口總值來自中國的東部地區(qū)（北京，天津，河北，南寧，廣西，上海，江蘇，浙江，福建，山東，廣東和海南）。在1997年，中國76.3%的出口到東南亞和東亞地區(qū)。僅廣東省

44、生產(chǎn)就為同年出口總額的41.6%，這種出口區(qū)域不平衡持續(xù)到今天。2001年，廣東的全國出口份額為36.0%。對于東南亞和東亞，其份額分別為79.0%和91.1%。</p><p>　　這種區(qū)域?qū)ν赓Q(mào)易發(fā)展不平衡部分原因可能是由于在各種地理情況和特定的中國已經(jīng)行使二十年的對外開放政策。沿海地區(qū)增長迅速的出口部門已經(jīng)得到了對外直接投資(FDI)的支持。特別經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)（SEZ）的創(chuàng)建最先吸引了外國直接投資。外國直接投資主要

45、集中在東南沿海，即廣東，福建等省。出口導(dǎo)向型或者使用先進(jìn)技術(shù)的跨國公司可以在經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)享受各項(xiàng)優(yōu)惠政策，如減少或免征企業(yè)所得稅，對進(jìn)口設(shè)備和原材料，免征進(jìn)口關(guān)稅。1984年，14個(gè)沿海城市被開辟為經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)，并給予同樣的政策。對于這十四個(gè)城市，十個(gè)位于東南沿海，四個(gè)位于東部的其它地區(qū)。此外，在1985年，類似的優(yōu)惠政策被授予其他沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)，珠江三角洲，長江三角洲和福建南部的閩南三角洲。1990年，浦東在上海開放并獲得廣泛的優(yōu)惠政策。自198

46、4年以來，中國政府成立三十二個(gè)國家級經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)（經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)）。</p><p>　　在1997至2001年期間，上海所依靠的長江三角洲以及江蘇和浙江兩個(gè)省份的出口份額已穩(wěn)步增長。這三個(gè)地區(qū)的份額由1997年的8.1%，7.9%和5.9%分別增長至2001年的10.1%，11.0%和9.1%。高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)對于中國的產(chǎn)量起著更加重要的作用且熟練勞動和資本密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)在中國的比較優(yōu)勢中顯著增高，成為長江三角洲外國

47、企業(yè)投資的新磁鐵。反過來，這些外商投資帶來更多的出口和貿(mào)易。</p><p>　　5世界主要區(qū)域的對外貿(mào)易</p><p>　　使用中國的官方統(tǒng)計(jì)，表4a和4b突出從1993 -2001年商品出口和進(jìn)口的世界主要地區(qū)：亞洲，非洲，歐洲，拉丁美洲，北美洲和大洋洲。正如我們從表4a看到，中國的最重要的出口地區(qū)一直是亞洲，在2001年中國的53%出口為該地區(qū)所吸收。然而，與1995年的高峰水平相

48、比，亞洲地區(qū)的吸收份額幾乎下降62%。然而，在中國出口占據(jù)的重要地位的北美和歐洲，自1998年以來一直在增加。2001年，北美接受超過22%的中國出口和歐洲接受18%以上出口。</p><p>　　6中國商品的進(jìn)出口的主要貿(mào)易伙伴</p><p>　　根據(jù)中國的官方統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，表5a和表5b顯示中國商品進(jìn)出口的主要貿(mào)易伙伴，根據(jù)表五，2001年中國的主要出口市場是：美國（20.4％），香港（

49、17.5%），日本（16.9%）和歐洲聯(lián)盟（15.4%）。眾所周知，中國出口香港中的很大一部分是轉(zhuǎn)口其他國家，這樣才能進(jìn)行估算香港出口市場的真實(shí)規(guī)模。為保留此文件的空間，即使沒有轉(zhuǎn)口調(diào)整我們只會依靠官方中國figures.6，2001年美國是中國最大的出口市場。因此，單獨(dú)從國際貿(mào)易角度，中國與美國的關(guān)系是最重要的雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系。在2001年，香港、日本和歐洲聯(lián)盟加上美國，參加中國70.2%的的出口。在東盟（東南亞國家聯(lián)盟），新加坡一直是中

50、國最大的出口市場。2001年，中國出口總額的31.5%是東盟的新加坡。在歐洲聯(lián)盟（歐盟），德國是中國最大的出口市場。中國對歐盟出口總額中，其中23.8%的出口目的地是德國。</p><p><b>　　……</b></p><p><b>　　9 總結(jié)</b></p><p>　　在未來，我們可以看到中國在國際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域面臨

51、至少兩個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。首先，中國的競爭力越來越強(qiáng)，許多國家將會覺得他們的生產(chǎn)商無論是在第三個(gè)出口市場或在自己的國內(nèi)市場將無法與中國的出口商品相競爭。美國的反應(yīng)將采取增加使用反傾銷稅和保障措施。我們已經(jīng)看到了許多不同國家對中國采取這種貿(mào)易手段，包括日本，歐洲聯(lián)盟和美國。一個(gè)相對較新的發(fā)展是甚至發(fā)展中國家如印度和墨西哥使用反傾銷措施反對中國對他們國家的出口。反傾銷稅困難是由于他們一般與世貿(mào)組織相一致。因此，加入WTO并不意味著其他國家將減少對中國的

52、反傾銷稅的使用。</p><p>　　中國面臨的第二個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)是如何管理其與美國的貿(mào)易關(guān)系。美國是世界上最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體。美國是中國最大的出口市場。它也是技術(shù)的重要來源地。與美國建立一種穩(wěn)定、良好的關(guān)系對中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展十分重要。這始終是許多國家難以接受一個(gè)新出現(xiàn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)力量調(diào)整的過程。美國以及其他國家可能會認(rèn)為中國作為一個(gè)潛在的經(jīng)濟(jì)威脅。按照美國與不斷增強(qiáng)的日本之間在70年代和80年代的關(guān)系的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，就不會太難想象美國和中國