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1、ChapterOneBasicConceptsofWdsVocabulary1.1TheDefinitionofaWdThedefinitionofthewdhasalwaysbeencontroversial.Expertslinguistsstilldonotagreeonallaspectsofthewd.Invisualtermsawdcanbedefinedasameaningfulgroupofletters.Interms

2、ofspokenlanguageawdisviewedasasoundcombinationofsounds.Accdingtosemanticistsawdisaunitofmeaning.Togrammariansawdisafreefmthatcanfunctioninasentence.Tosumupthedefinitionofawdcomprisesthefollowingpoints:(1)aminimalfreefmof

3、alanguage(2)asoundunity(3)aunitofmeaning(4)afmthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.Awdisaminimalfreefmofalanguagethathasagivensoundmeaningsyntacticfunction.1.2VocabularyAllthewdsinalanguagemakeupwhatisgenerallyknownasitsvocab

4、ulary.Itcanrefertothetotalnumberofthewdsinalanguageitcanstfallthewdsusedintheparticularhisticalperiod.Wecanalsouseittorefertoallthewdsofagivendialectagivenbookagivendisciplinethewdspossessedbyanindividualperson.Thegenera

5、lestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisoveronemillionwds.1.3SoundMeaningAwdisasymbolthatstsfsomethingelseinthewld.Thereisasymbolicconnectionbetweenthesoundthereferentwhichisalwaysarbitraryconventionalthereisnological

6、relationshipbetweenthetwobutpeopleofthesamespeechcommunityagreetothesymbolicrelationship.Adogiscalledadognotbecausethesoundthethreelettersthatmakeupthewdjustautomaticallysuggesttheanimalinquestion.1.4SoundFmThewrittenfmo

7、fanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecdofthealfm.Naturallythewrittenfmshouldagreewiththealfm—thesoundshouldbeconsistentwiththefm.ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststage.InOldEnglishthespeechofthetimewasrepresentedverymuchm

8、efaithfullyinwritingthanitistoday.Howeverwiththedevelopmentofthelanguagediscrepanciesarose.TheinternalreasonfthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomanswhichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelang

9、uage2)StabilityWdsofthebasicwdstockhavebeeninusefcenturies.Astheydenotethecommonestthingsnecessarytolifetheyarelikelytoremainunchanged.3)ProductivityWdsofthebasicwdstockaremostlyrootwdsmonosyllabicwds.Theycaneachbeusedal

10、oneatthesametimecanfmnewwdswithotherrootsaffixes.4)PolysemyWdsbelongingtothebasicwdstockoftenpossessmethanonemeaningbecausemostofthemhaveundertonesemanticchangesinthecourseofusebecomepolysemous.5)CollocabilityManywdsofth

11、ebasicwdstockenterquiteanumberofsetexpressionsidiomaticusagesproverbialsayingsthelike.Nonbasicwdsinclude:1)TerminologyTerminologyconsistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesacademicareas.penicillinalgebra2)JargonJ

12、argonreferstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticularartssciencestradesprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves.paranoidfsuspicious3)SlangSlangisasubstardlanguagenotacceptableinseriousspeech.buckfdollarSlangiscr

13、eatedbychangingextendingthemeaningofexistingwdsthoughsomeslangwdsarenewcoinagesaltogether.Slangiscolourfulbluntexpressiveimpressive.4)ArgotArgotgenerallyreferstothejargonofcriminals.dipfpickpocket5)DialectalDialectalwdsw

14、dsarewdsusedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestion.Beauty(AusEfexcellent)6)ArchaismsArchaismsarewdsfmsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedlimiteduse.thoufyouquothfsaid7)NeologismsNeologismsarenewlycr

15、eatedwdsexpressionswdsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.futurologyEmailinter1.5.21.5.2ContentContentwdswdsfunctionalfunctionalwdswdsBynotionwdscanbegroupedintocontentwdsfunctionalwds.ContentContentwdswdsdenoteclearnotionsthusar

16、eknownasnotionalwds.Theyincludenounsverbsadjectivesadverbsnumeralswhichdenoteobjectsphenomenaactionqualitystatedegreequantity.FunctionalFunctionalwdswdsdonothavenotionsoftheirown.Therefetheyarealsocalledemptywds.Astheirc

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