語料庫與外語學習

1、基于語料庫的詞匯學習（方法與資源 ）,,內容提綱,語料庫概念簡介(3-5)國內外主要語料庫(6,7)語料庫在外語教學與學習中的應用(8-29)免費在線語料庫簡介(COCA, BNC, Lextutor)(30-37)軟件工具(38-43)資源分享,,,,,,,What is a corpus?,Corpus = “a body of naturally occurring text”The texts were not p

2、roduced without the creator knowing that they would be used for linguistic analysisNewspapers, magazine articles, short stories, academic journals, etcGood genre balance (spoken, fiction, magazines, newspaper, academic

3、)Current: not 100-year-old novels,3,,Large: at least 100 million wordsMore words than you would see / hear in a whole lifetimeAnnotated: tagged for part of speech and lemma (e.g. the beat, they beat, and beat as)語料（c

4、orpus）是指收集的未經(jīng)組織和加工過的語言材料和素材。 ——戴煒棟，1999 語料（corpus）又稱為素材，是自然發(fā)生的語言材料（包括書面語和口語）的集合?？梢杂脕碜鳛槊枋鲆环N語言的出發(fā)點或用于證實有關一種語言的假設的手段。 ——陳建生，1989,,語料庫——按照特定目的與方法建立起來的存儲語言材 料的“倉庫”。語料庫是按照一定的語言原則，運用隨機抽樣方法，收集自然出現(xiàn)的連續(xù)的語言，運用文本或話語片

5、段而建成的具有一定容量的大型電子文本庫。從其本質上來說，語料庫實際上是通過對自然語言運用的隨機抽樣，以一定大小的語言樣本代表某一研究中所確定的語言運用總體。 ——楊惠中，2002,,國外主要的語料庫,Brown (1963 – 64) ——《布朗大學當代美國英語標準語料　　　　　庫》( The Brown University Corpus of Present Day　　　 　　American English) 。含100 萬1

6、961 年前后的書面　　　　　英語。由Francis 與Kucera 主持完成。 COBUILD——John Sinclair 主持,迄今最大的語料庫之一;　　　　　含的語料超過5 億詞。 COCA —— 美國當代英語語料庫，收詞四億多，1990-2010 BNC——英語國家語料庫,收詞一億多，牛津大學/朗文/ 錢伯斯-哈洛普出版公司。 ICE——國際英語語

7、料庫，口語和書面語各一庫，收詞1 百萬 The Bank of English——英語庫，收詞2.5億。朗文/柯林 斯/伯明翰大學。,國內英語學習者語料庫,名稱 　　　類型 　　建設單位 　　　母語背景 　 容量(萬詞)HKUST 　　書面語 　　 香港科技大學

8、 　　廣東話 　> 2500TSLC 　　書面語 　　香港大學 　　　廣東話 　　 300CLEC 　　書面語 　　廣東外語外貿大學等 　漢語 　　100COLSEC 　口語 　　　上海交通大學等 　　 漢語 　　 50

9、MSEE 　　書面語/口語 　華南師范大學 　　漢語 　　87. 6SWECCL 　書面語/口語 　　南京大學 　　漢語 　> 200,中國英語學習者語料庫———CLEC (桂詩春、楊惠中, 2003) 　　 我國中學生、大學英語4、6級、英語專業(yè)低年級和高年級學生在內的100多 萬詞的書面英語

10、語料庫, 是一部含有言語失誤標注的英語學習者語料庫。,中國英語學生口筆語語料庫———SWECCL　　由“中國學生英語口語語料庫”( Spoken English Corpus of Chinese Learners, 　 (SECCL) 和 “中國學生英語筆語語料庫”(Written English Corpus of Chinese Learners,(WECCL)二個子項目組成?？傄?guī)模為200 萬詞。南京大學主

11、持, (文秋 芳、王立非、梁茂成2005: 2),JDEST——20世紀80年代，中國第一個語料庫，上海交大，桂詩春、楊惠中，學術,,語料庫在外語教學與學習中的應用,基于規(guī)則和基于概率的實際應用：比如 機閱作文；機器翻譯等語料庫用于目的語和中介語研究詞典編撰：如 Collins Cobuild Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary測試教材編寫翻譯研究 語料庫用于語言學習：基

12、于大量真實語言輸入的自主性、研究型的語言學習 比如：近義詞辨析；語義韻；類聯(lián)結；搭配研究；句法分析；話 語分析等。 應用舉例,,,,,,Quiz: order by frequency,vigilantflabbergastedlostrinky-dinkmiserable,9,Quiz: order by frequency,lost (#2691)miser

13、able (#5841, “sad, hopeless”)vigilant (#11831, “watching over”)flabbergasted (#21701, “extremely surprised”)rinky-dink (#44681; “small, cheap, worthless”),10,,11,Obvious errors: not in corpus,12,Corpus of Contempora

14、ry American English (COCA)fall down carefully: no occurrences,13,“unrecycling”,Google: unrecycling (100 hits: lot / little?; they refer to that trashcan picture),15,Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA): no

15、occurrences,16,COCA: other words with *recycl* (recycling, nonrecyclable, etc),[x*] recyclable: negative words before recyclable,18,Problems: civilized visitor | set up the ecosystem | ecosystem scenery,19,*set up the ec

16、osystem: verbs with ecosystem as an object,20,21,no virtuous near duck,22,Word meaning: collocates: slippery –– near crafty,,,23,slippery near crafty: no occurrences,24,adjectives near slippery: dangerous,25,arouse,,26,

17、collocates (nearby words) near arouse: suspicions, sexually, anger,,外語學習的四大難點,native-like pronunciation native way of thinking discrimination of synonyms idiomatic collocation,近義詞辨析,近義詞的辨析可以從意義的不同類型入手：語法意義（grammatic

18、al meaning） 詞匯意義（lexical meaning） 概念意義（denotative meaning） 聯(lián)想意義（associative meaning） 內涵意義（connotative meaning） 語體意義（stylistic meaning） 情感意義（affective meaning） 搭配意義（collocative meaning）,,語料庫方法在教學中的應用舉例,《高級英語詞匯自主學習的

19、語料庫方法》 《SketchEngine工具在詞匯搭配和同義詞辨析教學上的應用》《基于在線語料庫的動_名搭配教學的實證研究》,,,免費在線語料庫 簡介,COCABNCLextutor,Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA; www.americancorpus.org),410+ million words (cf. British National Corpus , 1

20、00m)More words than average speaker will hear in a lifetimeFrom more than 160,000 texts20 million words each year from 1990-2010Balanced across spoken, fiction, popular magazines, newspapers, and academic journals (2

21、0% in each genre each year)Freely available online since March 200860,000-70,000 unique users each monthComplete, context-sensitive help files online,31,A good article to learn about COCA (in Chinese):Wang, Xingfu, L

22、iu Guohui, Mark Davies (2008) "The Corpus of Contemporary American English -- A Useful Tool for English Teaching and Research". Computer-Assisted Foreign Language Education in China. 5:24-31,32,Composition of C

23、OCA410+ million words (1990-present): same composition each year,Spoken: (83 million words) Transcripts of unscripted conversation from more than 150 different TV and radio programs (examples: All Things Considered (NPR

24、), Newshour (PBS), Good Morning America (ABC), Today Show (NBC), 60 Minutes (CBS), Hannity and Colmes (Fox), Jerry Springer, etc). Fiction: (79 million words) Short stories and plays from literary magazines, children’s

25、 magazines, popular magazines, first chapters of first edition books 1990-present, and movie scripts. Popular Magazines: (84 million words) Nearly 100 different magazines, with a good mix (overall, and by year) between

26、 specific domains (news, health, home and gardening, women, financial, religion, sports, etc). A few examples are Time, Men’s Health, Good Housekeeping, Cosmopolitan, Fortune, Christian Century, Sports Illustrated, etc.,

27、33,,Newspapers: (79 million words) Ten newspapers from across the US, including: USA Today, New York Times, Atlanta Journal Constitution, San Francisco Chronicle, etc. In most cases, there is a good mix between different

28、 sections of the newspaper, such as local news, opinion, sports, financial, etc. Academic Journals: (79 million words) Nearly 100 different peer-reviewed journals. These were selected to cover the entire range of the L

29、ibrary of Congress classification system (e.g. a certain percentage from B (philosophy, psychology, religion), D (world history), K (education), T (technology), etc.), both overall and by number of words per year,免費在線語料庫

30、COCA檢索方法,http://www.americancorpus.org/ COCA在線檢索首頁COCA檢索頁COCA在線檢索seldomseldom檢索結果(list形式)seldom檢索結果(chart形式)COCA在線檢索seldom擴展語境舉例,免費在線語料庫BNC檢索方法,http://corpus.byu.eduBNC首頁 BNC檢索頁BNC在線檢索outcomeBNC在線檢索outcome檢索結果(

31、list)BNC在線檢索outcome檢索結果(chart)BNC在線檢索outcome檢索行擴展語境舉例,免費在線語料庫Lextutor檢索方法,Lextutor的多語料庫在線檢索首頁 （http://www.lextutor.ca/concordancers/concord_e.html ） Lextutor檢索consequenceLextutor檢索consequence檢索結果Lextutor檢索conseque

32、nce檢索結果refinedLextutor檢索consequence擴展語境舉例,軟件工具,用語料庫檢索工具可以將關鍵詞及其語境檢索出來，讓語言學習者直接而又集中地看到上述特征。用AntConc和Wordsmith檢索詞語Wordsmith——索引軟件。提供關鍵詞檢索，語塊檢索等。 關鍵詞及上下文共顯。英國，需付費。AntConc ——日本早稻田大學教授Antony研發(fā)的檢索軟

33、 件，免費MicroConcord，ConcApp6.0，VocabProfile，PowerGrep,,,Key words in Context--KWIC,,,Concordance lines 索引行/檢索行,,AntConc使用步驟展示,打開Antconc打開open files,載入選定的語料庫選定需要的選項卡：concordance; word list; key word;collocation等在下方輸入要檢