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1、本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文翻譯原文:原文:TheunravellingofhousingpolicyinBritain.ABSTRACTThispaperreviewsdevelopmentsinBritishhousingpolicyinthelast17yearsarguingthatpolicieswhichwereputinplaceintheearly1980shaveunravelledinthe1990s.Theanalys
2、isconcentratesonthreemainthemesincontemparyBritishhousingpolicy:thepromotionofindividualhomeownershipthederegulationofprivaterentingtheshiftfrombricksmtarsubsidytomeanstestedfmsofassistancewithhousingcosts.Theconclusionp
3、ointstothetensionsbetweenhousingpolicysocialsecuritypolicythedifficultiesfbothhomeownershiprentedhousingstrategiesarisingfromprofoundchangesinthelabourmarket.INTRODUCTIONHousingprovisioninBritaincontinuestobedistinctfrom
4、othercountriesinEuropetheUSmostobviouslyintherelativelyhighlevelofrentedhousingprovidedbylocalauthitiestherelativelysmallprivaterentedsect.HoweverinrecentyearsBritainsexperienceofhousingmarketrecessionanincreasinglyresid
5、ualisedproblematisedsocialrentedsecthasbeensharedbyanumberofothercountriestoagreaterlesserextentdespitethedistinctivefeaturesofBritishhousingpolicytherearecertaincommonthemesinthepolicyresponsesthathavebeengenerated.THEH
6、OUSINGMARKETThissectionoutlinesthecycleofslumpboomslumpwhichhasaffectedtheBritishhousingmarketsince1980highlightsthedifferencesbetweenthemeinterventionistpoliciesoftheperioduptotheearly1990sthelessinterventionistpolicyst
7、anceofthe1990s.Itallbegantogowrongfthegovernmentinthesummerof1988followingtheChancellsbudgetannouncementoftheimpendingendofmultipletaxrelief(thiswasananomalyunderwhichunmarriedcoupleshadeachbeenabletoclaiminterestreliefo
8、nupto£30000ofmtgagedebt).Advancenoticeofthewithdrawalofthisarrangementencouragedmepurchasersintothemarketinwhichactivitybecamefrenziedasbuyerscompetedtobeatthedeadlinefdoubletaxrelief.Mtgageinterestrateshaddippedbelow10p
9、ercentduringthespringof1988thefirsttimefadecadethattheyhadbeensolowthisnaturallyaddedtotheactivityinthehousingmarket.Themefrenziedthemarketbecamethehigherthatpricesweredrivendraggingthepricetoincomeratiotoitshighestlevel
10、since1973therebytakinghousepurchasebeyondthereachofgrowingnumbersofwouldbehomeowners.Lookingbackonthelast10yearsofboomslumpintheBritishhousingemphasistotheneedtoenhanceprovisionofrentedhousingintermsofstimulatingthepriva
11、tesecthousingassociationstacklingsomeoftheproblemsinthecouncilsect.Whatemergedinthelate1980sthenwasarentedhousingstrategyconsistingoffourmainelements:provisionsfcounciltenantstohavenewlldsstrategytoreviveinvestmentinpriv
12、aterentinganewfinancialregimefhousingassociationsanewfinancialregimeflocalauthityhousing.Spacedoesnotpermitadetaileddiscussionofeachoftheseelements(Malpass&Means1993)butbrieflytheproposalsfchangeoflldwereHousingActionTru
13、sts(HATS)tenantschoice(aschemeallowingapprovedlldstobidtotakeoverpartsofthelocalauthitystock).HATswerebitterlyopposedbytenantsinthefirstareastobedesignatedalthoughsixwereeventuallysetuptheywereontermsverydifferentfromtho
14、seinitiallyenvisaged.Tenantschoicemadeverylittleimpactfewerthan1000dwellingsweretransferredoutoflocalauthityownershipbythetimetheschemewasabonedin1995.Howevertherehasbeenasubstantialstocktransferprogrammesince1989butitha
15、sbeeninresponsetoaninitiativebylocalauthitiesthemselves.Bythedleof199541localauthitieshadtransferrednearly185000dwellingsintotheownershipofotherlldsinnearlyeverycaseahousingassociationwassetupfthepurpose.TheWhitePaperof1
16、995saysthatthegovernment“...wouldliketoseeallauthitiesconsidertransferasoneoftheoptionsfdealingwithhousingproblems“(DoE1995p.29).TherevivalofprivaterentinginvolvedtwoelementslegislationintheHousingAct1988toderegulaterent
17、stoaltersecurityoftenuretheintroductionofafinancialinducementtoinvestsinthefmoftaxbreaksfinvestsincompaniessetupspecificallytoinvestinnewrentedhousing(thiswasanextensionoftheBusinessExpansionScheme(BES)).Deregulationofth
18、eprivaterentedsecttookthefmofphasingoutfairrentsregulatedtenanciesreplacingthembymarketrentsassuredtenanciesgivinglldsgreateraccesstovacantpossessionoftheirproperties.Implicitinthederegulationofrentswasacceptanceofadditi
19、onalhousingbenefitcoststobebnebytheTreasury.Thenewfinancialregimesfhousingassociationslocalauthitiesweredistinctintheirfmdetailbuttheywereunitedbytheobjectiveofshiftingfrombricksmtarsubsidytomeanstestedhousingbenefitassi
20、stance.Inthecaseofhousingassociationsthenewsystemwhichoperatedfrom1989wasthatcapitalsubsidyinthefmofhousingassociationgrantsshouldbegraduallyreplacedbyprivatefinancebroweddirectlybythehousingassociationsfromtheprivatecap
21、italmarkets.Indertoattractprivatefinanceitwasnecessarytointroducelegislationtochangethenatureofhousingassociationtenanciessince1989newhousingassociationtenantshavebeengivenassuredtenancieswithnoRighttoBuy.Howeverlegislat
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