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1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目：外文題目：IndustryClusterConceptsinInnovationPolicy:AComparisonofU.S.LatinAmericanExperience出處：處：SpilloversInnovationsInterdisciplinaryStudiesinEconomicsManagement2005Volume4作者：者：EdwardFeser原文：文：1Intr

2、oductionTheincreasingknowledgeintensityofproductiontheprogressiveeliminationofbarrierstotradehaveledmanytoconcludethatastrongbaseofsciencetechnologyinnovationisessentialfsustainedeconomicprosperity(MytelkaFarinelli2000).

3、Advancedindustrializedcountriesarerespondingtoincreasinglyopenmarketsbyseekingcompetitiveadvantageingeneralknowledgeinfrastructure:universitiescollegespublicprivatelabatieseducatedwkersadvancedphysicalinfrastructurecompa

4、rativelystablesocialpoliticalmarketinstitutions.Interestininnovationisalsoheightenedbyfearsofanemerging“twotieredeconomy“thattwosectswillcometodominatelongtermemploymentgrowthprospectsinindustrializedcountries:highskille

5、dtechnologyintensiveactivitiesthataredependentonadvancedknowledgeinfrastructurelowskilledbasicconsumerservicesthatserveimmediatelocalmarketneeds(Mowery2001).Indevelopingtransitioncountriesfearsoffallingfurtherbehindthehi

6、ghlyindustrializedwldaswellasoptimismbneofwidelypublicizedexamplesofhightechnologysuccessprovidetheprincipalmotivationtodesigningwaystoboostinnovationtechnologyrelatedactivity.linkedrelatedsuppliersproducerservicesprovid

7、ersleadingresearchuniversitiesteachinginstitutionsgovernmentsponsedlabstechnologyprogramscancombinetocreatepowerfulspatialclustersoftechnologyrelatedactivitythatcontinuetoexpthroughinitialmarketleadership(oftencalled“fir

8、stmovereffects“)economiesofscale(Saxenian1994Pter199019982000denHertogetal.2001ab).WellknownexamplesintheUnitedStatesareCalifniasSiliconValleyBostonsRoute128(ininfmationtechnologybiotechnology)greaterSeattle(insoftwareai

9、rcraft)NthCarolinasResearchTriangleregion(inelectronicspharmaceuticalsbiotechnology).Suchclustershavecontributedtosubstantialincreasesinthelocaleconomicprosperitywhilealsosupplyingtheinnovationsthatdrivenationalinsomecas

10、esglobaleconomicgrowth.SuchclustersarenotrestrictedtotheU.S.otheradvancedindustrializedcountriesalthoughtheytendtobesmallerhavemuchlessdepthinlessdevelopedcountries(e.g.seedenHertogetal.2001bMelo2001aChairatanaVrakitpoka

11、rtn2001，Voyer1997b).RecentstudiesofLatinAmericahaveidentifiedinnovationclustersofdifferingvarietiessizeinArgentinaBrazilCostaRicaCubaPeruMexico(Qut1997Voyer1997aAltenburgMeyerStamer1999BtagarayTiffin2000)Animptantissueis

12、whatclustersimplyfthedesignimplementationofinnovationpolicyparticularlyinnewlyindustrializingcountrieslaggingregionsindevelopedoneswheretechnologyintensiveactivitybasicknowledgeinfrastructurearelimited.Innovationpolicyco

13、nstitutesstrategiesdesignedtobuildbasicappliedresearchcapabilitiesraisetherateofadvancedtechnologyadoptionproductinnovationamonghomecountryfirmsgenerallyincreasethecomplementofhigherwageknowledgetechnologyintensiveindust

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