環(huán)境規(guī)制與國際貿(mào)易【外文翻譯】

1、1本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目：外文題目：Environmentalregulationinternationaltrade出處：處：JournalofRegulatyEconomicsVolume8Number16172DOI:10.1007BF01066600作者：者：EftichiosSophoclesSartzetakisChristosConstantatos原文：原文：Environmentalregul

2、ationinternationaltradeAbstract：Inthispaperweinvestigatehowacountryschoiceofenvironmentalpolicyinstrumentaffectstheinternationalcompetitivenessofitsfirms.WeshowthatinaCournotNashequilibriumthetotalmarkeshareoffirmsregula

3、tedthroughtradeableemissionpermitsincreasesrelativetothatofthefirmsoperatingundercommcontrolduetobetterallocationoftotalabatementamongthefirmsinthecountry.Ourwksuggeststhatfreetradesituationsshouldnotonlyresultinsimilare

4、nvironmentastardsbutalsoinsimilarregulatyregimes.ItmaycomeasnosurprisethattheenvironmentalauthitiesinCanadaareseriouslyconsideringfollowingtheUnitedStatesininstitutingatradeableemissionpermitsmechanism.1.1.IntroductionIn

5、troductionInrecentyearsincreasedawarenessofenvironmentalissueshasmadepollutioncontrolnotablythecontrolofemissionsanimptanttopicinpublicpolicydiscussions.Acommonlyraisedobjectionagainstemissionscontrolisthatthismayimpairt

6、hecompetitivenessofthedomesticindustryininternationalmarkets.Inparticularithasbeenarguedthatfirmsoperatingincountrieswithlowenvironmentalstardswillacquiresubstantialcostadvantagesoverinternationalcompetitsoperatinginmeen

7、vironmentallyconsciouscountries.Concernhasevenbeenexpressedthatsomecountriescouldbecome“pollutionhavens“byattractingindustriesthroughlowenvironmentalstardsseefexampleMarkusenetal.(1993).WhileearlierempiricalresearchbyLeo

8、nard(1988)Tobey(19891990)suggestedthatdifferencesinenvironmentalstardsdidnothavesignificantimpactontradepatternsmerecentwkbyLucasetal.(1992)showedthatthisimpactmaybeimptant.Substantialliteraturehasbeendevotedtotheimpacto

9、fenvironmentalpolicyontradepatterns.Thelinkbetweentradetheenvironmentisrootedinpolicyrigiditiesthatpreventauthitiesfromachievingfirstbestoptimality.Intheabsence3regimesoninternationalcompetitivenessshouldnotbeneglected.A

10、sweshowflargedifferencesinabatementtechnologyameefficientregulatyregimemayyieldanadvantagesubstantialenoughtooutweighanytradedisadvantagestemmingfromamestringentenvironmentalregulation.Thusthecountrywiththemeefficientreg

11、ulatyregimecaneitherincreaseitsinternationalmarketshareaffdabetterenvironmentalprotectionwithoutputtingitsfirmsinacompetitivedisadvantage.AmongthevariousregulatyinstrumentsPigouviantaxestradeableemissionpermits(TEP)commc

12、ontrol(CAC)arethemostcommonlyused.Theequivalenceofemissiontaxespermitswhentherearenotransactioncostsimperfectionsinthepermitmarkettheregulathasfullinfmationiswellestablishedintheliterature.WhilePigouviantaxesareusedmainl

13、yinEuropethereisanincreasinginterestinNthAmericaintheuseoftradeablepermitsasanalternativetothewidespreadCACregulation.Inthepresentpaperweemployemissionpermitsastherepresentativeoftheincentivebasedinstruments.Anumberofstu

14、dieshavetriedtoevaluatethewelfaremeritsofeachsystembyperfmingcomparativestaticsinaclosedeconomyseefexampleMalueg(1990)Copel(1990)Sartzetakis(1993).Howevernowkhasyetexaminedthesimultaneoususeofdifferenttypesofregulationin

15、aninternationaltradecontext.Inthispaperweconsidertwocountriesimposingthesameenvironmentalstardsthroughdifferentregulatyregimesexaminethepotentialeffectsofthisasymmetryontradepatterns.Mespecificallyweareinterestedinfindin

16、gwhethertheadoptionofanyspecificregimemighthelpacountrysindustrytoincreaseitsshareininternationalmarkets.Thepaperisganizedasfollows:section2describesthemainmodelintheabsenceofregulationsections34derivethereactionfunction

17、softhefirmsunderaCACaTEPregulationrespectivelysection5analysesthefreetradeequilibriumunderthesimultaneouspresenceofbothregulatyregimes.Section6containstheconcludingremarks.Mostproofshavebeenabbreviatedwithmedetailsprovid

18、edinthecrespondingappendices.6.6.ConclusionsConclusionsWeinvestigatehowacountryschoiceofenvironmentalpolicyinstrumentaffectstheinternationalcompetitivenessoffirmsinthatcountry.WeshowthatinaCournotNashequilibriumthetotalm

19、arketshareoffirmsregulatedthroughaTEPsystemincreasesrelativetothatofthefirmsoperatingunderaCACsystem.ThisisduetothefactthataTEPsystembetterallocatestotalabatementamongthefirmsinthecountry.TheadvantageofaTEPsystembecomesm

20、epronouncedasthediversityofabatementtechnologieswithinthecountrythatimplementsaCACregulationisincreased.Flargedifferencesbetweenthetwofirmsabatementcoststheenactmentofenvironmentalregulationmayincreasetheoutputofthecount