apa-論文寫(xiě)作格式簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明

1、APA Formatting and Style Guide,What is APA?,APA (American Psychological Association)The most commonly used format for manuscripts in the Social Sciences.,What does APA regulate?,APA regulates:StyleIn-text citati

2、onsReferences (a list of all sources used in the paper),APA stylistics: Basics,the third person point of view rather than using the first person point of viewThe study showed that…, NOT I found

3、 out that…. the active voice rather than passive voiceThe participants responded…, NOT The participants have been asked….,Use:,Point of view and voice in an APA paper,clear: be specific in descriptions and

4、 explanations concise: condense information when you can plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and minimize the figurative language,Language in an APA paper is:,APA stylistics: Language,Genera

5、l Format,be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5”x11”) with 1” margins on all sides in 12 pt. Times New Roman include a page header (title less than 50 characters) in the upper left-hand of every page a

6、nd a page number in the upper right-hand side of every page,Your essay should:,References,Main Body,Abstract,General Format (cont’d),Title page,Your essay should include four major sections:,Title Page,Page header:(use

7、Insert Page Header)title flush left + page number flush right.,Title:(in the upper half of the page, centered)name (no title or degree) + affiliation (university, etc.)Note: For this class we will also include Stud

8、ent Number.,Abstract Page,Page header: do NOT include “Running head:”Abstract (centered, at the top of the page),Write a brief (between 150 and 250 words) summary of your paper in an accurate, concise, and specific man

9、ner. Should contain: background, purpose, methods, results, and most important conclusions. May also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings.,Main Body (Text),T

10、he first text page is page number 3 Type the title of the paper centered, at the top of the page Identify the sources you use in the paper in parenthetical in-text citations Format tables and figures,References Pa

11、ge,Center the title– References-- at the top of the page Double-space reference entries Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines Order entries alphabetically by

12、 the author’s surnames,References: Basics,Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by initials).Alphabetize reference list entries the last name of the first author of each work.Capitalize only the

13、 first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound w

14、ord.,References: Basics (cont’d),Capitalize all major words in journal titles. Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of sho

15、rter works such as journal articles.,In-text Citations: Format for a summary or paraphrase,provide the author’s last name and the year of publication in parenthesis after a summary or a paraphrase: T

16、hough feminist studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions (Fussell, 1975).,There are several formats for a summary or paraphrase:,I

17、n-text Citations: Format for a summary or paraphrase,include the author’s name in a signal phrase followed by the year of publication in parenthesis: Recently, the history of warfare has been sig

18、nificantly revised by Higonnet et al. (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects.,Formats for a su

19、mmary or paraphrase (cont’d):,In-text Citations: Two or more works,When the parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them in the same way they appear in the reference list—the author’s name,

20、 the year of publication—separated by a semi-colon: (Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008),In-text Citations: A work with two authors,When citing a work with two authors, use “and” in between authors’ na

21、me in the signal phrase yet “&” between their names in parenthesis: According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate (1997), “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the wa

22、r have been ignored.” Some feminists researchers question that “women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, 1997).,In-text Citations: A work with 3 to 5 authors,When citing a

23、 work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis: (Harklau, Siegal, & Losey, 1999) In subsequent citations, only use the first author'

24、;s last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses: (Harklau et al., 1993),In-text Citations: a work with 6 and more authors,When citing a work with

25、 six and more authors, identify the first author’s name followed by “et al.”: Smith et al. (2006) maintained that…. (Smith et al., 2006).,In-text Citations: The same last na

26、me/the same author,When citing authors with the same last names, use first initials with the last names: (B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008) When citing two or more works by the same author publi

27、shed in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year of publication to order the references: Smith’s (1998 a) study of adolescent immigrants…,In-text Citations:

28、The same last name/the same author,When citing multiple sources with multiple authors: (Smith & Jones, 2005; Young, 2008),In-text citationsNo Author,If the cited material has no author use 2 – 3 words from

29、 the title.("Climate and Weather," 1997),In-text Citations: The same last name/the same author,For Block Quotations refer to Chapter 6 of APA Manual For structure questions, such as headings and subheading