三級(jí)考試系列復(fù)習(xí)材料閱讀理解、簡(jiǎn)短回答應(yīng)試技巧-教育技術(shù)

1、三級(jí)考試系列復(fù)習(xí)材料閱讀理解、簡(jiǎn)短回答應(yīng)試技巧,I. 閱讀理解應(yīng)試技巧 一、閱讀短文的選材原則 二、閱讀理解主要測(cè)試下述能力 三、考生在做閱讀理解時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面 四、解題技巧閱讀理解中的四不要II. 大學(xué)英語短文簡(jiǎn)答題命題傾向及應(yīng)試技巧一、簡(jiǎn)答題與閱讀理解題的異同 二、命題傾向剖析及應(yīng)試技巧 三、簡(jiǎn)答題得高分基本原則 四、短文分析,閱讀理解應(yīng)試技巧,一、閱讀短文的選材原則：題材廣泛，可以包括人物傳記、社會(huì)

2、、文化、日常生活常識(shí)、科技常識(shí)等，但是所設(shè)計(jì)的背景知識(shí)應(yīng)為考生所理解；體裁多樣，可以包括記敘文、說明文、議論文等。文章的語言難度中等,閱讀理解應(yīng)試技巧,二、閱讀理解主要測(cè)試下述能力：掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；了解說明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)；既理解字面的意思，又能根據(jù)所談材料進(jìn)行一定的推理判斷和推論；既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，又理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。,閱讀理解應(yīng)試技巧,三、考生在做閱讀理解時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面：1、困難及原因在

3、閱讀理解部分，考生常會(huì)碰到兩方面的困難：生詞較多，影響理解；時(shí)間太緊，來不及完成。產(chǎn)生這種情況，有以下幾方面的原因：詞匯量太少；閱讀速度太慢；知識(shí)面太狹窄；在難題上花費(fèi)的時(shí)間過多,閱讀理解應(yīng)試技巧,2、如何克服困難要克服以上困難，平時(shí)應(yīng)做到：擴(kuò)大閱讀面，增加詞匯量；擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面；訓(xùn)練閱讀速度，做到既讀得快又理解內(nèi)容大意。考試時(shí)須注意：碰到難題不要鉆牛角尖。實(shí)在做不出時(shí)要果斷舍棄，以免影響到解別的有把握的題；在詞

4、匯題部分可節(jié)省部分時(shí)間。因?yàn)樵~匯題做得出就做得出，做不出的話，即使絞盡腦汁也無濟(jì)于事。這樣就能余下部分時(shí)間花在閱讀理解上。,閱讀理解試題特點(diǎn),1、題材多樣化 閱讀理解中的文章至少牽涉兩大類：1）、人文社會(huì)方面：如文化、歷史、婚姻、家庭、教育、交通、住房、環(huán)境、能源及其他社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。閱讀此類文章的關(guān)鍵是抓住作者所支持或反對(duì)的觀點(diǎn)，以及作者對(duì)文中人文社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的態(tài)度。2）、科技方面：如動(dòng)植物、地質(zhì)、海洋、遺傳、語言、空間技術(shù)、醫(yī)

5、學(xué)以及其他最新科技理論與成果。閱讀此類文章關(guān)鍵是抓住作者論述的中心以及作者對(duì)于理論或成果的評(píng)判。,閱讀理解試題特點(diǎn),2、體裁：以說明和議論為主。 大綱規(guī)定閱讀理解部分的文章“體裁可多樣化，包括記敘文、說明文和議論文等”。但純粹的記敘文很少出現(xiàn)，說明文與議論文占大多數(shù)。,四、解題技巧三級(jí)考試閱讀理解技巧（一）,三級(jí)閱讀測(cè)試一般包括4篇文章的閱讀，每篇后有5道選擇題。這些的類型多種多樣，但歸納起來大致可分為二大類，即全域型問題

6、（Global Question）和局域型問題（Local Question ）。 Global Question一般涉及三方面內(nèi)容：Subject， Matter, Attitude / Tone。 Local Question 涉及：Supporting Details, Inference以及Vocabulary。以下，我們將針對(duì)三、四級(jí)考試的特點(diǎn)、出題范疇、出題方式等，根據(jù)這些問題在考試出題中的大致排列順序，進(jìn)行有步驟、有計(jì)劃的

7、分項(xiàng)應(yīng)試技能訓(xùn)練。,關(guān)于主題思想問題（Subject Matter）,（1） What is the main idea (subject) of this passage?（2） What does this passage mainly (primarily) concerned?（3） The main theme of this passage is _________.（4） The main point of the

8、 passage is _________.（5） Which of the following is the best title for the passage?（6） The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is _____. 　　 （7） The purpose of the writer in w

9、riting this passage is _________.,1. 關(guān)于主題型,Example 1: In today’s world most graduate students don’t regret spending time with their studies. They are finding that things are changing very fast. New developments are o

10、ccurring in all fields. For many, graduate study has become a necessary.　 What is the main idea of this short passage?,1. 關(guān)于主題型,In today’s world most graduate students don’t regret spending time with their studies.,1. 關(guān)

11、于主題型,Example 2: Different language learners have different purposes for learning a new language. Some people learn a second language in order to learn about the culture of the people who speak that language. Other la

12、nguage learners want to travel to other countries. They need to know the languages of those countries so that they can talk to people and understand what they say. Please find the topic sentence of this short passag

13、e.,1. 關(guān)于主題型,Different language learners have different purposes for learning a new language.,1. 關(guān)于主題型,Example 3: When prices are high, producers can get money from their products. When prices are low, consumers can g

14、et more goods for their money. These changes in the prices of goods can cause changes in production and consumption. As the prices of goods go up, producers will make more goods in order to make more money. As the prices

15、 go down, consumers will buy more goods because of the low prices. What does this passage mainly concerned?,1. 關(guān)于主題型,These changes in the prices of goods can cause changes in production and consumption.,三級(jí)考試閱讀理解技巧（二

16、）2．關(guān)于標(biāo)題型,Example :　Computer is a machine that performs tasks, such as mathematical calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions called a program. Programs usually reside within t

17、he computer and are processed by the computer electronics, and the program results are stored and used again. Computers are used to perform a wide variety of activities with reliability, accuracy and speed. What is t

18、he best title for this passage?,三級(jí)考試閱讀理解技巧（二）2．關(guān)于標(biāo)題型,An Introduction of Computer,三級(jí)考試閱讀理解技巧（三）3.關(guān)于目的型,Example Language learning begins by listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they d

19、o before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word obey is hardly accurate as description of the eager

20、 and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noise.,三級(jí)考試閱讀理解技巧（三）3.關(guān)于目的型,The author's purpose in writing th

21、is passage is to show that children _____.A) usually obey without asking questionsB) are passive in the process of learning to speakC) are born cooperativeD) learn to speak by listening,三級(jí)考試閱讀理解技巧（三）3.關(guān)于目的型,本段

22、一開始就是一個(gè)主題句： Language learning begins by listening. （語言的學(xué)習(xí)始于傾聽）。概括了本段的大意，由此可知D就是作者寫本段的目的。,三級(jí)考試閱讀理解技巧（四）細(xì)節(jié)性問題（Supporting Details）,(1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?(2) Whi

23、ch of the following is mentioned in the passage?(3) The author mentions all of the following except….(4) The author states that….(5) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc.) ….,三級(jí)考試閱讀理解技巧（四）細(xì)節(jié)性問題（S

24、upporting Details）,Example: The old belief that the universe never changes is quite wrong. Even before the invention of the telescope, astronomers noticed that bright stars suddenly appear in the sky and then later d

25、isappear. These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new. In fact we now know that they are really old stars which are slowly dying. Novae were originally thought to be _______.A) stars that app

26、ear suddenlyB) stars that explodedC) new starsD) dying stars,三級(jí)考試閱讀理解技巧（五）怎樣回答閱讀理解中的推理性問題（Inference）,Inference類問題主要包括Significance和Communication Techniques兩大類。1. Significance(1) The writer implies but not directly s

27、tates that ______.(2) It can be inferred from the passage that ______.(3) The author strongly suggests that ______.(4) It can be concluded from the passage that ______.(5) The passage is intended to ______.(6) The w

28、riter indicates that _______.,怎樣回答閱讀理解中的推理性問題（Inference）1. Significance,Example 1　 In some cases, however you decide that there is nothing that you can do to avoid the danger. For example, you cannot prevent an air

29、plane crashing into your house, and you may not go and live in a desert where there are no airplanes. In this case, fear has given you its warning; you have examined it and decided on your course of action, so fear of pa

30、rticular danger is no longer of any use to you, and you have try to overcome it. Implied but not stated: __________.A) Fear is something always helpfulB) Fear is something unprofitableC) Fear ought to be used as a

31、 servant and guideD) Too much fear is harmful,怎樣回答閱讀理解中的推理性問題（Inference）1. Significance,Example 2 It is estimated that up to 100,000 people watch or take part in fox hunting. But over the last couple of decades the

32、 number of people opposed to fox hunting, because they think it is brutal(殘酷的)，has risen sharply. Nowadays it is rare for a hunt to pass off without some kind of confrontation(沖突) between hunters and hunt saboteurs(阻攔者).

33、sometimes these incidents lead to violence, but mostly saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of the fox’s smell, which the dogs follow.,怎樣回答閱讀理解中的推理性問題（Inference）1. Significance

34、,It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. killing foxes with poison is illegalB. limiting the fox population is unnecessaryC. hunting foxes with dogs is considered cruel and violentD. fox-hunting often lead

35、s to confrontation between the poor and the rich,怎樣回答閱讀理解中的推理性問題（Inference）1. Significance,這段文字中有because they think it is brutal(殘酷的)一句，因?yàn)閎ecause這個(gè)因果“路標(biāo)”詞的存在，而brutal就等于cruel and violent，所以，從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中就可以毫不費(fèi)力的選出毫不費(fèi)力的選出正確答案C。,

36、怎樣回答閱讀理解中的推理性問題（Inference）2. Communication Techniques,(1) The fact … is mentioned by the author to show _______.(2) The author achieves his purpose by depending mainly upon ______.(3) The writer talks about …in order

37、to____.(4) In discussing…, the author _____.(5) The author's statement about … is a … for…,2. Communication Techniques,Example: Making something by hand has become the expectation in many countries today – so m

38、uch so that giving a homemade gift is sometimes considered extraordinary. If you receive a homemade gift you’re lucky. It may not be made perfectly, but it will show a certain quality of love. No matter what the results

39、of the homemade gift look like, remember it’s the thought that counts. According to the passage, homemade gifts should be _______. A) very beautiful B) sent to every person C) cherished D

40、) expensive,怎樣回答閱讀理解中的詞匯問題（Vocabu1ary）（上）,一般來說，在文章的閱讀中解解釋義的最好辦法是猜測(cè)詞義。猜測(cè)詞義也需要一定的技巧，可以通過:1) 上下文間意義的聯(lián)系；2）同義關(guān)系，反義關(guān)系；3）詞的定義；4）對(duì)詞的解釋和舉例；5）構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義。,三級(jí)考試閱讀理解技巧（六）怎樣回答閱讀理解中的詞匯問題（Vocabu1ary）（上）,閱讀理解中詞匯類問題的常見提問方式有下列幾種：(1)

41、According to the author, the word "…"means _______.(2) Which of the following is nearest in meaning to "…"?(3) The term "…"in paragraph… can be best replaced by ….(4) What's the meani

42、ng of "…"in line …of paragraph….?(5) As used in the line …, the word "…"refers to_____.,1. 利用上下文詞語意義的互相聯(lián)系猜測(cè)詞義,Examples: The fishermen make their canoes from tree trunks .They go from island to is

43、land in these light narrow boats and collect turtles' eggs. He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he would never give up halfway. He is as sly as a fox. Jogging has become very popular in so

44、me countries. It is believed to be a good exercise for old people.,2. 利用文章中詞與詞的同義和反義關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義,Examples: If you happened to be sitting in the woods outside the city, you might have witnessed a strange sight. You would h

45、ave seen a very proud looking man riding along horseback, saying something. How can you extol, or praise, such work? Many of them agreed; however, John dissented. In the northern regions the winters are

46、generally cold and humid, and the summers hot and dry.,三級(jí)考試閱讀理解技巧（七）怎樣回答閱讀理解中的詞匯問題（Vocabu1ary）（下）3. 利用文章中對(duì)詞的定義猜測(cè)詞義,Examples： Such experiences are not unusual for the conchologists, people who collect shells. We

47、will meet you in the foyer, the entrance hall of the theatre. Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.,4. 利用文章中對(duì)詞的舉例及解釋猜測(cè)詞義,Examples: Today young couples who are just startin

48、g their households often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color TVs. Finally the enemy surrendered. They threw down their weapons and walked out of the home w

49、ith their hands over their heads.,5. 利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)（前綴和后綴）猜測(cè)詞義,1、常用的前綴（1）表示“否定”：dis-; il-; in-; im-; ir-; non-; un-… eg. dislike, illegal, inaccuracy, impossible, irresponsible, nonstandard, unfold…（2）表示

50、“共同”：co- eg. cooperate, coexist, coeducation…（3）表示“互相”：inter- eg. interact(互相作用), interconnection(相互聯(lián)系)（4）表示 “錯(cuò)誤地”：mis- eg. misuse, misunderstand, misjudge…（5）表示“再次”：re- eg. ret

51、ell, reread, rewrite, recopy…,5. 利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)（前綴和后綴）猜測(cè)詞義,（6）表示“超過”、“過度”：over- eg. overeat, overwork, overload, overcharge…（7）表示“不足”、“低于”：under- eg. underestimate, underactivity(不夠活躍), underpay

52、（付款不足）（8）表示“半”：semi- eg. semifinal(半決賽), semi-colony(半殖民地), semi-official(半官方的)…（9）表示“多”：multi- eg. multi-purpose(多用途的), multi-user(多用戶), multi-address(多地址的),5. 利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)（前綴和后綴）猜

53、測(cè)詞義,2、常用的后綴（1）名詞后綴： a. -er; -or: worker, teacher, visitor, director… b. –ion; -tion; -ation: devotion, solution… c. –ance; -ence: disappearance, existence… d. –al: arrival, dismissal, approval… e. –age: l

54、eakage(漏), shortage… f. –ty, -ity: cruelty, beauty, similarity, equality...,5. 利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)（前綴和后綴）猜測(cè)詞義,2、常用的后綴（2）動(dòng)詞后綴： a. –en: shorten, lengthen, sharpen, widen… b. –ify: classify, clarify(澄清) c. –ze; -ise: m

55、odernize, practise, advertise… (3) 形容詞后綴: a. –able; -ible: washable, readable, acceptable, resistible(可抵抗的), responsible… b. –al: editorial, musical, cultural… c. –less: limitless, regardless, fearl

56、ess… d. –y: rainy, cloudy, dirty, lucky… e. –ous, -ious: advantageous, various, glorious(光榮)…,5. 利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)（前綴和后綴）猜測(cè)詞義,Examples : They overestimate the interviewee's ability and asked him many difficult quest

57、ions. Is this kind of cloth washable? People often misspell my name. My homework is incomplete because I haven’t enough time. We were told that ours was the most spacious room in the hotel. That was why we

58、had to pay so much for it.,四級(jí)考試閱讀理解中的四不要,（1）“指讀”。即為了“集中注意力”，用手指或筆尖指著文章逐詞閱讀。一遇到生詞，便停頓下來，無法在通篇理解的基礎(chǔ)上繼續(xù)進(jìn)行閱讀?！。?）“唇讀”。即有的學(xué)生在閱讀中喜歡讀出聲來，或即使不出聲，嘴唇卻跟著動(dòng)了，或腦子里也在想著讀音，無形當(dāng)中影響了大腦的思維速度。（3）“回讀”。即在閱讀中遇到生詞或不熟悉的短語時(shí)，返回句首甚至段首重讀；還有相當(dāng)多的學(xué)生對(duì)閱

59、讀產(chǎn)生心理定勢(shì)，即認(rèn)為自己第一遍肯定讀不懂，因此反復(fù)讀上多遍，浪費(fèi)了很多時(shí)間。（4）“譯讀”。即在閱讀過程中，不斷地進(jìn)行逐詞逐句的翻譯，通過譯成母語來輔助理解。由于沒有掌握正確的閱讀方法，習(xí)慣于在不加限定的時(shí)間內(nèi)，對(duì)一小塊文章精雕細(xì)琢，導(dǎo)致了逐詞閱讀接受信息的習(xí)慣。,大學(xué)英語短文簡(jiǎn)答題命題傾向及應(yīng)試技巧,一、簡(jiǎn)答題與閱讀理解題的異同 　　這兩類題型既有相同點(diǎn)，又有各自的特點(diǎn)。相同點(diǎn)都是對(duì)短文材料進(jìn)行閱讀，并要理解內(nèi)容。因此，閱讀能力

60、的培養(yǎng)，貴在平時(shí)。只有在閱讀好，理解好短文材料基礎(chǔ)上，才談得上應(yīng)試技巧。不同點(diǎn)在于，簡(jiǎn)答題主要是考查學(xué)生語言組織能力和表達(dá)能力，它要求學(xué)生用簡(jiǎn)短的詞組或句子回答提問或補(bǔ)充完整句子，而閱讀理解題是在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中做出唯一正確地選擇。它有三個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)，考生易被干擾項(xiàng)引入歧途。因此，簡(jiǎn)答題雖說表面上量大而且要求寬，但其實(shí)質(zhì)卻是降低了考試難度。因此，考生對(duì)這種題型不必?fù)?dān)憂。只要考生掌握了下面的應(yīng)試技巧，在平時(shí)稍加注意，此題得分率必將提高。,二、命題傾

61、向剖析及應(yīng)試技巧,簡(jiǎn)答題主要考五種題型：主旨大意題、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、推理題、作者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度題、詞匯和短語含義題，而以事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題考得最多。,1、主旨大意題,此類題型要求考生用最簡(jiǎn)潔而又內(nèi)涵豐富的詞或短語高度概括文章的中心思想。許多考生的難處是短文看懂了，中心意思也知道，就是不知該如何表達(dá)出來。此時(shí)，只要能找到主題句，通過對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行"手術(shù)"，就能找到最佳答案。而主題句通常都在段首或段末，有時(shí)是一疑問句或一簡(jiǎn)單句，且具有語法

62、上的獨(dú)立性。關(guān)鍵詞有"in short"、"in my opinion"、"that is"、"therefore"、"I believe/suggest/think"、"in fact"等。,2、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題,此類題型是簡(jiǎn)答題考查最多題型，又稱為W-questions。此類問題通常是借助what, who, where

63、, when, why, which, how等提問。應(yīng)試者應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用快速瀏覽、跳讀、查讀等技巧，迅速確定答案在文章里的大概位置，然后細(xì)讀、確定答案。一般來說，文章所含細(xì)節(jié)雖然比較零散，但大部分都能直接找到。不過，對(duì)于有些細(xì)節(jié)，必須針對(duì)所要回答的問題細(xì)心地逐個(gè)搜索。,3、推理題,1）特定細(xì)節(jié)的推斷：特定細(xì)節(jié)的推斷是對(duì)文章中某個(gè)具體細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推理、判斷。該類型的問題雖然不像具體信息題那樣可以直接尋找答案，但只要對(duì)文章提供的相應(yīng)的具體信息進(jìn)行

64、分析便可得出答案。2）對(duì)于文章上、下篇主題的判斷：考生可以根據(jù)短文提供的線索（文章的開頭或結(jié)尾）推斷本篇短文以前或以后要探討的內(nèi)容。,4、作者觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度題,某些文章的作者表達(dá)自己的態(tài)度。作者的態(tài)度可能表現(xiàn)得明顯，也可能隱藏在字里行間。在分析作者的語氣、態(tài)度時(shí)，考生只要能抓住作者的一些措辭，尤是表示感情色彩的一些形容詞或副詞，便能推斷出作者的態(tài)度是悲觀還是樂觀，是同情還是厭惡，是譏諷還是贊成，是肯定還是否定等。,5、詞匯和短語含義題,詞

65、匯題主要是測(cè)試考生對(duì)于一些超出大綱的生詞以及對(duì)一些熟悉詞語的新義的理解，此題型可根據(jù)閱讀理解中有關(guān)技巧進(jìn)行 。,三、簡(jiǎn)答題得高分基本原則,以上歸納了簡(jiǎn)答命題傾向及解題技巧，考生掌握了這些知識(shí)后，還要注意以下幾個(gè)方面才能得到高分。 1、答案盡量用短語或詞組，句子要簡(jiǎn)潔。 2、盡量用短文中出現(xiàn)的詞組或短語，句子的用詞也應(yīng)以短文中出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞為先。若非用自己的語言組織、表達(dá)不可，則注意句子結(jié)構(gòu)的精煉、完整和時(shí)態(tài)的正確。 3、注意大小寫正

66、確及書寫的工整。,四、短文分析,In Britain, the old Road Traffic Act restricted speeds to 2 m.p.h. (miles per hour) in towns and 4 m.p.h. in the country. Later Parliament increased the speed limit to 14 m.p.h. But by 1903 the developmen

67、t of the car industry had made it necessary to raise the limit to 20 m.p.h. By 1930, however, the law was so widely ignored that speeding restrictions were done away with altogether. For five years motorists were free to

68、 drive at whatever speeds they liked. Then in 1935 the Road Traffic Act imposed a 30 m.p.h. speed limit in built-up areas, along with the introduction of driving tests and pedestrian crossing.,四、短文分析,Speeding is now the

69、most common motoring offence in Britain. Offences for speeding fall into three classes: exceeding the limit on a restricted road, exceeding on any road the limit for the vehicle you are driving, and exceeding the 70 m.p.