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1、<p><b> ?。?0_ _屆)</b></p><p><b> 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b> 英語(yǔ)</b></p><p> 新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)中委婉語(yǔ)的社會(huì)交際功能</p><p> Social Communicative Function
2、s of Euphemism in English News</p><p><b> 摘要</b></p><p> 委婉語(yǔ)是人類使用語(yǔ)言過(guò)程中的一種普遍現(xiàn)象,是人們談?wù)撃切┝钊瞬豢旎驅(qū)擂蔚氖虑闀r(shí)所使用的較為禮貌的說(shuō)法。它不僅是一種社會(huì)語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象,更是一種文化現(xiàn)象。隨著社會(huì)的進(jìn)步,人類文明的發(fā)展,委婉語(yǔ)始終伴隨著整個(gè)社會(huì)的言語(yǔ)交際過(guò)程,表現(xiàn)出極強(qiáng)的言語(yǔ)交際功能。本
3、文通過(guò)對(duì)新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)中委婉語(yǔ)社會(huì)交際功能的淺析,旨在分析委婉語(yǔ)社會(huì)交際功能對(duì)于新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)的影響和作用,加深對(duì)委婉語(yǔ)的了解,以便更好的使用委婉語(yǔ),為日常生活帶來(lái)更多便利。</p><p> 關(guān)鍵詞:委婉語(yǔ);新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ);社會(huì)交際功能</p><p><b> Abstract</b></p><p> Euphemism is a common la
4、nguage phenomenon as well as a cultural phenomenon. It functions as the lubricator of communication to avoid something unpleasant or embarrassing. With the development of modern science and civilization, euphemisms, with
5、 its social functions, have become more and more important in our communication. This paper is mainly to discuss the relationship between euphemism and English news reports to make sense of the social communicative funct
6、ions of euphemism in journalistic En</p><p> Key words:euphemism; journalistic English; social communicative function</p><p><b> Contents</b></p><p> 1 Introduction1
7、</p><p> 1.1 Research Background1</p><p> 1.2 Significance of the Study2</p><p> 2 Introduction to Euphemism2</p><p> 2.1 Origin of Euphemism3</p><p&
8、gt; 2.2 Definition of Euphemism4</p><p> 3 Motivations and Importance of Euphemism in English News </p><p><b> 5</b></p><p> 3.1 English News and Euphemism5</p&
9、gt;<p> 3.2 Motivations of Euphemism in News Report6</p><p> 3.3 Importance of Euphemism in News Report 6</p><p> 4 Social Communicative Functions of Euphemism in News English 7<
10、;/p><p> 4.1 Pragmatic Functions of Euphemism7</p><p> 4.2 Social Communicative Functions of Euphemism in News English7</p><p> 4.2.1 Avoiding Something Unpleasant8</p>&l
11、t;p> 4.2.2 Showing Respect and Politeness8</p><p> 4.2.3 Beautifying the Language9</p><p> 5 Conclusion10</p><p> Bibliography11</p><p> Acknowledgements13
12、</p><p> . Introduction</p><p> Euphemism is a common phenomenon, which functions as the lubricator of communication. In our daily life, as well as in news media, people prefer to choose euphe
13、misms to avoid embarrassment or to ease the sting of harsh words. And with the development of modern science, technology and civilization, euphemism has become more and more important in news papers to express the ideas
14、better. This paper is mainly to discuss the relationship between euphemism and news English to make sense of the social </p><p> 1.1 Research Background</p><p> As we all know, euphemism is a
15、social phenomenon, and great interests have been sparked off in social and pragmatic linguists. A wide variety of academic papers and works have been published on this issue. Social linguistics features the politeness pr
16、inciple and communication with the emphasis on how to save the public self-image and achieve the cooperative effects through the discourse analysis; while the pragmatic linguistics highlights the application of metaphor
17、to communication as well as t</p><p> Euphemism, as one of the most common phenomena, has been examined and discussed by scholars such as Leech (1983), Enright (1985), Neaman (1990), R. W. Holder (1995) ect
18、. Those scholars have devoted their thoughts and energy to the study of this universal human language phenomenon. Since the year 1980, many books on the study of euphemism have been published. There are A Dictionary of E
19、uphemisms and Other Double-talk (Hugh Rawson, 1981), Fair of Speech: The Use of Euphemisms (D.J.Enright, 1985), </p><p> 1.2 Significance of the Study</p><p> In every society, there are cert
20、ain things that are supposed to be unspeakable. A fair number of words make someone embarrassed, unhappy, uncomfortable or fearful when used in our communications. If we express the meaning in the direct way, we will mak
21、e such impression of the meaning vulgar, and frivolous, and may even imply the impoliteness of the speaker. The same case also often happens in news writing and reporting. What’s more, we should consider various factors
22、when we report the news, suc</p><p> To Sum up, it is of great significant to study euphemism. There are three reasons: 1) to improve the pragmatic-cognitive study of euphemism; 2) to better understand the
23、 function of euphemism in reporting the news; 3) to give constructive advice on journalism English study. What’s more, with the development of modern science, technology and civilization, euphemism, which has become a sy
24、mbol of civilization, is quite necessary for us to study. </p><p> 2. Introduction to Euphemism</p><p> Language is used to avoid saying certain things or expressing them. Ambiguous things sel
25、dom occur in our daily conversations, not because they can not, but because people don’t talk about those things in public; if those things are talked about, they are talked in a very roundabout way. In the first case we
26、 have instances of linguistic taboo; while in the second we have the employment of euphemisms so as to avoid mentioning specific matters directly. Euphemism is a common linguistic phenomenon, </p><p> Liu c
27、hunbao (2001) stated in his English Euphemism Dictionary that the euphemism can be classified into two categories: traditional euphemisms and stylistic euphemisms. The former is related with the taboo language, such as t
28、he subjects concerning death, disease, funeral, sex, ect., which we traditionally call taboo. The latter is considered as the compliment accordingly, irrelevant to the taboo language. For example, the British and the Am
29、ericans use the exaggerative words or sentences to avoi</p><p> 2.1 Origin of Euphemism</p><p> Euphemism is an indispensable and natural part of English language and is also a common phenome
30、non in the world language. From the moment of its emergence, euphemism functions to avoid taboos, to show politeness and to conceal feelings. People use euphemism because they fear something, because they want to save fa
31、ce or because they strongly incline to avoid talking something. Usually, euphemisms are confined to rhetorical speech and are regarded as a literary technique for writers or speechers t</p><p> Euphemism fi
32、rst occurred in the field of religion, and the word “euphemism” was firstly created by British author George Blunt at the beginning of 1580s, characterized by circumlocutions and amplifications, or in other words, beatin
33、g around bush, running around in circles, and excessive verbia. This is courtly argot which was known as euphemism and was given its name by the author John Lyly who employed it in a satirical work called Euphues .(quote
34、d in John Lyly, 1578) </p><p> But originally the word “euphemism” comes from the ancient Greek word “euphemia”--- the head “eu” means “good” or “well”; the root “pheme” means “speech” or “saying”; and thus
35、 the combination has the literal meaning “to speak good words in a pleasant manner.” </p><p> 2.2 Definition of Euphemism</p><p> Euphemism is also called “sweet talk”, “gilded words”, “cosmet
36、ic words” or “comfortable words”. In the history of linguistic research, many people have defined euphemism. Although there are limitations over each researcher’s study, they still shed certain light to understand the na
37、ture of euphemism. </p><p> According to The Random House Websters College Dictionary, euphemism is the substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt.
38、 The Merrian-Webster’ s Collegiate Dictionary defines it “(an example of ) the use of a plaster, less direct name for something though to be unpleasant.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary defines it as
39、 an indirect word or phrase that people often use to refer to something embarrassing or unpleasant, so</p><p> In brief, as a rhetorical device, euphemism is the substitution of a mild or indirect word or p
40、hrase for a blunter or harsher one, with a purpose to smooth and facilitate human communication. There is no doubt that those definitions give us clear explanation for the pragmatic use of euphemism. Revealing the essenc
41、e of euphemism, in short, is to choose the words cautiously in the sensitive situation in order to achieve the admirable communication. No matter what definition euphemism is given, it </p><p> However, the
42、 researchers above do not mentioned the functions euphemism has in the journalistic English, nor the main role played in news reporting, such as TV, magazine, newspapers, ect. These functions of euphemism can not be igno
43、red and are worthy of being studied further. This paper is going to discuss the relationship between euphemism and journalism English to make sense of the social communicative functions of euphemism in news writing and r
44、eporting.</p><p> 3. Motivations and Importance of Euphemism in News English</p><p> 3.1 English News and Euphemism</p><p> English news has long been a focus among those working
45、 with language and communication as well as others working within the broader field of news studies. As the informative news media take up such various forms as newspaper, TV, radio, magazine, bulletin, computer network,
46、 cellular phone, and even the verbal communication, news language is heard or read not just by one or two but by mass audience. It attracts much more popularity than any other oral or written language carries. Hall has o
47、ffered</p><p> In the news media, some subjects should not be stated directly or clearly. And we should bring the various factors in the equation when we report the news, such as respecting the readers, avo
48、iding the conflicts and cross-culture differences and so on. Fred Fedler (1989) in his Reporting for the Print Media claims that newspaper reporters are expected to be neutral observers, not advocaters or participants. G
49、 . Mott (1958) stresses in his New Survey of Journalism that the journalistic ideal of f</p><p> 3.2 Motivations of Euphemism in News Report</p><p> The power of the word lies in its proper u
50、ses. Human beings use languages to maintain a certain social relationship, or exchang ideas. But they should not use the words arbitrarily. In various speech situations, some words, sounds and sentences are not allowed,
51、nor proper for use. That means when we use the language we must follow some rules or principles, and violation of them will lead to the breakdown in the communication. Such considerations frequently happen in the news wr
52、iting and reportin</p><p> Euphemism, being a part of language for human communication, is often used in English news report. From the definition of euphemism, we can learn that euphemism is the non-direct
53、expression or utterances for the things which bring the information organizer and interpreter pains such as reverence, fear, shame, discomfort, ect. So we can find a number of euphemisms used in English news. Journalists
54、 prefer the application of euphemism with the following motivations: 1. the wishes of instinctive sel</p><p> 3.3 Importance of Euphemism in News Report </p><p> News is a means of mass commun
55、ication. News media take various forms such as newspaper, TV, radio, magazine, computer network and so on. So, compared with other oral or written language media, it attracts much more popularity. And one of the major ba
56、rriers to effective communication is improper use of language. What’s more, besides information, language is an essential part of what news purveys to us, and the kind of language in which the news is told reflects and e
57、xpresses the values of the new</p><p> As we all know, the euphemism in journalism English mainly focus on the ‘Hard’ news on the sensitive topics. The news report can consciously or unconsciously bring two
58、 extreme results: on one end it will mislead the public that the politicians wants to achieve; on the other end it will or irritate the public to the extent that the diplomats go to great length to avoid. Therefore prope
59、r writing skills are essential but hard to handle. Euphemism in media is regarded as “cosmetic words” and to larg</p><p> 4.Social Communicative Functions of Euphemism in News English </p><p>
60、 4.1 Pragmatic Functions of Euphemism</p><p> Euphemism in journalistic English is used frequently. Learning the pragmatic functions of euphemism in reading English newspaper can help us to understand its c
61、ontents well. As we all know that pragmatics is the study of how information is communicated than said, which explores how listeners can make inferences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the s
62、peaker’s intended meaning. From what people explain it, we can redefine pragmatics as the study of meaning in relation t</p><p> 4.2 Social Communicative Functions of Euphemism in News English </p>&
63、lt;p> In human language communication, some words and phrases can not be used for a certain reason. They are regarded as being dangerous, holy, miraculous, and even vulgar. Therefore, they are restricted in use and c
64、an only be used on some particular occasions. But with the application of euphemism, people can express the same meaning but without using such words. In actual communication, as one of the effective communicative strate
65、gies, euphemisms can perform many functions such as to replace linguis</p><p> 4.2.1 Avoiding Something Unpleasant</p><p> The emergence of euphemism has a close relation with the language tab
66、oos. Taboos exist in almost all cultures. Their appearance more or less reflects the common psychology of human beings: the awe and veneration to the gods, ghosts and monsters; the avoidance of the unpropitious things. T
67、he replacement of taboos is the specific expression of avoidance function. “Death” is the most commonly seen word that people want to avoid. Most people think death is the biggest misfortune in their lives, and </p>
68、;<p> In the old days, because of the poor medical condition, some illness could not be cured. Once people caught those diseases, they were bound to die. So this is the topic people do not want to talk. They use
69、abbreviations of the diseases instead of talking about it directly. Therefore, the names of diseases are rarely occurred directly in the news writing and reporting. For instance, we use ADS for Acquired Immune Deficiency
70、 Syndrome and Capital Letter C for Cancer.</p><p> 4.2.2 Showing Respect and Politeness</p><p> With the development of social economy, people spontaneously pursue the language civilization to
71、 show they are civilized and cultivated. So in the English newspaper, when people have to refer to something unpleasant, they prefer to employ some mild, implicit and euphemistic expressions. In such cases, the practical
72、 of euphemism shows its politeness function. Here, the key point of politeness function is to respect others, or to express something politely, so as to keep people from being hurt and</p><p> Aging is a to
73、pic people may never want to talk, especially for women. So when we come to this topic in news reporting, people prefer to use euphemism to make people feel better. For example, “Old” is a very sensitive word to many peo
74、ple in English-speaking countries, because the word “old” gives people an impression that someone is useless to society. So usually, we use “senior citizens”, “second childhood”, “the longer living”, or “superior citizen
75、s” to refer to the people of old age. And we ca</p><p> Job is such a hot topic in our communications that it frequently occurs in the news writing and reporting. We use euphemisms to make some work dignifi
76、ed and high-sounding as if the use of euphemisms could elevate their position in society. When reading newspapers, we can often find such euphemisms used in newspapers to make some career sound more decent, especially t
77、hose humble jobs. Take “servant” for example. Usually “staff” is widely used in place of “servant” in English news because servant</p><p> 4.2.3 Beautifying the Language </p><p> The function
78、to beautify is performed by using those hyperbolic coinages to replace the terms with negative connotations of servility, low status, unpleasantness, or discomfort. And such function of euphemisms can often be seen in th
79、e news reporting. We use euphemisms in journalism English to beautify oneself, to beautify others or to beautify something unpleasant.</p><p> Many euphemisms emerged as a result of economical and political
80、 purposes. And diplomats are the sources of these euphemisms. They often attempt to minimize the tense situation in the world and make their real motivation or failure vague to people. For example, “a useful and business
81、-like meeting between two diplomats” implies a meeting that will come to nothing; “a serious and candid discussion” is a discussion in which many different opinions arise in fact. In 1976, Kissinger coined the word: “<
82、;/p><p> 5. Conclusion</p><p> To sum up, euphemism has close connection with English news. It affects our daily communication and makes our conversation go harmoniously. D.J.Enright(1985) once
83、said that without euphemisms the world would be grinded, uncoiled, and come to a halt, or universal animosity. Hugh Rawson(1981)also stated that euphemisms are embedded too deeply in our language that few of us, even tho
84、se who pride themselves on being plain-spoken, even get through a day without using them. Obviously, euphemism is qui</p><p> As for English language learners, it is quite necessary to gain a command of eup
85、hemisms in order to study English and do effective multi-cultural intercommunication. And with the development of civilization and globalization, euphemism will catch more and more importance in our social communication
86、and life..</p><p> Bibliography</p><p> Allen. K. and Burridge. K. Euphemism & Dysphemism: Language Used as Shield and Weapon [M]. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1991.</p><p&
87、gt; Deluxe Audio. Merrian-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary(Extended first Edition)[M]. Wwbster Merrian, 1996.</p><p> Enright. D. J. Fair of Speech: The Use of Euphemism [M]. Oxford : Oxford University Pres
88、s, 1985.</p><p> Fowler. H. W. A dictionary of Modern English Usage [M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.</p><p> Fred Fedler. Reporting for the Print Media[M]. San Diego: Harcourt Bra
89、ce Jovanovich, 1989.</p><p> G . Mott. New Survey of Journalism[M]. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1958.</p><p> Hardcover, Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary(Extended fourth
90、Edition)[M]. The Commercial Press, 2002.</p><p> Hugh Rawson. A Dictionary of Euphemisms and Other Doubletalk [M].New York: Crown, 1981.</p><p> Leech. G. Principles of Pragmatics [M]. London:
91、 Longman, 1983.</p><p> Margulis. Joel. B. An Awareness of language[M]. Cambridge: Winthrop Publishers, Inc., 1975.</p><p> Neaman. J. S. and Silver. C. G. Kind words: A Treasure of Euphemism[
92、M]. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1990.</p><p> Random House. The Random House Websters College Dictionary[M]. Random House Reference, 1999.</p><p> Ronald Wardhaugh. An Introduction to Socio
93、linguistic[M]. Blavkwell Publisher Ltd, 1986.</p><p> R. W. Holder. A Dictionary of Euphemisms[M].New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.</p><p> Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman. An Introd
94、uction to Language [M] San Diego: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1992.</p><p> 劉純豹.《英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)詞典》[M]. 商務(wù)印書館,2001</p><p> 劉念. 英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)及其語(yǔ)用學(xué)原則[D]. 武漢大學(xué),2006</p><p> 邵軍航. 委婉語(yǔ)研究[D]. 上海外國(guó)
95、語(yǔ)大學(xué),2008</p><p> 畢秀英. 英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)研究[D]. 鄭州大學(xué),2003</p><p> Acknowledgements</p><p> I cannot sufficiently thank my supervisor, Lecturer Gu Min, whose invaluable advice and painstaking i
96、nstructions of the earlier drafts have a major impact on the final shape of this thesis. My sincere thanks are due to all the teachers who have taught me during the BA course.</p><p> I am also grateful to
97、Jiaxing University that has provided me a chance of this study.</p><p> Finally, the completion of my BA program could not have been possible without the constant support, encouragements and enduring love f
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