從禮貌原則看體態(tài)語(yǔ)在交際中的應(yīng)用【畢業(yè)論文】

1、<p><b>　?。?0_ _屆）</b></p><p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>　　英語(yǔ)</b></p><p>　　從禮貌原則看體態(tài)語(yǔ)在交際中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　On Body Language in Communic

2、ation on the Basis Of Politeness Principle</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　禮貌作為重要的語(yǔ)用概念一直引起各國(guó)研究學(xué)者的興趣和關(guān)注，這一領(lǐng)域的研究成果有很多，其中尤以Brown和Levinson在1978年提出的面子和禮貌的理論框架和Leech的禮貌原則最具代表性和權(quán)威性。但是，目前存在的禮貌原則

3、和策略都是構(gòu)建于語(yǔ)言階層，而忽視了非言語(yǔ)交際在人際交流中的重要的禮貌功能。然而，言語(yǔ)行為和非言語(yǔ)行為是構(gòu)成交際行為的兩個(gè)組成部分，二者是互相依存，互相作用，不可分割。因此，對(duì)非言語(yǔ)行為的面子理論和禮貌原則進(jìn)行研究具有重要的價(jià)值和意義。本項(xiàng)研究正是基于這一想法。由于非言語(yǔ)交際涵蓋的內(nèi)容范圍廣泛，本文僅重點(diǎn)探討身勢(shì)語(yǔ)在日常生活中呈現(xiàn)的面子和禮貌作用。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：體態(tài)語(yǔ)；面子理論；禮貌原則</p

4、><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Politeness is a research area that has attracted a worldwide interest. Researchers from different cultures have got many achievements, among which Brown

5、and Levinson’s face and politeness framework and Leech’s Politeness Principle is widely accepted as authoritative. But all the existing theories and strategies of politeness, including Brown and Levinson’s and Leech’s, a

6、re constructed at the linguistic level, with no consideration of nonverbal behaviors. However, language and nonverbal behavior </p><p>　　Key words: body language; Face Theory; Politeness Principle</p>

7、<p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p>　　AbstractIII</p><p>　　1. Introduction1</p><p>　　2. Literature Review2</p><p>　　2.1 Politeness Principle2</p>

8、<p>　　2.2 Brown and Levinson’s Face Theory4</p><p>　　3. Analyzing three forms of body language in communication5</p><p>　　3.1 Space distance5</p><p>　　3.1.1. The Intimate Zo

9、ne6</p><p>　　3.1.2. The Personal Zone7</p><p>　　3.1.3. The Social Zone8</p><p>　　3.1.4. The Public Zone9</p><p>　　3.1.5. Summary10</p><p>　　3.2 Handsh

10、aking---- A case study10</p><p>　　3.3 Arms---- A case study11</p><p>　　4. Conclusion12</p><p>　　Bibliography13</p><p>　　Acknowledgements13</p><p>　　1.

11、 Introduction</p><p>　　Communication is important, but without it, human life would be non-existent. The author believes good communication is the key to a good relationship. If we communicate well with the

12、people in our lives, we are able to better understand what the people around us want, need, expect of us, and what they are able to do and likewise, they will understand what we want, need, etc. This includes not just th

13、e people we live with, but doctors, service providers of many kinds...the list is endless. We ha</p><p>　　Body language is a form of non-verbal communication, which consists of body posture,&#

14、160;gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements. Humans send and interpret such signals almost entirely subconsciously.</p><p>　　When we connect with a person, we also have to make it clear to

15、each other how the content of a spoken message needs to be interpreted. How we do this says something about the relationship we have with the other person, or think we have anyway. Often words are inadequate for this pur

16、pose. For instance we do not tell each other that easily how we feel about each other, or how the words of a message need to be interpreted. To make the meaning of our words clear we use body language. We use b

17、ody la</p><p>　　There are some cases among our life. Someone who has a soft or limp handshake — especially a man — is likely to be accused of having a weak character and the next chapter on handshake techniq

18、ues will explore the reason behind this. But if someone has arthritis in their hands it is likely that they will also use a soft handshake to avoid the pain of a strong one. Similarly, artists, musicians, surgeons and th

19、ose whose occupation are delicate and involve use of their hands generally prefer not to </p><p>　　This thesis, taking Politeness Principle and the Face Theory as a foundation, focuses on the body language’s

20、 application in communication.</p><p>　　2. Literature Review </p><p>　　2.1 Politeness Principle</p><p>　　H. P. Grice proposes that talking is purposive and rational behavior and thi

21、s is made possible through the Cooperative Principles: “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose of direction of the talk exchange in which you a

22、re engage” (1975). And, he argues that speakers pay attention to quantity, transmitting the proper amount of information, not more or less than required; quality, saying only what you believe to be true; </p><

23、p>　　(1) Tact Maxim: The tact maxim states: “Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other; maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other.” The first part of this maxim fits in with Bro

24、wn and Levinson’s negative politeness strategy of minimizing the imposition, and the second part reflects the positive politeness strategy of attending to the hearer’s interests, wants, and needs. For example:

25、 </p><p>　　Could I interrupt you for a second?</p><p>　　(2) Generosity Maxim: Leech’s Generosity maxim states: “Minimize the expression of beliefs that express or imply benefit to self; maximize

26、 the expression of beliefs that express or imply cost to self.” Unlike the tact maxim, the maxim of generosity focuses on the speaker, and says that others should be put first instead of the self. For example: </p>

27、<p>　　You relax and let me do the dishes.</p><p>　　You must come and have dinner with us.</p><p>　　(3) Approbation Maxim:  “Minimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise

28、 of other; maximize the expression of beliefs which express approval of other.” It is preferred to praise others and if this is impossible, to sidestep the issue, to give some sort of minimal response (possibly through t

29、he use of euphemisms), or to remain silent. The first part of the maxim avoids disagreement; the second part intends to make other people feel good by showing solidarity. For example: </p><p>　　I heard you

30、singing at the karaoke last night. It sounded like you </p><p>　　were enjoying yourself!</p><p>　　Gideon, I know you’re a genius - would you know how to </p><p>　　solve this math pr

31、oblem here?</p><p>　　(4) Modesty Maxim: “Minimize praise of speaker; maximize dispraise of spea- ker.” For example: </p><p>　　Oh, I’m so stupid - I didn’t make a note of our lecture! Did you?&l

32、t;/p><p>　　(5) Agreement Maxim: “Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other; maximize the expression of agreement between self and other.” It is in line with Brown and Levinson’s positi

33、ve politeness strategies of ‘seek agreement’ and ‘a(chǎn)void disagreement,’ to which they attach great importance. However, it is not being claimed that people totally avoid disagreement. It is simply observed that they

34、are much more direct in expressing agreement, rather than disagreement. For example: </p><p>　　A: I don’t want my daughter to do this, I want her to do that.</p><p>　　B: Yes, but ma’am, I though

35、t we resolved this already on your </p><p>　　last visit.</p><p>　　(6) Sympathy Maxim: “minimize antipathy between self and other; maximize sympathy between self and other.” This includes a small

36、 group of speech acts such as congratulation, commiseration, and expressing condolences - all of which is in accordance with Brown and Levinson’s positive politeness strategy of attending to the hearer’s interests,

37、wants, and needs. For example: </p><p>　　I am sorry to hear about your father.</p><p>　　They are considered to be a good complement to Grice’s Cooperative Principle and explain why people often

38、 choose to be indirect in conveying what they mean. In addition to this, Thomas makes the following comment about this politeness principle:</p><p>　　Like Grice’s maxims, Leech (1995)’s maxims are formulated

39、 as imperative; this, in my view, is unfortunate in both cases, but it does not mean that they are in any sense rules for good behavior. Rather, Leech claims, they are simply the statements of norms which speakers can be

40、 observed to follow.</p><p>　　Thomas also suggests ‘a(chǎn)n open-ended list’ of such maxims, for a major flaw in Leech’s approach to politeness is ‘there appears to be no motivated way of restricting the number o

41、f maxims’, and it might be possible to ‘produce a new maxim perceived regularity in language use’ (1995:167-168). The view explains every tiny trough by other linguists. </p><p>　　2.2 Brown and Levinson’s Fa

42、ce Theory</p><p>　　The Face Theory proposed by Brown and Levinson is the most influential theory on politeness. Brown and Levinson’s Face Theory contains three basic notions: face, face threatening acts (FTA

43、s) and politeness strategies. Face refers to fundamental cultural ideas about the “nature of the social persona, honor and virtue, shame and redemption”(Brown&Levinson,1987) and how these are expressed, protected ,an

44、d threatened in social interaction. Therefore, Brown and Levinson claimed that “face is somethin</p><p>　　According to most anthropologists, face can also be assumed to be norms or values subscribed to by me

45、mbers of a society. Brown and Levinson understand face as “treat the aspects of face as basic wants, which every member knows every other member desires, and which in general it is in the interests of every member to par

46、tially satisfy”(Brown&Levinson,1987). Brown and Levinson divide face into two categories: negative face and positive face. Negative face means the want of every’ competent adult m</p><p>　　Therefore, peo

47、ple need to employ politeness strategies to redress the FTA. Three factors need consideration when calculating the weightiness of the FTA: power status, social distance, and imposition. Brown and Levinson introduce five

48、super strategies for politeness in relation to FTAs: bald-on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness and off-record. Positive politeness addresses positive face concerns, often by showing prosaically concern for

49、 the other’s face. Negative politeness address</p><p>　　3. Analyzing three forms of body language in communication</p><p>　　On the basis of Brown and Levinson’s Face Theory and Politeness Princi

50、ple, this thesis discusses three (Space distance, Handshake, Arms,) functions of body language in communication.</p><p>　　3.1 Space distance</p><p>　　American anthropologist Edward Hall (1960) w

51、as one of the pioneers in the study of man’s spatial needs and in the early 1960s he coined the word ‘proxemics’, from ‘proximity’ or nearness. His research into this field led to new understanding about our relationship

52、s with each other.</p><p>　　Each human has his own personal Portable ‘a(chǎn)ir bubble’, which he carries around with him; its size is dependent on the density of the population in the place where he grew up. Pers

53、onal Space is therefore culturally determined. Where some cultures, such as the Japanese, are accustomed to crowding, others prefer the ‘wide open spaces’ and like you to keep your distance.</p><p>　　3-1 Spa

54、ce distance partition</p><p>　　3.1.1. The Intimate Zone </p><p>　　The Intimate Zone is between 6 and 18 inches (15cm-45cm). Of all the zone distances, this is by far the most important, as it is

55、 this zone that a person wards as if it were own property. Only those who are emotionally close to us permitted to enter. These include lovers, close friends, parents, spouse and so on.</p><p>　　Crowding in

56、trains or buses results in unavoidable intrusion into other people’s Intimate Zones. There is a list of unwritten rules that most cultures follow rigidly when faced with a crowded situation such as a packed lift, or on p

57、ublic transport. </p><p>　　3-2 People in the life</p><p>　　From the picture, some obvious body languages can be found:</p><p>　　Nobody speaks in this elevator;</p><p>　

58、　Man in black in the doorway watching the floor numbers;</p><p>　　There are no eye contacts with others in elevator;</p><p>　　Even if the elevator is crowded, people will not change the standing

59、 position;</p><p>　　Nobody has emotion in elevator.</p><p>　　Here are some common lift-riding expressions: </p><p>　　There will be no talking to anyone, even there includes a person

60、 you know;</p><p>　　Avoid eye contact at all times;</p><p>　　Maintain a ‘poker face’ - no emotion is permitted to be shown;</p><p>　　If someone has a book or newspaper, pretend to b

61、e deeply engrossed in it; </p><p>　　In bigger crowds, no body movement is allowed; </p><p>　　Most of the time, you must watch the floor numbers changing at all times.</p><p>　　Leech

62、’s Politeness Principle can be seen through the performance of the head, in order to reduce the possibility from others attention in a crowded occasions. It can be seen that we performance as these strategic face care to

63、 avoid conflicting with means from the Brown and Levinson’s Face Theory.</p><p>　　3.1.2. The Personal Zone </p><p>　　The Personal Zone is between 18 inches and 48 inches (46cm-1.22m). This is th

64、e distance that we stand from others at cocktail parties, office parties, social functions and friendly gatherings.</p><p>　　When a person claims a space or an area among strangers such as a seat at the cine

65、ma, he does it in a predictable way. At the cinema he will choose a seat that is halfway between the end of a row and where the nearest person is sitting. If you choose a seat more than halfway between the end of the row

66、 and the nearest other person, that other person may feel offended if you are too far away from him or he may feel intimidated if you sit too close. The main purpose of this spacing ritual is to mai</p><p>　

67、　3-3 People Sit seat by random</p><p>　　It can be clearly seen that the four ladies are good friends in the middle of the photo, Their spacing is in intimate space range（15—45cm）.The man sitting next to them

68、, it has 60cm from four ladies and the man. The four ladies would not talk so happy if the man violated the Sympathy Maxim of Politeness Principle. Pictures reflect the personal space, through the sitting place of people

69、.</p><p>　　The purpose of this ritual is to avoid offending the other people by being either too close or too far away from them.</p><p>　　3.1.3. The Social Zone</p><p>　　The Social

70、 Zone is between 4 and 12 feet (1.22m-3.6m). We stand at this distance from strangers, the plumber or carpenter doing repairs around our home, the postman, the local shopkeeper, the new employee at work and people whom w

71、e don’t know very well.</p><p>　　3-3 Two people taking in workplace</p><p>　　From the picture, we can see this is a workplace and the man in the left is smoking. They keep fixed distance of body

72、 to keep their communication. Because they are talking about some things in workplace, so they must abide by Agreement Maxim of Politeness Principle in body language. The conversation would not be so smoothly if the left

73、 man violated the Agreement Maxim of Politeness Principle.</p><p>　　Property a person owns or a space he regularly uses constitutes a private territory and, just as with his personal bubble, he’ll fight to d

74、efend it. Studies carried out by Desmond Morris into seating positions in libraries showed that leaving a book or personal object on a library desk reserved that place for an average of 77 minutes; leaving a jacket over

75、a chair reserved it for two hours. If the boss of the house asks a visitor to be seated and the person innocently sits in the wrong chair, th</p><p>　　3.1.4. The Public Zone </p><p>　　It is over

76、 12 feet (3.6m). Whenever we address a large group of people, this is the comfortable distance at which we choose to stand.</p><p>　　3-4 people at ground</p><p>　　From the picture, we can see th

77、at distance between strangers is very far.</p><p>　　In a public space, people from each other is far if you rushed to get close to a person, broke into his personal space, it is impolite behavior. In the pub

78、lic space, people do not easily close to each other because they want to be polite to each other.</p><p>　　3.1.5. Summary</p><p>　　Others will invite or reject you, depending on the respect that

79、 you have for their Personal Space. Many factors can affect the spatial distance a person takes in relation to others, so it’s wise to consider every criterion before making a judgment about why a person is keeping a cer

80、tain distance.</p><p>　　3.2 Handshaking---- A case study</p><p>　　Shaking hands is a relic of our ancient past. Whenever primitive tribes met under friendly conditions, they would hold their arm

81、s out with their palms exposed to show that no weapons were being held or concealed. In Roman times, the practice of carrying a concealed dagger in the sleeve was common so for protection the Romans developed the Lower-

82、Arm-Grasp as a common greeting.</p><p>　　The modern form of this ancient greeting ritual is the interlocking and shaking of the palms and was originally used in the nineteenth century to seal commercial tran

83、sactions between men of equal status. Courtesy greeting has become widespread only in the last hundred years or so and has always remained in the male domain until recent times. In most Western and European countries tod

84、ay it is performed both on initial courtesy greeting and on departure in all business contexts, and increasingly a</p><p>　　It was Adam’s first day on the job with his new Public Relations Company and he wan

85、ted to make a good impression on everyone. As he was introduced to colleague after colleague, he shook their hands enthusiastically and gave everyone a broad smile. Adam stood 6 foot 3 inches (1.9m) tall and was good loo

86、king, well dressed and certainly looked like a successful Public Relations man. He always gave a firm handshake; just the way his father had taught him when he was young. So firm in fact, that it d</p><p>　　

87、Apply the same pressure you receive. This means that if, on a firmness scale of 1-10, your handshake registers a 7 but the other person is only a 5, you’ll need to back off 20% in strength. If their grip is a 9 and yours

88、 is a 7, you’ll need to increase your grip by 20%. If you were meeting a group of ten people, you’d probably need to make several adjustments of angle and intensity to create a feeling of rapport with everyone and to sta

89、y on an equal footing with each person. Also keep in mind th</p><p>　　In this example, Adam does not know Brown and Levinson’s Face Theory. If Adam understands it, he would not shook their hands enthusiastic

90、ally and abide by the Positive face of Face Theory. Remember that the handshake evolved as a gesture to say hello or goodbye or to seal a Positive Face in Brown and Levinson’s Face Theory so it always needs to be warm, f

91、riendly and positive.</p><p>　　3.3 Arms---- A case study</p><p>　　As children, we hide behind solid objects such as tables, chairs, furniture and mother’s skirt, whenever we find ourselves in a

92、threatening situation. As we grow older, this hiding behavior become more sophisticate and by the age of about six, when it was unacceptable behavior to hide behind solid objects, we learn to fold our arms tightly across

93、 our chests whenever a threatening situation arose. During our teens, we learn to make the crossed-arms gesture less obvious by relaxing our arms fettle</p><p>　　As we grow older, the arm-crossing gesture ca

94、n evolve to the point where we try to make it even less obvious to others. By folding one or both arms across the chest, a barrier is formed that is an unconscious attempt to block out what we perceive threat or undesira

95、ble circumstances. The arms fold neatly across the heart and lungs regions to protect these vital organs from being injured, so it’s likely that arm-crossing is inborn. One thing’s certain: when a person has a nervous, n

96、egative or defe</p><p>　　Some people claim that they habitually cross their arms because it’s comfortable. Any gesture will feel comfortable when you have the corresponding attitude; that is, if you have a n

97、egative, defensive or nervous attitude, folded arms will feel comfortable. If you’re having fun with your friends, folded arms will feel wrong. Remember that with all body language, the meaning of the message is also in

98、the receiver, as well as the sender. You may feel ‘comfortable’ with your arms crossed and your ba</p><p>　　Crossed-Arms-on-Chest is universal and is decoded with the same defensive or negative meaning almos

99、t everywhere. It is commonly seen among strangers in public meetings, in queues or cafeteria lines, elevators or anywhere that people feel uncertain or insecure.</p><p>　　Status can influence arm-folding ges

100、tures. A superior type can make his superiority felt by not folding his arms, saying, in effect, I’m not afraid, so I’ll keep my body open and vulnerable.</p><p>　　In a company social function, the general m

101、anager is introduced to several new employees. He greeted them with a Palm-Down handshake; he stands back from them - a yard away (1 metre) with his hands by his side or with one or both hands in his pocket (non-involvem

102、ent). He rarely folds his arms across his chest so as not to show the slightest hint of nervousness. Conversely, after shaking hands with the boss, the new employees may take full or partial arm-crossing positions becaus