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1、<p><b> 畢業(yè)論文開(kāi)題報(bào)告</b></p><p><b> 英語(yǔ)</b></p><p> A Preliminary Study of Classroom Questions and Answers between Teachers and Students--------Examples based on Grice
2、’s Conversational Principles</p><p> 一、論文選題的背景、意義(所選課題的歷史背景、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì))</p><p><b> (一)背景及意義</b></p><p> 提問(wèn)在教學(xué)行為中有很重要的作用,古今中外的教育家都很重視它,宋代朱熹說(shuō):“讀書(shū)無(wú)疑者,須教有疑,有疑者無(wú)疑,至此方是長(zhǎng)進(jìn)
3、?!泵鞔惈I(xiàn)章說(shuō):“前輩謂學(xué)貴知疑,小疑則小進(jìn),大疑則大進(jìn)。疑者,覺(jué)悟之機(jī)也。一番覺(jué)悟,一番長(zhǎng)進(jìn)。”大科學(xué)家愛(ài)因斯坦也曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò):“提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題往往比解決一個(gè)問(wèn)題更重要?!贝笞骷野蜖栐艘舱f(shuō):“打開(kāi)一切科學(xué)的鑰匙都毫無(wú)疑義地是問(wèn)號(hào)?!闭f(shuō)道提問(wèn),人們不禁想起我國(guó)古代的圣人孔子。他的教學(xué)具有很高的境界,他常常用一些巧妙的提問(wèn)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)入“憤”“悱”的境界,他往往不是把結(jié)論直接告訴學(xué)生,而是用一些創(chuàng)造性的提問(wèn)去啟發(fā)學(xué)生思維,和學(xué)生一起得出結(jié)論。
4、教學(xué)實(shí)踐表明:提問(wèn)藝術(shù)是一個(gè)教師教學(xué)藝術(shù)的重要組成部分,提問(wèn)效果的好壞,往往成為一堂課成敗的關(guān)鍵;教師講課中不時(shí)出現(xiàn)的、發(fā)人深省的問(wèn)號(hào),往往被看成是智慧和創(chuàng)造的象征,它在教學(xué)之間、師生之間實(shí)現(xiàn)和諧溝通。(陳翰武 2006)那么在英語(yǔ)課堂中,怎樣的提問(wèn)才能更加有效地促進(jìn)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的習(xí)得?教師的課堂提問(wèn)是否應(yīng)該遵守一定的規(guī)則?怎樣才能更加有效地提問(wèn)題,這些就是本文所要主要闡述的問(wèn)題。</p><p><b&g
5、t; (二)研究現(xiàn)狀</b></p><p> 現(xiàn)在,已經(jīng)有很多學(xué)者對(duì)這一問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了一定的研究,魯子問(wèn),王篤勤在其著作《新編英語(yǔ)教學(xué)論》中,將問(wèn)題分為五類(lèi):1、形式參照問(wèn)題2、內(nèi)容參照問(wèn)題3、自由度參照問(wèn)題4、文本參照問(wèn)題5.難度參照問(wèn)題。作者認(rèn)為提問(wèn)在英語(yǔ)課堂活動(dòng)的進(jìn)行中,起到組織教學(xué)、閱讀教學(xué)和交互活動(dòng)的作用。汪縛天(1994)提到,在提問(wèn)語(yǔ)言的設(shè)計(jì)原則上,第一,選點(diǎn)要準(zhǔn);第二,富有啟發(fā)性;第
6、三,角度要小;第四,難度適當(dāng)。楊連瑞,肖建芳(2003)在其著作《英語(yǔ)教學(xué)藝術(shù)論》中指出英語(yǔ)課堂提問(wèn)的作用有以下五個(gè)方面:一、檢查已學(xué)過(guò)的知識(shí)。二、給學(xué)生提供參與機(jī)會(huì),提高表達(dá)能力。三、活躍課堂氣氛,增進(jìn)師生感情,促進(jìn)課堂教學(xué)的和諧發(fā)展。四、有利于充分發(fā)揮教師的主導(dǎo)作用和學(xué)生的主體作用。五、獲得反饋信息,及時(shí)改進(jìn)教學(xué),調(diào)整教學(xué)進(jìn)程,提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量。這些觀點(diǎn)都得到了大多數(shù)學(xué)者的認(rèn)可。</p><p><b>
7、; (三)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)</b></p><p> 在未來(lái)的研究方向中,多數(shù)學(xué)者傾向于以一定的科學(xué)原則為指導(dǎo),來(lái)提高課堂提問(wèn)的效率。彭友朋,田志軍(2009)提到,教師對(duì)學(xué)生或孩子的教育過(guò)程,首先是一種心理溝通的過(guò)程,這種過(guò)程本質(zhì)上是一種言語(yǔ)交際的過(guò)程。只要是言語(yǔ)交際就往往需要語(yǔ)用學(xué)理論的指導(dǎo)。因此,在對(duì)學(xué)生的教育過(guò)程中,對(duì)英語(yǔ)教師來(lái)來(lái)說(shuō),語(yǔ)用學(xué)理論的運(yùn)用是大有裨益的。在語(yǔ)用學(xué)中,合作原則是最重要的的理
8、論之一,它們對(duì)言語(yǔ)交際具有非常重要的指導(dǎo)作用。張恩秀,張麗紅根據(jù)格萊斯的會(huì)話(huà)原則指出教師在提問(wèn)過(guò)程中,應(yīng)遵守這幾個(gè)原則:1、教師提問(wèn)要根據(jù)適量原則。2、教師提問(wèn)質(zhì)量合格原則。3、教師提問(wèn)反饋禮貌原則。4、教師提問(wèn)要根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)原則。曾晨(2010)指出,對(duì)話(huà)作為一種認(rèn)識(shí)方式,它強(qiáng)調(diào)師生問(wèn)、學(xué)生間動(dòng)態(tài)的信息交流,通過(guò)信息交流實(shí)現(xiàn)師生互動(dòng),相互溝通,相互影響,相互補(bǔ)充,從而達(dá)到共識(shí)、共享、共進(jìn)。語(yǔ)言通過(guò)交流與對(duì)話(huà)完成。自信流利地用第二語(yǔ)言與人交
9、流、溝通是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的最終目的,對(duì)話(huà)是實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目的基本方式。對(duì)話(huà)通過(guò)問(wèn)題來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),教師與學(xué)生在平等的層面上進(jìn)行思想的碰撞與情智的交融。由于課堂的時(shí)間有限性,改變提問(wèn)形式,改變提問(wèn)的方式,問(wèn)題層次分明,教師充分利</p><p> 二、研究的基本內(nèi)容與擬解決的主要問(wèn)題 </p><p> 課堂教師話(huà)語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)研究的一個(gè)重要方面。它不僅是教師執(zhí)行教學(xué)計(jì)劃的工具,還是學(xué)生語(yǔ)言輸入的一個(gè)重要
10、來(lái)源,同時(shí)教師課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)也影響學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言輸出。而課堂的提問(wèn)在教師課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)中占了非常大的比例,它是師生進(jìn)行教學(xué)溝通的重要橋梁,是主要的教學(xué)策略之一,是課堂教學(xué)中教師和學(xué)生最常用也是最主要的互動(dòng)形式。提問(wèn)既為學(xué)生輸入語(yǔ)言提供了重要的來(lái)源,又為學(xué)生輸出語(yǔ)言提供機(jī)會(huì),促進(jìn)課堂教師與學(xué)生之間,甚至學(xué)生與學(xué)生之間的互動(dòng)與交流,好的問(wèn)題,可以使教學(xué)效果事半功倍。教師提出的問(wèn)題也會(huì)影響到學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性,學(xué)生的思維和學(xué)習(xí)的興趣方向。既然課堂提問(wèn)具有如此重
11、要的作用,本文就以格萊斯的對(duì)話(huà)原則為基礎(chǔ),來(lái)分析如何提高英語(yǔ)課堂提問(wèn)的效率。</p><p> 提問(wèn)的的定義是:由教師發(fā)出,以期引起學(xué)生的注意和反映的一系列新號(hào)和暗示的信息,同時(shí)給予反饋的過(guò)程(魯子問(wèn),王篤勤2006)。由此這個(gè)概念我們可以看出,英語(yǔ)課堂提問(wèn)是指在英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中,教師根據(jù)一定的教學(xué)目的和要求,針對(duì)有關(guān)的教學(xué)內(nèi)容,設(shè)置一系列問(wèn)題情境,要求學(xué)生思考問(wèn)題,以促進(jìn)學(xué)生積極思考,提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量(楊連瑞,肖建
12、芳2003).在提問(wèn)過(guò)程的進(jìn)行中,若能有一定的原則作為基礎(chǔ),那么提問(wèn)的效率將大大提高。格萊斯(Grice, 1957,1975)認(rèn)為,在所有的語(yǔ)言交集互動(dòng)中為了達(dá)到特定的交集目的,說(shuō)話(huà)人和聽(tīng)話(huà)人之間存在著一種默契,一種雙方都必須遵守的原則,這就是會(huì)話(huà)的合作原則(Cooperative Principal, CP)。他在會(huì)話(huà)合作原則指導(dǎo)下提出了數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、關(guān)系和方式四條準(zhǔn)則,各準(zhǔn)則分別包括幾項(xiàng)次準(zhǔn)則(sub-maxims)。</p&
13、gt;<p> 準(zhǔn)則1 數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of Quantity)</p><p> 1)使自己說(shuō)的話(huà)(達(dá)到交談的現(xiàn)實(shí)目的)所要求的程度。</p><p> 2)不能使自己所說(shuō)的話(huà)比所要求的更想盡。</p><p> 準(zhǔn)則2 質(zhì)量原則(Maxim of Quality)</p><p> 努力做到所說(shuō)的話(huà)的
14、真實(shí)可靠;具體說(shuō)來(lái):</p><p> 1)不要說(shuō)自己認(rèn)為不真實(shí)的話(huà);</p><p> 2)不要說(shuō)自己缺乏足夠證據(jù)的話(huà)。</p><p> 準(zhǔn)則3 關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of Relation)</p><p><b> 說(shuō)關(guān)聯(lián)性的話(huà)</b></p><p> 準(zhǔn)則4 方式準(zhǔn)則
15、(Maxim of Manner)</p><p> 說(shuō)話(huà)要明了,具體說(shuō)來(lái):</p><p><b> 避免晦澀</b></p><p><b> 避免歧義</b></p><p><b> 簡(jiǎn)練</b></p><p><b> 有
16、條理或者有序</b></p><p> ?。▌⑸?2007)</p><p> 三、研究的方法和技術(shù)路線(xiàn)</p><p> ?。ㄒ唬┧鸭Y料的方法</p><p> 1、訪(fǎng)問(wèn)Internet。在信息技術(shù)高速發(fā)展的今天,上網(wǎng)已成為尋找資料的理想途徑。相信在日新月異的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上,能找到不少有用的素材——精美的圖片、詳實(shí)的資料、各種
17、論文及書(shū)刊……一切盡在掌握之中。</p><p> 2、到圖書(shū)館翻閱資料。 “書(shū)到用時(shí)方恨少”,要進(jìn)行研究,光憑手上的資料是不夠的。充分利用學(xué)校的圖書(shū)館,隨時(shí)都可查閱資料。在走訪(fǎng)圖書(shū)館的過(guò)程中,兩類(lèi)書(shū)籍將成為重點(diǎn)關(guān)注對(duì)象:(1)中文書(shū)籍。中國(guó)的歷史上下五千年,對(duì)于課堂提問(wèn)的研究資料也是比比皆是的。教育家陶行知,胡適等人的精辟闡述,是我茅塞頓開(kāi)。(2)英文原版書(shū)籍。一看到英文的原版書(shū)戶(hù)籍中對(duì)于課堂提問(wèn)的種種闡述,
18、也使我眼前一亮,與此同時(shí),還順便提高了自己的閱讀能力。</p><p><b> ?。ǘ┭芯糠椒?lt;/b></p><p> 1、分類(lèi)法:分類(lèi)討論不僅是數(shù)學(xué)思想,把不同的信息分類(lèi),有便于研究工作的順利進(jìn)行。經(jīng)過(guò)分類(lèi),龍文化的時(shí)空差異可以清晰的突現(xiàn)出來(lái),更具說(shuō)服力。同時(shí)將中西方龍的內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行分類(lèi),有利于更全面更直觀地了解清楚。</p><p>
19、 2、提取法:紛繁復(fù)雜的原始資料,不經(jīng)提取,不免令人眼花繚亂。因此,需要將所得資料進(jìn)行整理和篩選,只有經(jīng)過(guò)擇優(yōu)錄取,才可提取到真正有用的信息。 </p><p> 3、對(duì)比法:從不同方面對(duì)中美兩國(guó)之間的課堂提問(wèn)進(jìn)行分析,了解其不同之處,和其原因等等。</p><p> 四、論文詳細(xì)工作進(jìn)度和安排</p><p><b> 五、主要參考文獻(xiàn)&
20、lt;/b></p><p> 楊連瑞 肖建芳. 英語(yǔ)教學(xué)藝術(shù)論[M], 廣西教育出版社,2003</p><p> 姜望琪. 當(dāng)代語(yǔ)用學(xué)[M], 北京大學(xué)出版社,2003</p><p> 汪縛天. 教師的語(yǔ)言修養(yǎng)及訓(xùn)練[M],高等教育出版社,1994</p><p> 盛德仁. 英語(yǔ)教與學(xué)新模式[M], 外語(yǔ)教育與研究出版社
21、,2003</p><p> 劉森林. 語(yǔ)用策略[M],社會(huì)科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)出版社,2007</p><p> 魯子問(wèn) 王篤勤. 新編英語(yǔ)教學(xué)論[M], 華東師范大學(xué)出版社,2006</p><p> Stephen C.Levinson [M], 外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2001</p><p> 李冉. 從合作原則角度分析小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)[J]
22、, 讀與寫(xiě)雜志,2008(5):12</p><p> 張恩秀 張麗紅.從會(huì)話(huà)分析大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師課堂提問(wèn)策略,邊疆經(jīng)濟(jì)與文化,[J]2008 (1)</p><p> 路欣. 高中優(yōu)秀英語(yǔ)教師課堂提問(wèn)研究, 中國(guó)海洋大學(xué),[D] 2008</p><p> 彭有明,田志軍. 合作原則在學(xué)生教育上的運(yùn)用,黃岡師范學(xué)院 [J] 2009</p><
23、;p> 李麗. 會(huì)話(huà)含義理論在高中英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用,沈陽(yáng)師范大學(xué) [D]2007</p><p> 曾晨. 從對(duì)話(huà)教學(xué)的角度探討初中英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)一體化---優(yōu)化英語(yǔ)課堂提問(wèn)的策略,上海師范大學(xué)[D]2010</p><p><b> 畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述</b></p><p><b> 英語(yǔ)</b><
24、/p><p> A Preliminary Study of Classroom Questions and Answers between Teachers and Students--------Examples based on Grice’s Conversational Principles</p><p> 前言部分(說(shuō)明寫(xiě)作的目的,介紹有關(guān)概念,扼要說(shuō)明有關(guān)主題爭(zhēng)論焦點(diǎn))&l
25、t;/p><p> 課堂教師話(huà)語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)研究的一個(gè)重要方面。它不僅是教師執(zhí)行教學(xué)計(jì)劃的工具,還是學(xué)生語(yǔ)言輸入的一個(gè)重要來(lái)源,同時(shí)教師課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)也影響學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言輸出。而課堂的提問(wèn)在教師課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)中占了非常大的比例,它是師生進(jìn)行教學(xué)溝通的重要橋梁,是主要的教學(xué)策略之一,是課堂教學(xué)中教師和學(xué)生最常用也是最主要的互動(dòng)形式。提問(wèn)既為學(xué)生輸入語(yǔ)言提供了重要的來(lái)源,又為學(xué)生輸出語(yǔ)言提供機(jī)會(huì),促進(jìn)課堂教師與學(xué)生之間,甚至學(xué)生與學(xué)
26、生之間的互動(dòng)與交流,好的問(wèn)題,可以使教學(xué)效果事半功倍。教師提出的問(wèn)題也會(huì)影響到學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性,學(xué)生的思維和學(xué)習(xí)的興趣方向。既然課堂提問(wèn)具有如此重要的作用,本文就以格萊斯的對(duì)話(huà)原則為基礎(chǔ),來(lái)分析如何提高英語(yǔ)課堂提問(wèn)的效率。</p><p> 提問(wèn)的的定義是:由教師發(fā)出,以期引起學(xué)生的注意和反映的一系列新號(hào)和暗示的信息,同時(shí)給予反饋的過(guò)程(魯子問(wèn),王篤勤2006)。由此這個(gè)概念我們可以看出,英語(yǔ)課堂提問(wèn)是指在英語(yǔ)
27、課堂教學(xué)中,教師根據(jù)一定的教學(xué)目的和要求,針對(duì)有關(guān)的教學(xué)內(nèi)容,設(shè)置一系列問(wèn)題情境,要求學(xué)生思考問(wèn)題,以促進(jìn)學(xué)生積極思考,提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量(楊連瑞,肖建芳2003).在提問(wèn)過(guò)程的進(jìn)行中,若能有一定的原則作為基礎(chǔ),那么提問(wèn)的效率將大大提高。格萊斯(Grice, 1957,1975)認(rèn)為,在所有的語(yǔ)言交集互動(dòng)中為了達(dá)到特定的交集目的,說(shuō)話(huà)人和聽(tīng)話(huà)人之間存在著一種默契,一種雙方都必須遵守的原則,這就是會(huì)話(huà)的合作原則(Cooperative Prin
28、cipal, CP)。他在會(huì)話(huà)合作原則指導(dǎo)下提出了數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、關(guān)系和方式四條準(zhǔn)則,各準(zhǔn)則分別包括幾項(xiàng)次準(zhǔn)則(sub-maxims)。</p><p> 準(zhǔn)則1 數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of Quantity)</p><p> 1)使自己說(shuō)的話(huà)(達(dá)到交談的現(xiàn)實(shí)目的)所要求的程度。</p><p> 2)不能使自己所說(shuō)的話(huà)比所要求的更想盡。</p>
29、<p> 準(zhǔn)則2 質(zhì)量原則(Maxim of Quality)</p><p> 努力做到所說(shuō)的話(huà)的真實(shí)可靠;具體說(shuō)來(lái):</p><p> 1)不要說(shuō)自己認(rèn)為不真實(shí)的話(huà);</p><p> 2)不要說(shuō)自己缺乏足夠證據(jù)的話(huà)。</p><p> 準(zhǔn)則3 關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of Relation)</p&g
30、t;<p><b> 說(shuō)關(guān)聯(lián)性的話(huà)</b></p><p> 準(zhǔn)則4 方式準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of Manner)</p><p> 說(shuō)話(huà)要明了,具體說(shuō)來(lái):</p><p><b> 避免晦澀</b></p><p><b> 避免歧義</b><
31、/p><p><b> 簡(jiǎn)練</b></p><p><b> 有條理或者有序</b></p><p> (劉森林 2007)</p><p> 二、主題部分(闡明有關(guān)主題的歷史背景、現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展方向,以及對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的評(píng)述)</p><p><b> ?。ㄒ唬┍尘?/p>
32、</b></p><p> 提問(wèn)在教學(xué)行為中有很重要的作用,古今中外的教育家都很重視它,宋代朱熹說(shuō):“讀書(shū)無(wú)疑者,須教有疑,有疑者無(wú)疑,至此方是長(zhǎng)進(jìn)?!泵鞔惈I(xiàn)章說(shuō):“前輩謂學(xué)貴知疑,小疑則小進(jìn),大疑則大進(jìn)。疑者,覺(jué)悟之機(jī)也。一番覺(jué)悟,一番長(zhǎng)進(jìn)?!贝罂茖W(xué)家愛(ài)因斯坦也曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò):“提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題旺旺比解決一個(gè)問(wèn)題更重要。”大作家巴爾扎克也說(shuō):“打開(kāi)一切科學(xué)的鑰匙都毫無(wú)疑義地是問(wèn)號(hào)?!闭f(shuō)道提問(wèn),人們不禁想起
33、我國(guó)古代的圣人孔子。他的教學(xué)具有很高的境界,他常常用一些巧妙的提問(wèn)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)入“憤”“悱”的境界,他往往不是把結(jié)論直接告訴學(xué)生,而是用一些創(chuàng)造性的提問(wèn)去啟發(fā)學(xué)生思維,和學(xué)生一起得出結(jié)論。教學(xué)實(shí)踐表明:提問(wèn)藝術(shù)是一個(gè)教師教學(xué)藝術(shù)的重要組成部分,提問(wèn)效果的好壞,往往成為一堂課成敗的關(guān)鍵;教師講課中不時(shí)出現(xiàn)的、發(fā)人深省的問(wèn)號(hào),往往被看成是智慧和創(chuàng)造的象征,它在教學(xué)之間、師生之間實(shí)現(xiàn)和諧溝通。(陳翰武 2006)那么在英語(yǔ)課堂中,怎樣的提問(wèn)才能
34、更加有效地促進(jìn)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的習(xí)得?教師的課堂提問(wèn)是否應(yīng)該遵守一定的規(guī)則?怎樣才能更加有效地提問(wèn)題,這些就是本文所要主要闡述的問(wèn)題。</p><p> ?。ǘ┭芯楷F(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展方向</p><p> 1.學(xué)者對(duì)課堂提問(wèn)的研究</p><p> 現(xiàn)在,已經(jīng)有很多學(xué)者對(duì)這一問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了一定的研究,魯子問(wèn),王篤勤在其著作《新編英語(yǔ)教學(xué)論》中,將問(wèn)題分為五類(lèi):1、形式參照問(wèn)題
35、2、內(nèi)容參照問(wèn)題3、自由度參照問(wèn)題4、文本參照問(wèn)題5.難度參照問(wèn)題。作者認(rèn)為提問(wèn)在英語(yǔ)課堂活動(dòng)的進(jìn)行中,起到組織教學(xué)、閱讀教學(xué)和交互活動(dòng)的作用。汪縛天(1994)提到,在提問(wèn)語(yǔ)言的設(shè)計(jì)原則上,第一,選點(diǎn)要準(zhǔn);第二,富有啟發(fā)性;第三,角度要小;第四,難度適當(dāng)。楊連瑞,肖建芳(2003)在其著作《英語(yǔ)教學(xué)藝術(shù)論》中指出英語(yǔ)課堂提問(wèn)的作用有以下五個(gè)方面:一、檢查已學(xué)過(guò)的知識(shí)。二、給學(xué)生提供參與機(jī)會(huì),提高表達(dá)能力。三、活躍課堂氣氛,增進(jìn)師生感情
36、,促進(jìn)課堂教學(xué)的和諧發(fā)展。四、有利于充分發(fā)揮教師的主導(dǎo)作用和學(xué)生的主體作用。五、獲得反饋信息,及時(shí)改進(jìn)教學(xué),調(diào)整教學(xué)進(jìn)程,提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量。這些觀點(diǎn)都得到了大多數(shù)學(xué)者的認(rèn)可。</p><p><b> 2.發(fā)展方向</b></p><p> 在未來(lái)的研究方向中,多數(shù)學(xué)者傾向于以一定的科學(xué)原則為指導(dǎo),來(lái)提高課堂提問(wèn)的效率。彭友朋,田志軍(2009)提到,教師對(duì)學(xué)生或孩子
37、的教育過(guò)程,首先是一種心理溝通的過(guò)程,這種過(guò)程本質(zhì)上是一種言語(yǔ)交際的過(guò)程。只要是言語(yǔ)交際就往往需要語(yǔ)用學(xué)理論的指導(dǎo)。因此,在對(duì)學(xué)生的教育過(guò)程中,對(duì)英語(yǔ)教師來(lái)來(lái)說(shuō),語(yǔ)用學(xué)理論的運(yùn)用是大有裨益的。在語(yǔ)用學(xué)中,合作原則是最重要的的理論之一,它們對(duì)言語(yǔ)交際具有非常重要的指導(dǎo)作用。張恩秀,張麗紅根據(jù)格萊斯的會(huì)話(huà)原則指出教師在提問(wèn)過(guò)程中,應(yīng)遵守這幾個(gè)原則:1、教師提問(wèn)要根據(jù)適量原則。2、教師提問(wèn)質(zhì)量合格原則。3、教師提問(wèn)反饋禮貌原則。4、教師提問(wèn)要
38、根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)原則。曾晨(2010)指出,對(duì)話(huà)作為一種認(rèn)識(shí)方式,它強(qiáng)調(diào)師生問(wèn)、學(xué)生間動(dòng)態(tài)的信息交流,通過(guò)信息交流實(shí)現(xiàn)師生互動(dòng),相互溝通,相互影響,相互補(bǔ)充,從而達(dá)到共識(shí)、共享、共進(jìn)。語(yǔ)言通過(guò)交流與對(duì)話(huà)完成。自信流利地用第二語(yǔ)言與人交流、溝通是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的最終目的,對(duì)話(huà)是實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目的基本方式。對(duì)話(huà)通過(guò)問(wèn)題來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),教師與學(xué)生在平等的層面上進(jìn)行思想的碰撞與情智的交融。由于課堂的時(shí)間有限性,改變提問(wèn)形式,改變提問(wèn)的方式,問(wèn)題層次分明,教師充分利<
39、/p><p><b> 3.評(píng)述</b></p><p> 綜上所述,在課英語(yǔ)課堂提問(wèn)的理解和分析上,雖然學(xué)者的認(rèn)識(shí)各有差異,但是其根本目的都是促進(jìn)學(xué)生能夠更好地掌握知識(shí),更加有效率地學(xué)期。在不同教育理念的借鑒上,才能更好地提高英語(yǔ)課堂的教育效率,讓學(xué)生更快更好地習(xí)得第二語(yǔ)言。</p><p> 三、總結(jié)部分(將全文主題進(jìn)行扼要總結(jié),提出自
40、己的見(jiàn)解并對(duì)進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展方向做出預(yù)測(cè))</p><p> 英語(yǔ)教學(xué)過(guò)程是師生雙邊活動(dòng)的過(guò)程,要求師生在課堂上互相配合,共同完成語(yǔ)言交際活動(dòng)和教學(xué)過(guò)程,英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)要以提高和促進(jìn)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言交際運(yùn)用能力為最終目標(biāo),而英語(yǔ)課堂中的對(duì)話(huà)教學(xué)是實(shí)現(xiàn)這一最終目標(biāo)的有效途徑。英語(yǔ)對(duì)話(huà)教學(xué)的核心是提問(wèn),促進(jìn)師生學(xué)會(huì)用第二語(yǔ)言思考與交流信息的最佳方式,合理提問(wèn)則是教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生積極思考、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生認(rèn)知能力、分析能力和創(chuàng)新能力的重要手
41、段。本文將試圖從當(dāng)前英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀入手,發(fā)現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)提問(wèn)過(guò)程中存在的問(wèn)題,探討初中英語(yǔ)課堂對(duì)話(huà)教學(xué)模式。</p><p> 四、參考文獻(xiàn)(根據(jù)文中參閱和引用的先后次序按序編排)</p><p> 楊連瑞 肖建芳. 英語(yǔ)教學(xué)藝術(shù)論[M], 廣西教育出版社,2003</p><p> 姜望琪. 當(dāng)代語(yǔ)用學(xué)[M], 北京大學(xué)出版社,2003</p>
42、<p> 汪縛天. 教師的語(yǔ)言修養(yǎng)及訓(xùn)練[M],高等教育出版社,1994</p><p> 盛德仁. 英語(yǔ)教與學(xué)新模式[M], 外語(yǔ)教育與研究出版社,2003</p><p> 劉森林. 語(yǔ)用策略[M],社會(huì)科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)出版社,2007</p><p> 魯子問(wèn) 王篤勤. 新編英語(yǔ)教學(xué)論[M], 華東師范大學(xué)出版社,2006</p>
43、<p> Stephen C.Levinson [M], 外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2001</p><p> 李冉. 從合作原則角度分析小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)[J], 讀與寫(xiě)雜志,2008(5):12</p><p> 張恩秀 張麗紅.從會(huì)話(huà)分析大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師課堂提問(wèn)策略,邊疆經(jīng)濟(jì)與文化,[J]2008 (1)</p><p> 路欣. 高中優(yōu)秀英語(yǔ)教師課堂提問(wèn)
44、研究, 中國(guó)海洋大學(xué),[D] 2008</p><p> 彭有明,田志軍. 合作原則在學(xué)生教育上的運(yùn)用,黃岡師范學(xué)院 [J] 2009</p><p> 李麗. 會(huì)話(huà)含義理論在高中英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用,沈陽(yáng)師范大學(xué) [D]2007</p><p> 曾晨. 從對(duì)話(huà)教學(xué)的角度探討初中英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)一體化---優(yōu)化英語(yǔ)課堂提問(wèn)的策略,上海師范大學(xué)[D]2010<
45、;/p><p><b> ?。?0_ _屆)</b></p><p><b> 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b> 英語(yǔ)</b></p><p> A Preliminary Study of Classroom Questions and Answers bet
46、ween Teachers and Students</p><p><b> 摘 要</b></p><p> 中學(xué)英語(yǔ)課程改革得到了全社會(huì)的關(guān)注,因此,如何采取有效的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)方法,如何使學(xué)生輕松學(xué)好英語(yǔ)并為未來(lái)打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)已成為廣大英語(yǔ)教育工作者共同的話(huà)題。所以,在語(yǔ)言教學(xué)中的課堂互動(dòng)研究已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)熱門(mén)的領(lǐng)域,吸引了眾多專(zhuān)家的注意。</p>
47、<p> 本文試從格萊斯的合作原則( 1)數(shù)量原則 2)質(zhì)量原則 3)相關(guān)原則 4)方式原則)出發(fā),來(lái)分析其理論在教師教學(xué)過(guò)程中問(wèn)答環(huán)節(jié)的應(yīng)用。</p><p> 關(guān)鍵詞:英語(yǔ)教學(xué),合作原則,問(wèn)答,應(yīng)用</p><p><b> Abstract</b></p><p> The English curriculum re
48、form in middle school gets the focus attention from the society. Therefore, how to take effective English teaching methods, how to make students easily learn English well and lay a solid foundation for the future has bec
49、ome the general English education workers common topic. For this reason, the research on Language classroom interaction has become a popular field which catches many experts’ eyes. </p><p> This paper tries
50、 to analyze the application of Grice’s Cooperative Principles in teachers’ questioning and answering of English teaching. class. 1) the Maxim of Quantity 2) the Maxim of Quality 3)the Maxim of Relevance 4) the Maxi
51、m of manner.</p><p> Key words: English teaching;cooperative principle;asking and answering;application.</p><p> 1. Introduction</p><p> In this introduction chapter, I’ll first
52、present a brief literature review regarding the background of the research work and then declare the thesis statement with the research questions to be addressed in the present study. </p><p> 1.1 Backgrou
53、nd Information</p><p> In today's world, with the rapid development of economy, the national citizens’ foreign language level has become one part of the national comprehensive strength. With the further
54、 development of China's reform and opening in China, the importance of foreign language education to the social economic development is increasing. Therefore, the junior and senior high school has paid more attention
55、 to the English education. By this reason, the English curriculum reform in middle school gets the focus </p><p> For this reason, the research on Language classroom interaction has become a popular field w
56、hich catches many experts’ eyes since 1980s. The existing researches concerning on the classroom interaction model, classroom meaning consultation, questioning methods, and feedback of error correction also found that th
57、e talking between the teachers and the students in the classroom has a direct or indirect relationship on the students’ language acquisition. Therefore, the study on the classroom question</p><p> In our co
58、untry, the communicative language teaching brings new life to the foreign language teaching and it makes the classroom speech interaction modal have a change in some degrees. While classroom questioning and answer is a m
59、ain form in communicative language teaching; it is also the teaching means often used by the teachers in communicative language teaching; it is the main way to reach the teaching goals; it is the key to the development o
60、f students; it is the core of effective teaching. T</p><p> In order to make communication successful, Grice (Stephen C.Levinson 2001) put forward the Cooperative Principles as followings: 1) the Maxim of Q
61、uantity 2) the Maxim of Quality 3)the Maxim of Relevance 4) the Maxim of manner. In communicative process, Abiding by these principles means abiding by cooperative principles. In no special circumstances, abiding b
62、y these standards is helpful for successful communication because these principles contain the trust and respect to the speaker which </p><p> 1.2 Purpose of the Writing </p><p> The talk betw
63、een the students and teachers is of great importance in foreign language teaching research.It is not only used as a tool of teaching,but also functions as the important source of the students’ language input.It influence
64、s the students’ English acquisition in the aspects of quality and quantity. We all know that questioning takes a large proportion in teachers talk and is one of the most frequently employed teaching strategies. Also teac
65、her questioning is a frequently employed form o</p><p> This paper attempts to present a preliminary study of the questioning and answering characteristics of English teaching class based on the and complem
66、ent the findings of previous studies in the field of teacher questioning,hoping that these features reflected from their classroom questioning will profit middle school English teaching by improving the questioning skill
67、s and classroom English teaching of high school.With the purpose,the research questions to be addressed in the study are the follo</p><p> 1. Question and answer examples based on Maxim of Quality</p>
68、<p> 2. Question and answer examples based on Maxim of Manner</p><p> 3. Some examples on the violating of the Conversational principles.</p><p> 4. The research results and discussion
69、s </p><p> 5. The significance of the principles application and the limitations of the present study.</p><p> 6. The suggestions for follow-up research.</p><p> 2. Conversationa
70、l Principles (CP) and Application</p><p> Grice’s Conversational Principles is an important theory in linguistics. It also plays a guiding role in English class teaching. The fowling chapter will have a int
71、roduction of Grice’s CP theory and its application in English teaching class. </p><p> 2.1 Grice and his CP theory</p><p> In 1 957, Herbert Paul Grice, an American philosopher proposed the id
72、ea of conversational meaning,which can be divided into natural meaning and non-natural meaning(meaning-nn).Natural meaning refers to the meaning of the utterance that can be generally gained by the conversational partici
73、pants. While the meaning—nn refers to the intended meaning conveyed by the speaker and must be inferred by the receiver in particular contexts.On the basis of it,Grice proposed the key ideas of conversational im</p>
74、;<p> 2.1 .1 Grice’s Theory of Conversational Implicature</p><p> Grice’s theory of meaning-nn is constructed as a theory of communication.It has such an interesting consequence that it gives an acc
75、ount of how communication might be achieved in the absence of any conventional means for expressing the intended message.A corollary is that it provides an account of how more can be communicated,in his rather strict sen
76、se of non-naturally meant.than what is actually said.Obviously, people can, given an utterance, often derive a number of inferences from it;but not </p><p> The word ‘impicature’ is derived from the verb ‘t
77、o imply’,as is its cognate</p><p> ‘implication’.Originally, ‘to imply’ means ‘to fold something into something else’</p><p> (from the Latin verb plicare ‘to fold’);hence,that which is implie
78、d is ‘folded in’,and</p><p> has to be ‘unfolded’ in order to be understood.Conversational implicature is,</p><p> therefore,something that is implied in conversation,that is,something that is
79、 left</p><p> implicit in actual language use.The reason that pragmatics is interested in this phenomenon is that we seem to be dealing here with a regularity that cannot be</p><p> captured i
80、n a simple syntactic or semantic ‘rule’,but has to be accounted for in other</p><p><b> ways.</b></p><p> In everyday talk,people often convey propositions that are not explicit in
81、 their utterances but are merely implied by them.Sometimes people are able to draw such inferences only by referring what has been explicitly said to some conversational principle,In certain of these cases,people are dea
82、ling with ‘ conversational</p><p> implicature ’ (Bilmes,1 986:27). ·</p><p> Such kind of examples are quite easily found in everyday conversations:</p><p> W:Where is the
83、fish?</p><p> M:The cat has just been here.</p><p> The woman wants to ask the man if he has seen the fish and the man’s answer</p><p> seems to have no relation to the question
84、,but the woman can guess that the cat has</p><p> caught and perhaps eaten the fish.As Leech remarks,“interpreting an utterance is</p><p> ultimately a matter of guesswork,or(to use a more dig
85、nified term)hypothesis formation.” (Leech,1983:30-3 1) . So we can know the way the conversational</p><p> implieature comes about is to interpret what they say by guessing.</p><p> 2.1.2 Gric
86、e’s Co-operative Principle</p><p> The principles that govern the interpretation of utterances are diverse and complex so much that we may wonder how language succeeds at communication as</p><p&g
87、t; well as it does.Despite occasional misinterpretations,people in most situations</p><p> manage to understand utterances as they were intended.The reason is that,without</p><p> cause to ex
88、pect otherwise,communicators normally trust that their interlocutors will</p><p> not deliberately mislead them,lie to them or insult them.There is an unspoken pact</p><p> that people will co
89、operate in communicating with each other.The explanation for the</p><p> pact is simple: unless speakers cooperate in the endeavor to communicate reliably and</p><p> efficiently, the communic
90、ative process will break down—to the detriment of everyone.</p><p> H.Paul Grice,a philosopher, proposes that conversations age governed by what</p><p> he calls the Cooperative Principle,name
91、ly the participants in a conversation</p><p> cooperate with each other.It is as follows:“Make your conversational contribution</p><p> such as is required,at the stage at which it occurs,by t
92、he accepted purpose or</p><p> direction of the talk exchanges in which you are engaged.” (Grice,1975:47) In other</p><p> words,the participants should be cooperative,and then their utterance
93、s can be relevant to each other. Only in this way,can the participants infer what he other one</p><p> really means in their conversation.So it is this cooperation,i.e.cooperative principle(CP)that makes co
94、nversations meaningful.</p><p> This pact of cooperation touches on four areas of communication.Each can be</p><p> described in a maxim,or general principle.This cooperative principle,thus,co
95、nsists of four conversational maxims:</p><p> The Maxim of Quantity—a participant’s contribution should be as informative as is required;</p><p> The Maxim of Quality—a participant should not
96、say that which is false or that which the participant lacks evidence for;</p><p> The Maxim of Relevance—a participant’s contribution should be relevant;</p><p> The Maxim of Manner—a partici
97、pant’s contribution should be direct,not</p><p> obscure,ambiguous or wordy.</p><p> The cooperative principle means making your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occu
98、rs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. These maxims state explicitly what participants have to do in a cooperative way:</p><p> They should speak sincerely,
99、sufficiently, relevantly and clearly, while presenting an</p><p> appropriate amount of information.The following passage emphasizes on the Maxim of Quality and Manner based on the examples.</p><
100、p> 2.2. Maxim of Quality and the Maxim of Manner</p><p> 2.2.1 Examples about Maxim of Quality </p><p> The maxim of Quality means trying to make your contribution one that is true, specia
101、lly:</p><p> (i) Do not say what you believe to be false</p><p> (ii) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence </p><p> For the teachers, the maxim of quality means
102、that the teachers should teach the true knowledge but not false knowledge. This is the basic requirement to the maxim of quality. Moreover, to obey this maxim, when asking the students questions, the form and the content
103、 should be appropriate. So it can fully give scope to the teachers’ inspiration function and promote students’ active participation in the classroom. To obey this maxim correctly, the teacher should grasps the two points
104、:</p><p> Firstly, the questions form should diverse, reflecting the students’ cognitive levels. The questions form should take many forms, such as general questions, special questions and so on. A single
105、classroom questioning will make students feeling bored. For example, if the teacher always uses the general question in asking, the students always answer yes or no. It can’t provide the student a good opportunity to pra
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