存貨信息管理【外文翻譯】

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Inventory Information Management</p><p>　　Material Source: Supply Chain Design: Quickly Build Supply Chain

2、 Models Optimize & Simulate Risk Scenarios Author：Henry</p><p>　　1. Function of Warehouse </p><p>　　1.1 Warehouse functionality</p><p>　　Benefits realiz

3、ed from strategic warehousing are classified on the basis of economics and service. From a conceptual perspective, no warehouse should be included in a logistical system unless it is fully justified on a cost-benefit bas

4、is. While there is some overlap, the major warehouse benefits are reviewed individually.</p><p>　　1.2 Economic Benefits </p><p>　　Economic Benefits of warehousing result when overall logistical

5、cost are directly reduced by utilizing one or more facilities .It is not difficult to quantify the return on investment of an economic benefit because it is reflected in a direct cost-to-cost tradeoff. For example, if

6、adding a warehouse to a logistical system will reduce overall transportation cost by an amount greater than the fixed and variable cost of the warehouse, then total cost will be reduced. Whenever total-cost reduction<

7、/p><p>　　1.3 Consolidation </p><p>　　Shipment consolidation is an economic benefit of warehousing. With this arrangement , the consolidating warehouse receives and consolidates materials from a num

8、ber of manufacturing plants destined to a specific customer on a single transportation shipment .The benefits are the realization of the lowest possible transportation rate and reduced congestion at a customer’s receivin

9、g dock. The warehouse allows both the inbound movement from the manufacturer to the warehouse and the outbound movement </p><p>　　In order to provide effective consolidation, each manufacturing plant must us

10、e the warehouse as a forward stock location or as a sorting and assembly facility. The primary benefit of consolidation is that it combines the logistical flow of several small shipments to a specific market area. Consol

11、idation warehousing may be used by a single firm, or a number of firms may join together and use a for-hire consolidation service. Through the use of such a program, each individual manufacturer or shipp</p><p

12、>　　1.4 Break bulk and cross dock </p><p>　　Break bulk and cross-dock warehouse operations are similar to a consolidation except that no storage is performed .A break bulk operation receives combined custo

13、mer orders from manufacturers and ships them to individual customers. The break bulk warehouse or terminal sorts or splits individual orders and arranges for local delivery. Because the long-distance transportation movem

14、ent is a large shipment, transport costs are lower and there is less difficult in tracking.</p><p>　　A cross-dock facility is similar to a break bulk facility except that it involves multiple manufacturers .

15、Retail chains make extensive uses of cross-dock operations to replenish fast-moving store inventories. For example, a retail cross-dock application .In this case, full trailer loads of product arrives from multiple manuf

16、acturers .As the product is received .it is either sorted by customer if it is labeled or allocated to customers if it has not been labeled. Product is then literally moved “</p><p>　　1.5 Processing/Postpone

17、ment </p><p>　　Warehouse can also be used to postpone, or delay, production by performing processing and light manufacturing activities .A warehouse with packaging or labeling capability allows postponement

18、of final production until actual demand is know. For example, vegetable can be processed and canned in “Brights” at the manufacturer. Brights are cans with no preattached labels. The use of Brights for a private label pr

19、oduct means that the item does not have to be committed to a specific customer or packag</p><p>　　Processing and postponement provide two economic benefits. First, risk is minimized because final packaging i

20、s not completed until an order for a specific label and package has been received. Second, the required level of total inventory can be reduced by using the basic product (Brights) for a variety of labeling and packaging

21、 configurations .The combination of lower risk and inventory level often reduces total system cost even if the cost of packaging at the warehouse is more expensive than it</p><p>　　1.6 Stockpiling </p>

22、<p>　　The direct economic benefit of this warehousing service is secondary to the fact that seasonal storage is essential to select businesses .For example , lawn furniture and toys are produced year-round and pri

23、marily sold during a very short marketing period .In contrast ,agricultural products are harvested at specific times with subsequent consumption occurring throughout the year .Both situations require warehouse stockpilin

24、g to support marketing efforts .Stockpiling provides an inventory buffer,</p><p>　　1.7 Service Benefits </p><p>　　Service benefits gained through warehouses in a logistical system may or may not

25、 reduce costs. When a warehouse is primary justified on the basis of service, the supporting rationale is an improvement in the time and place capability of the overall logistical system .It is often difficult to quantif

26、y the return on investment of such a rationale because it involves cost-to-service tradeoffs .For example, placing a warehouse in a logistical system to service a specific market segment may increase </p><p>

27、;　　2. Stock management</p><p>　　All institutions, large or small, use components to build products of supplies to perform their work. They need to be able to track the quantities of the items that they have.

28、 In a manufacturing plant these items are components and products; in a library they are books, tapes, or records; in a clothing store they are clothes and accessories, etc .These institutions also need to be able to fin

29、d these items when needed.</p><p>　　In a company, item can be materials used for manufacturing or finished products .There is the possibility of losses of destruction of this stock. The institution must be a

30、ble to keep track of the actual number of items in stock. Other functional units may change the stock quantities; i.e., any transfer or use of items anywhere should update the corresponding inventory quantities.</p>

31、;<p>　　Stock and Component /Product are related by a composition association. The quantities, described by the Inventory class, are a joint property of Stock and Component/Product that has different values for dif

32、ferent links. This model permits a designer to define different types of stock as separate collections; e.g., stock of components, stock of products. Different types of inventories can be generalized into a class Invento

33、ry.</p><p>　　Item are classified into two varieties: finished products and components, but other varieties are possible. The Product class has attribute ‘model’ as a unique identifier and other attributes th

34、at describe what a customer may select, such as color , etc.. The component class has sternum as unique identifier and other attributes such as description, type, etc. Product and Component usually are in a many-to-many

35、aggregation relationship (one model of a product uses several component types and one </p><p>　　The reason the Item class is decomposed into subclasses Product and Component is that there exists many differe

36、nces in the management of these two entities; for example , a product is made of several components and the inventory needs to keep track of the dynamic changes of component quantities in the manufacturing process. In ot

37、her words, the component inventory is more complex that than the product inventory. On the other hand, there exist similar aspects in both inventories, e.g. both keep tr</p><p>　　When components or products

38、are moved to stock, their on Hand values are increased by operation add _ to _ stock. When components or products are moved out of the stock, their on Hand values are reduced by applying operation remove _ from _ stock.

39、Operation add _ to _stock determines the distribution of items into local stockrooms based on some predetermined criteria .When components and products are moved to specific stockrooms operation add _ to _ local Stock in

40、creases the local on Hand quant</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p><b>　　存貨信息管理</b></p><p>　　資料來源: Supply Chain Design: Quickly Build Supply Chain Models Optimize &am

41、p; Simulate Risk Scenarios 作者：Henry</p><p><b>　　1.倉庫的功能</b></p><p><b>　　1.1倉庫的功能性</b></p><p>　　將戰(zhàn)略性的倉庫管理在經(jīng)濟(jì)和服務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行劃分，這樣倉庫管理的優(yōu)點(diǎn)就體

42、現(xiàn)出來了。從概念的角度來看，沒有倉庫應(yīng)包括在后勤系統(tǒng)，除非它完全以成本效益的基礎(chǔ)上合理的。然而，當(dāng)各種系統(tǒng)職能交錯在一起時，倉庫主要的利益就被歸于單個的系統(tǒng)功能上了。</p><p><b>　　1.2經(jīng)濟(jì)利益</b></p><p>　　倉庫的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益當(dāng)所有的后勤花費(fèi)由于一種或多種的設(shè)備而直接減少體現(xiàn)出來時，量化該系統(tǒng)所獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益一點(diǎn)也不困難，因?yàn)樗梢詮南到y(tǒng)運(yùn)

43、作的成本對成本的利益互換中體現(xiàn)出來。例如，如果把一個倉庫加入到一個物流系統(tǒng)中將會減少所有的運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用，倉庫的固定成本和變動成本就會減少，這樣中的成本也就減少。當(dāng)倉庫的總成本的減少能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)時，倉庫的經(jīng)濟(jì)性的利益就體現(xiàn)出來了。四種經(jīng)濟(jì)利益是拼箱，分類和交叉站臺，加工延期，庫存。每一個將在后面一一討論并舉例說明。</p><p><b>　　1.3拼箱</b></p><p>

44、;　　貨物拼箱是倉儲的一種經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。在這種調(diào)配下，聯(lián)合倉庫可以從特定的需求者那里得到大量的制造原料，并有單獨(dú)的裝貨運(yùn)輸。它的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益是靠盡可能少的運(yùn)輸比率和減少顧客收或碼頭的阻塞度來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。倉庫可以進(jìn)行內(nèi)向運(yùn)輸和外像運(yùn)輸，內(nèi)向運(yùn)輸是把貨物從制造商運(yùn)輸?shù)絺}庫，外向運(yùn)輸是把貨物從倉庫運(yùn)輸?shù)奖豢蛻艚y(tǒng)一的大型碼頭上。舉個例字就是拼箱流。</p><p>　　為了提供有效的拼箱，每一個制造廠商必須把倉庫作為安全碼頭場所或作

45、為分類和裝配設(shè)備的場所。它主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益就是把物流中單獨(dú)的幾個小的運(yùn)輸聯(lián)結(jié)為特定的銷售市場。聯(lián)合倉儲是被單獨(dú)的企業(yè)所用，或是幾個商家聯(lián)合以來一起租用一個拼箱服務(wù)。通過這個項(xiàng)目，每個單獨(dú)的制造商或是發(fā)貨人比較喜歡較低的總配送成本。</p><p>　　1.4分類和交叉站臺</p><p>　　分類和交叉站臺的倉庫運(yùn)作是與拼箱相似的一個運(yùn)作類型，除了它們沒有存儲的操作。分類作業(yè)是將客戶按照制造

46、商和船務(wù)的順序結(jié)合成一個個客戶群。分類作業(yè)或是最終分類或分解成單獨(dú)的訂單，然后再在當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)輸給需求者。由于長途的運(yùn)輸是一個大的貨物轉(zhuǎn)移，所以運(yùn)輸成本會較低而且貨物跟蹤也較為容易。</p><p>　　交叉站臺設(shè)備是一個和分類操作類似的設(shè)備，除了它具有包含多個制造商的特點(diǎn)。通過交叉站臺來迅速補(bǔ)充存貨在零售連鎖店這方面得到了廣泛的運(yùn)用。舉個例子，交叉站臺在零售連鎖上的應(yīng)用，所有拖車從多重的制造商那里的裝載貨物。當(dāng)貨物到

47、達(dá)時，貨物要不就是在已經(jīng)有標(biāo)簽的情況下按照客戶分組，或是在沒有被標(biāo)簽的情況下分配給客戶。然后，貨物被精確的運(yùn)到交叉碼頭被裝在到拖車上運(yùn)往特定的客戶方，一旦拖車裝滿多重制造商的混和貨物時，拖車就被發(fā)往各連鎖零售商了。交叉碼頭的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益包括滿載的拖車從制造上轉(zhuǎn)移到倉庫，再從制造商轉(zhuǎn)移到零售商，在貨物還沒有被儲存時，在交叉站臺設(shè)備上減少貨物搬運(yùn)成本。</p><p><b>　　1.5加工延期</b&g

48、t;</p><p>　　通過延遲產(chǎn)品的處理過程或者減少生產(chǎn)活動，倉庫也能夠被延期使用。一直到實(shí)際需求信息獲得以前，一個倉庫都能以其包裝或貼標(biāo)簽的能力來延遲最終產(chǎn)品的生成。舉例來說，蔬菜能夠在廠商那里進(jìn)行加工處理罐裝并貼上“brights”的標(biāo)簽。而Brights也被罐裝但卻是不貼標(biāo)簽的。這個貼有brights字樣的專用標(biāo)簽表示這一產(chǎn)品沒有必要去按照某一具體客戶的要求在工廠車間里進(jìn)行定型的包裝了。一旦收到某個客戶

49、的訂貨要求，倉庫也能夠貼上標(biāo)簽并進(jìn)行最終包裝后來完成整個加工處理過程。</p><p>　　加工延期有兩個經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。第一，風(fēng)險將會減少。因?yàn)橹钡揭粋€訂單需要有特定的標(biāo)簽，而且包裹已經(jīng)收到之前，貨物是不會被完全包裝的。第二，總庫存的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以通過對基本的產(chǎn)品標(biāo)以多樣化的標(biāo)簽或是包裝配置來決定。這種具有低風(fēng)險和低庫存水平的聯(lián)合可以降低信息系統(tǒng)總的成本，因?yàn)?，有時貨物在倉庫進(jìn)行包裝的成本要比貨物在各自的制造商的設(shè)備上包裝

50、成本消耗的多。</p><p><b>　　1.6倉儲</b></p><p>　　相對與選擇交易的季節(jié)性倉儲是重要的這一事實(shí)，倉儲服務(wù)的直接經(jīng)濟(jì)利益是次要的。例如，細(xì)布家具和玩具整年被生產(chǎn)，但主要在一個非常短的時期進(jìn)行市場銷售。相對的，農(nóng)業(yè)的產(chǎn)品在特定的時間被收割，卻將在隨后的一整年時間被消耗。兩種情況都需要倉儲對銷售的支持。倉儲提供一個允許強(qiáng)制調(diào)整物資資源和客戶資

51、源利用率的緩沖。</p><p><b>　　1.7服務(wù)利益</b></p><p>　　服務(wù)利益通過一個物流信息系統(tǒng)的倉庫可能能減少成本，也可能增加成本。當(dāng)倉庫被證明是基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)的主要部分時。供應(yīng)原理是在所有的物流信息系統(tǒng)中對于時間和空間容量的改進(jìn)。因此，對于量化該理論帶來的獲得性的利益總是非常困難，因?yàn)樗ǔ杀緦Ψ?wù)的利益互換。舉例來說 , 將倉庫容進(jìn)一個物流系統(tǒng)

52、中從而為某個特定的市場區(qū)域服務(wù)，這個可能增加會增加成本但是也可能增加市場份額，收入和總利潤。在一個概念上的水平，倉庫的服務(wù)利益是由它的有效利潤來證明的。 在一個操作的水平上，問題是該如何測量直接的收入沖擊。</p><p><b>　　2.倉庫管理器</b></p><p>　　所有機(jī)構(gòu)，不管是大型的，還是小型的，都使用零部件來構(gòu)建產(chǎn)品或供應(yīng)其他商家。他們需要能夠跟蹤

53、物品的數(shù)量。在制造車間里，這些物品是零部件和產(chǎn)品；在圖書館里，它們是書，磁帶，或者是檔案；在服裝店里，它們是服裝及附屬物，等等。這些機(jī)構(gòu)也需要能夠找到所需的物品。</p><p>　　在一個公司里，物品可能是正在制造或已經(jīng)完成產(chǎn)品的原材料。貨物有損失或遭到破壞的可能。機(jī)構(gòu)必須能夠跟蹤倉庫中物品的實(shí)際數(shù)目。其他功能單元可以改變物品的數(shù)量：例如，物品無論何時、何地遷移或使用時，應(yīng)該更新其相應(yīng)的庫存數(shù)量。</p&

54、gt;<p>　　倉庫和零部件/產(chǎn)品通過一個聚合關(guān)聯(lián)發(fā)生關(guān)系。庫存類中的數(shù)量屬性是倉庫與零部件/產(chǎn)品類的結(jié)合點(diǎn)，不同的鏈接，有不同的值。這個模型允許設(shè)計者定義不同類型的倉庫，作為單獨(dú)的物品集合；例如，零部件倉庫，產(chǎn)品倉庫。庫存的不同類型可以歸納為一個庫存類。</p><p>　　產(chǎn)品被劃分成兩個不同的類型：成品和用于制造產(chǎn)品的零部件。其他的劃分方法也是可能的。產(chǎn)品類中的“型號”屬性，用來作為一個唯一

55、的標(biāo)識符，其他屬性描述了顧客選擇時可能用到的特征，如顏色等。零部件類具有物品序號，描述，類型等屬性，物品序號用來做唯一的標(biāo)識符。產(chǎn)品和零部件通常是多-多的聚合關(guān)系，不過這與庫存模型無關(guān).</p><p>　　物品類被劃分成產(chǎn)品和零部件子類的原因是：在這兩個實(shí)體的管理中，存在著很多不同。例如，產(chǎn)品是由一些零部件制成的，在制造過程中，庫存系統(tǒng)需要跟蹤零部件數(shù)量的變化。換句話說，零部件庫存比產(chǎn)品庫存更復(fù)雜。另一方面，兩

56、者又在一些方面有相同之處，例如，都需要跟蹤手頭數(shù)量（合計的總數(shù)量）和實(shí)際的存放位置。這里可以應(yīng)用泛化關(guān)系，定義庫存類為一個父類，含有共同的特征，而產(chǎn)品庫存和零部件庫存類作為子類，含有每一種不同庫存類型的獨(dú)特特征。</p><p>　　當(dāng)零部件或產(chǎn)品入庫時，通過調(diào)用add _ to _stock操作，它們的手頭數(shù)量增加。當(dāng)零部件或產(chǎn)品出庫時，通過調(diào)用remove _ from _stock，它們的手頭數(shù)量減少。而a

57、dd _ to _stock操作根據(jù)預(yù)定的規(guī)則，決定物品放在哪兒。當(dāng)零部件或產(chǎn)品被放到某個特定的倉庫區(qū)域時，操作add _ to _ local Stock增加局部的手頭數(shù)量。同樣的，remove _ to _ local Stock減少局部手頭數(shù)量。零部件或產(chǎn)品可以從一個倉庫區(qū)域遷移到另一個倉庫區(qū)域，操作transfer執(zhí)行這個動作。因?yàn)樗械囊苿硬僮骷瓤梢詰?yīng)用到零部件（由Component類表示），又可以應(yīng)用到產(chǎn)品（由Product