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1、<p><b> 引言</b></p><p> 1. 本計(jì)算仍然采用千牛頓-厘米-秒制,g取10。其彈性模數(shù)對(duì)Q235鋼取E=2.1×MPa</p><p> 2. 本結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)采用極限狀態(tài)計(jì)算方法。在本計(jì)算中,下述狀態(tài)均為極限狀態(tài)。</p><p> ?、倨胶忤F和吊欄摔下。</p><p>
2、; ?、诘谝淮伟惭b30米,不附著,不拉懶風(fēng)繩,即獨(dú)立高度30米時(shí):</p><p> A)30年一過(guò)的合風(fēng)下的非工作狀態(tài)。B)B級(jí)強(qiáng)風(fēng)下,超載25%的工作狀況。</p><p> ?、垡院竺看伟锤?5米,即最高層附著以上的自由高度為20.5米,總高度105米時(shí)的工作和非工作狀態(tài)。</p><p> 3. 非工作狀態(tài)的風(fēng)載取10級(jí)狂風(fēng)風(fēng)壓值的平均數(shù)440N/,并取
3、風(fēng)振系數(shù)1.5,從而計(jì)算風(fēng)壓取660N/,他已相當(dāng)于11級(jí)暴風(fēng)風(fēng)壓的上限值664.2N/;工作狀況取6級(jí)強(qiáng)風(fēng)風(fēng)壓值119N/和風(fēng)振系數(shù)2.25,從而計(jì)算風(fēng)壓取268N/,他已相當(dāng)于10級(jí)大風(fēng)風(fēng)壓值的上限:267N/。</p><p> 4. 工作載荷取一只吊欄超載25%對(duì)機(jī)架產(chǎn)生的彎矩和兩只吊欄同時(shí)超載25%對(duì)機(jī)架產(chǎn)生的壓力(彎矩為0),即最不利的情況計(jì)算,這種情形發(fā)生在一只吊欄停止另一只吊欄同時(shí)啟動(dòng)的瞬間。如
4、由一人操作,這種情形將不會(huì)發(fā)生。</p><p> 5. 焊接件全部采用Q235鋼的第一組材料,在極狀態(tài)下,其許用應(yīng)力值是:</p><p> ①抗拉,抗壓,抗彎: {}=235N/=235MPa</p><p> ?、诮呛缚p:壓,彎,剪:{}={}=160N/=160MPa</p><p> 6. 對(duì)于Q235鋼,在非極限狀態(tài)下,許
5、用應(yīng)力的取值是:</p><p> {}=140—160MPa,{}=100—120MPa,對(duì)角焊縫:{}={}=120MPa</p><p> 7. 本計(jì)算采用偏于安全的計(jì)算方法,為多處支撐,只按一處支撐查穩(wěn)定系數(shù)。</p><p> 8. 個(gè)別計(jì)算結(jié)果,應(yīng)力值超過(guò)許用值,需要做具體分析,有的已經(jīng)采取了加固措施,同時(shí),多種極限狀況,并不一定同時(shí)發(fā)生</
6、p><p><b> 1. 整體設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b> 1.1 整體構(gòu)造</b></p><p><b> 示意圖如圖1.1:</b></p><p><b> 圖1.1</b></p><p> 由一只主動(dòng)輪
7、和2只壓緊輪組成牽引機(jī),三根并列的鋼絲繩5首斷系在吊欄3上,經(jīng)頂滑輪6,牽引機(jī)和頂滑輪后末端系在平衡鐵4上。一臺(tái)機(jī)架中共有兩臺(tái)牽引機(jī)對(duì)稱布置。設(shè)吊欄自重為,裝上重量為P的貨物后,總重量為,各段鋼絲繩上的拉力依次為,用空吊欄提升重為的平衡鐵時(shí),各段繩上的拉力為。</p><p> 1.2 求鋼絲繩上各段的拉力</p><p> 1.2.1 牽引傳動(dòng)</p><p>
8、; 牽引傳動(dòng)重畫如圖1.2:</p><p><b> 圖1.2</b></p><p><b> 求包角:</b></p><p> 主動(dòng)輪底徑380,外徑396.壓緊輪底徑276,外徑296,初定鋼絲繩直徑11,</p><p> 則繩中心直徑分別為391和287。</p>
9、<p> 主動(dòng)輪和從動(dòng)輪之間的關(guān)系:</p><p> 取含油鋼絲繩對(duì)生鐵滑輪的摩擦系數(shù),則</p><p><b> 同理</b></p><p> 1.2.2 不同載荷下,鋼絲繩上各段拉力的計(jì)算值</p><p> 設(shè)計(jì)動(dòng)載系數(shù)和滑輪效率,則不同載荷下鋼絲繩上各段拉力如下表1.1所示:?jiǎn)挝籏N
10、</p><p><b> 表1.1</b></p><p><b> 1.3 牽引機(jī)計(jì)算</b></p><p> 1.3.1 傳動(dòng)效率:</p><p><b> 速度</b></p><p> 取軸承效率 聯(lián)軸器效率</p&g
11、t;<p> 滑輪效率 減速機(jī)效率</p><p><b> 總效率</b></p><p><b> 額定負(fù)荷時(shí):</b></p><p><b> 超載15%時(shí):</b></p><p><b> 超載25%時(shí):</b>
12、;</p><p><b> 空吊欄下降時(shí):</b></p><p> 上述功率在表1.1最后一欄。</p><p> 1.3.2 安裝功率:</p><p> 安裝時(shí)拿去吊欄底板,此時(shí)連同安裝扒桿自重小于4.3KN</p><p> 選用Y132S-4電動(dòng)機(jī):N=5.5Kw n=
13、1440轉(zhuǎn)/分</p><p> 1.3.3 軸上壓力的計(jì)算:</p><p> 按超載25%并制動(dòng)時(shí)計(jì)算,見(jiàn)表1.2。</p><p><b> 1.a軸</b></p><p><b> 2.A軸</b></p><p><b> 3.B軸</b
14、></p><p> 同上,可計(jì)算出表1.1中2、4、6工作狀況下各軸上的壓力如表1.2,不同工況下軸上壓力如下:?jiǎn)挝唬篕N</p><p><b> 表1.2</b></p><p><b> 2. 平衡鐵計(jì)算</b></p><p> 2.1 平衡鐵上升時(shí)強(qiáng)度校核</p>
15、;<p><b> 2.1.1 結(jié)構(gòu)</b></p><p><b> 圖2.1</b></p><p> 如圖2.1所示,用5根[8于A、B、C、D、G、N處焊接而成,AC桿、BD桿截面如圖d,CD桿用口6×66封口,截面如圖b,CD桿正中EF段,領(lǐng)用口8×166加固截面如圖c。C、D交角處,上下用6△焊
16、接,兩側(cè)用σ6三角板加固,焊縫截面如圖e。下面用雙橫桿,截面如圖f。領(lǐng)在H、K、U、V處有滑輪導(dǎo)向,在G、M處有安全鉤。</p><p> 2.1.2 截面特性</p><p> AC桿和BD桿,截面如圖2.1d</p><p> 查得[8: </p><p> CD桿,截面如圖2.1b</p>&
17、lt;p> 對(duì)口6×66,其 </p><p><b> 形心到X軸的距離:</b></p><p><b> 故</b></p><p> EF段,截面如圖2.1c,板上有2-Φ17孔削弱</p><p> 形心到X軸(圖6形心)的距離:</p>
18、<p> AB桿,截面如圖2.1f</p><p><b> C、D角焊縫</b></p><p><b> 2.1.3 求彎矩</b></p><p> 1.計(jì)算圖如圖2.2a</p><p><b> 圖2.2</b></p><p&
19、gt;<b> 各桿的線剛度:</b></p><p> 各節(jié)點(diǎn)兩邊桿的分配系數(shù):</p><p><b> C點(diǎn): </b></p><p><b> A點(diǎn): </b></p><p><b> 2.求固定彎矩</b></p&
20、gt;<p><b> 取試驗(yàn)荷載:,由此</b></p><p> 3.分配傳遞并迭加如下表</p><p><b> 表2.1</b></p><p> 4.合成彎矩圖如圖2.2b所示</p><p><b> 5.強(qiáng)度校核</b></p>
21、;<p><b> E、F截面:</b></p><p> 2.2 平衡鐵摔下時(shí)強(qiáng)度校核</p><p><b> 2.2.1 正面:</b></p><p><b> ?。?).受力圖</b></p><p> 按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定,取5倍額定載荷,即,將此載荷平
22、分在兩只安全鉤上:受力圖如圖2.3a所示:</p><p><b> 圖2.3</b></p><p><b> ?。?).彎矩圖</b></p><p> 彎矩圖如圖2.3b所示</p><p><b> (3).強(qiáng)度校核</b></p><p>
23、;<b> AB桿:</b></p><p><b> 2.2.2 側(cè)面:</b></p><p><b> (1).受力圖</b></p><p> 受力圖如圖2.4a所示:</p><p><b> 圖2.4</b></p>&
24、lt;p><b> ?。?).彎矩圖</b></p><p> 彎矩圖如圖2.4b所示</p><p><b> ?。?).強(qiáng)度校核</b></p><p><b> [8的另向 </b></p><p> 2.2.3 滾輪軸及軸承校核</p>
25、<p> 受力圖如圖2.5所示:</p><p><b> 圖2.5</b></p><p><b> 圖中</b></p><p><b> 軸頸 </b></p><p><b> 其中</b></p><p&g
26、t; 選用45Cr,經(jīng)熱處理:其,在極限狀態(tài)下</p><p><b> 取</b></p><p> 軸承為203軸承,其,</p><p> 遠(yuǎn)小于,又壓環(huán)的可能,然而是瞬間作用,平時(shí)工作時(shí),其載荷近似于。</p><p> 2.2.4 安全鉤校核</p><p> 結(jié)構(gòu)如圖2.6
27、所示:</p><p><b> 圖2.6</b></p><p><b> 3. 吊欄計(jì)算</b></p><p> 3.1 吊欄柜寬試驗(yàn)方向計(jì)算</p><p> 1.結(jié)構(gòu)示意和受力圖如圖3.1a所示</p><p><b> 圖3.1</b&g
28、t;</p><p> 由[8組成矩形框,在E、F處有滑輪導(dǎo)向,在G處有安全鉤繩吊在上梁正中R處,當(dāng)超載25%并制動(dòng)時(shí),由表1,,吊欄自重作用在下梁正中K處,配重均布,,載荷偏位,作用在L處。</p><p><b> 2.求E、F處反力</b></p><p> 3.各桿的線剛度及分配系數(shù)</p><p> 各
29、桿均為2根[8,其 </p><p><b> 4.求固端彎矩</b></p><p> 5.分配傳遞并迭加如下表</p><p><b> 表3.1</b></p><p> 6.彎矩合成如圖3.1b所示</p><p><b> 7.強(qiáng)度校核<
30、;/b></p><p><b> ?。?).R截面</b></p><p><b> ?。?).C角焊縫</b></p><p><b> 如圖3.2所示:</b></p><p><b> 圖3.2</b></p><p&
31、gt; 3.2 吊欄框長(zhǎng)度方向計(jì)算</p><p> 1.結(jié)構(gòu)示意和受力情況如圖3.3a所示</p><p><b> 圖3.3</b></p><p><b> 2.求反力</b></p><p> 3.各桿的線剛度及分配系數(shù)</p><p> CD、C1D1、
32、A1B1桿相同,為[8,豎擺。其 </p><p> AB桿為[8與[10之組合,如圖3.4</p><p><b> 圖3.4</b></p><p> 對(duì)[8: </p><p> 對(duì)[10: </p><p> C1A1、D1B1設(shè)為[8,側(cè)擺,其
33、 </p><p> CC1、A1A、DD1、B1B段為[8,側(cè)面用封口,截面如圖3.5所示:</p><p><b> 圖3.5</b></p><p><b> 對(duì)[8: </b></p><p> 對(duì)口4×66: </p><p><
34、b> 4.求固端彎矩</b></p><p> 5.分配傳遞并迭加如下表:</p><p><b> 表3.2</b></p><p> 6.合成彎矩圖如圖3.3b所示</p><p><b> 7.強(qiáng)度校核</b></p><p><b&g
35、t; N截面:</b></p><p><b> D截面:</b></p><p><b> C角:</b></p><p><b> T截面:</b></p><p> C角焊縫:截面如圖3.6所示</p><p><b&g
36、t; 圖3.6</b></p><p> 3.3 卸貨時(shí)吊欄框長(zhǎng)度方向計(jì)算</p><p><b> 1.受力圖</b></p><p><b> 如圖3.7a所示</b></p><p><b> 圖3.7</b></p><p>
37、; 卸貨快完成時(shí),最后一塊預(yù)制板離開(kāi)吊欄,二人自重加半塊預(yù)制板重作用于邊框L處,此時(shí),吊欄靜止不動(dòng),,配重720-478=242kg均布,,此時(shí):</p><p><b> 2.求反力</b></p><p><b> 3.計(jì)算固端彎矩</b></p><p> 4.分配傳遞并迭加如下表</p>&l
38、t;p><b> 表3.3</b></p><p> 5.合成彎矩圖如圖3.7b所示</p><p><b> 6.強(qiáng)度校核</b></p><p><b> N截面:</b></p><p><b> K截面:</b></p>
39、<p><b> T截面:</b></p><p> C角焊縫:截面如圖3.6所示,其</p><p> 3.4 摔下時(shí)吊欄框長(zhǎng)度方向計(jì)算</p><p><b> 1.受力圖</b></p><p><b> 如圖3.8a所示:</b></p&g
40、t;<p><b> 圖3.8</b></p><p> 吊欄摔下時(shí),被安全鉤掛住于U、V處,按規(guī)范取,此時(shí),配重均布,。</p><p><b> 2求反力</b></p><p><b> 3.計(jì)算固端彎矩</b></p><p> 4.分配傳遞并迭
41、加如下表:</p><p><b> 表3.4</b></p><p> 5.合成彎矩圖如圖3.8b所示</p><p><b> 6.強(qiáng)度校核</b></p><p><b> S截面:</b></p><p><b> G截面:&
42、lt;/b></p><p><b> B角截面:</b></p><p><b> B角焊縫:</b></p><p> 3.5 摔下時(shí)吊欄框?qū)挾确较蛐:?lt;/p><p> 1.受力圖:如圖3.9a所示</p><p><b> 圖3.9</
43、b></p><p> 吊欄摔下時(shí),被安全鉤掛住于G處,按規(guī)范取,,吊欄自重478kg,其中CD桿重,CA桿重,DB桿自重。</p><p> AB桿自重與配重均布,,</p><p><b> 2.求反力</b></p><p><b> 3.計(jì)算固端彎矩</b></p>
44、<p><b> 4.分配傳遞如下表</b></p><p><b> 表3.5</b></p><p> 5.合成彎矩圖如圖3.9b所示</p><p><b> 6.強(qiáng)度校核</b></p><p> K截面(再和作用點(diǎn)):</p>&
45、lt;p> E截面(主桿裝滾輪處):</p><p> B角焊縫(同圖4.6所示):</p><p> K截面計(jì)算式中應(yīng)力超過(guò)許用值,但有地板加固,</p><p> 截面如圖3.10所示:</p><p><b> 圖3.10</b></p><p><b> 從而原
46、式變?yōu)椋?lt;/b></p><p> 3.6 吊欄底框計(jì)算</p><p><b> 1.計(jì)算載荷的確定</b></p><p><b> ?。?).寬度方向</b></p><p> 見(jiàn)圖3.1a所示,載荷偏向右側(cè)24cm可求及,</p><p><b
47、> ?。?).受力圖</b></p><p> 如圖3.11a所示:</p><p><b> 圖3.11</b></p><p> ?。▓D中虛線)在吊欄長(zhǎng)度方向又偏右20cm,將此視為、的合力,從而可求及:</p><p> 2.求反力并作彎矩圖</p><p><
48、b> 如圖3.11b所示</b></p><p> 3.吊欄底框(欄桿)截面計(jì)算</p><p> 吊欄底框由、和組成。截面如圖3.12所示</p><p><b> 圖3.12</b></p><p><b> : </b></p><p&
49、gt; : </p><p> ?。?</p><p><b> 軸為參考軸,求形心</b></p><p><b> 4.縱向強(qiáng)度校核</b></p><p><b> 5.底柜寬度方向</b></p>&
50、lt;p><b> ?。?).受力圖</b></p><p> 記上述式中的也向兩端分配,可得到邊角上的力值為:</p><p><b> 如圖3.13所示:</b></p><p><b> 圖3.13</b></p><p> F端:413kg和211kg&l
51、t;/p><p> E端:315kg和161kg</p><p> 受力圖如圖3.14a所示:</p><p><b> 圖3.14</b></p><p> 合成彎矩圖如圖3.14b所示</p><p><b> ?。?).強(qiáng)度校核</b></p><
52、;p> 3.7 緊繩器及吊欄頂板強(qiáng)度計(jì)算</p><p><b> 1.結(jié)構(gòu)</b></p><p><b> 如圖3.15所示</b></p><p><b> 圖3.15</b></p><p> 厚頂板焊接在吊欄框頂梁2根[8上,3只套環(huán)座各用一只U型螺栓
53、與頂板連接。由載荷表查得</p><p><b> 2.緊繩器強(qiáng)度校核</b></p><p> 考慮某一瞬間只有一只緊繩器承受全部拉力。</p><p> (1).M20螺栓受剪</p><p> ?。?).套環(huán)座樣板孔受擠壓</p><p> ?。?).套環(huán)座底板(口8×50)
54、受彎曲</p><p> ?。?).套環(huán)座樣板與度板用5-2焊接,焊縫受剪切</p><p><b> 3.頂板強(qiáng)度校核</b></p><p><b> 4.螺栓M16校核</b></p><p> 3.8 滾輪座、滾輪軸強(qiáng)度校核</p><p> 1.結(jié)構(gòu)如圖3.
55、16a所示</p><p><b> 圖3.16</b></p><p> 橫斷面如圖3.16b,連接滾輪座的吊欄立柱橫斷面如圖3.16c所示。</p><p><b> 2.工作時(shí)校核</b></p><p><b> (1).受力圖</b></p>&
56、lt;p><b> 由圖3.1a:</b></p><p><b> 由圖3.3a:</b></p><p><b> 由圖3.7a:</b></p><p> 圖3.1同圖3.3是同時(shí)發(fā)生。</p><p><b> ?。?).強(qiáng)度校核</b&g
57、t;</p><p> ?。?).吊欄立柱扭轉(zhuǎn)校核</p><p> 上式中的對(duì)立柱而言是扭矩。</p><p><b> 查及。</b></p><p><b> ?。?).滾輪軸校核</b></p><p><b> ?。?).軸承校核</b>&
58、lt;/p><p> 軸承選為204軸承,其、</p><p><b> 由,</b></p><p><b> 查得: </b></p><p><b> 故</b></p><p><b> 轉(zhuǎn)速,查得</b><
59、;/p><p> 按使用4年共計(jì)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)3000小時(shí),查得:</p><p><b> 故<</b></p><p><b> 3.吊欄摔下時(shí)校核</b></p><p><b> (1).受力圖</b></p><p><b> 如圖3.1
60、6所示</b></p><p><b> 由圖3.8a有:</b></p><p><b> 由圖3.9a有:</b></p><p><b> (2).滾輪座校核</b></p><p> ?。?).吊欄立柱扭轉(zhuǎn)校核</p><p>
61、<b> 軸頸 </b></p><p> 選用45Cr,并經(jīng)熱處理,其,取</p><p> 故改用45號(hào)鋼經(jīng)熱處理,其,則</p><p><b> ?。?).螺栓校核</b></p><p> M12螺栓的公稱應(yīng)力面積</p><p><b>
62、故</b></p><p><b> 3.9 安全鉤校核</b></p><p> 結(jié)構(gòu)如圖3.17所示:</p><p><b> 圖3.17</b></p><p> 見(jiàn)圖3.9a, </p><p><b> 鉤子上的拉應(yīng)力&l
63、t;/b></p><p><b> 銷子上的剪應(yīng)力</b></p><p><b> 焊縫上的拉應(yīng)力</b></p><p><b> 文獻(xiàn)翻譯</b></p><p><b> 原文:</b></p><p>
64、Numerical Control</p><p> One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated
65、and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly
66、related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major </p><p> Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the u
67、se of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically con
68、trolled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader.</p><p> Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator
69、, and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of
70、 NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:</p><p> 1.Electrical discharge machining.</p><p> 2.Laser cutting.</p><p> 3.Electron beam we
71、lding.</p><p> Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of par 4s , each involving
72、an assortment of undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.</p><p> Like so many advanced tech
73、nologies , NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S Air Force .In its earliest stages , NC machine
74、s were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.</p><p> However ,curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical ste
75、ps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the step ,the smoother is the curve . Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.</p><p> This problem led to the development in 1
76、959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. Th
77、e development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC system were vastly different from those used punched paper , which was later to replaced by magnetic
78、 plastic tape .A tap</p><p> A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium . It was common for the paper containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining proce
79、ss, This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to rerun thought the reader . If it was necessary to p
80、roduce 100 copies of a given part , it was also necessary to run the paper tape thought the reader 100 </p><p> This led to the development of a special magnetic tape . Whereas the paper tape carried the pr
81、ogrammed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape , theThis most mportant of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape . To make even the most minor adjustm
82、ents in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape thought the reader as many times as</p><p> The develop
83、ment of a concept known as numerical control (DNC) solve the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions . In direct
84、 numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forw
85、ard over punched tape and plastic tape. However ,</p><p> The evelopment of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers (PLC) and microcomputers . These two technologies
86、 allowed for the development of computer numerical control (CNC).With CNC , each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individual mach
87、ine tool. CNC solved the problems associated downtime of the host computer , but it introduced another problem known as data managem</p><p> There are numerous situations where analog signals to be processe
88、d in many ways, like filtering and spectral analysis , Designing analog hardware to perform these functions is possible but has become less and practical, due to increased performance requirements, flexibility needs , an
89、d the need to cut down on development/testing time .It is in other words difficult pm design analog hardware analysis of signals.</p><p> The act of sampling an signal into thehat are specialised for embedd
90、ed signal processing operations , and such a processor is called a DSP, which stands for Digital Signal Processor . Today there are hundreds of DSP families from as many manufacturers, each one designed for a particular
91、price/performance/usage group. Many of the largest manufacturers, like Texas Instruments and Motorola, offer both specialised DSP’s for certain fields like motor-control or modems ,and general high-performance SP</p&g
92、t;<p> DSP’s more or less fall into two categories depending on the underlying architecture-fixed-point and floating-point. The fixed-point devices generally operate on 16-bit words, while the floating-point devi
93、ces operate on 32-40 bits floating-point words. Needless to say , the fixed-point devices are generally cheaper . Another important architectural difference is that fixed-point processors tend to have an accumulator arch
94、itecture, with only one “general purpose” register , making them quite tric</p><p> There are thousands of different DSP’s on the market, and it is difficult task finding the most suitable DSP for a project
95、. The best way is probably to set up a constraint and wishlist, and try to compare the processors from the biggest manufacturers against it.</p><p> The “big four” manufacturers of DSP’s: Texas Instruments,
96、 Motorola, AT&T and Analog Devices.</p><p> Digital-to-analog conversion</p><p> In the case of MPEG-Audio decoding , digital compressed data is fed into the DSP which performs the decodin
97、g , then the decoded samples have to be converted back into the analog domain , and the resulting signal fed an amplifier or similar audio equipment . This digital to analog conversion (DCA) is performed by a circuit wit
98、h the same name & Different DCA’s provide different performance and quality , as measured by THD (Total harmonic distortion ), number of bits, linearity , speed, filter char</p><p> The TMS320 family DQ
99、P of Texas Instruments</p><p> The TLS320family consists of fixed-point, floating-point, multiprocessor digital signal processors (DSP’s) , and foxed-point DSP controllers. TMS320 DSP have an architecture d
100、esigned specifically for real-time signal processing . The F/C240 is a number of the’C2000DSP platform , and is optimized for control applications. The C24x series of DSP controllers combines this real-time processing ca
101、pability with controller peripherals to create an ideal solution for control system applications. The fol</p><p> --- Very flexible instruction set</p><p> --- Inherent operational flexibility
102、 </p><p> ---High-speed performance</p><p> ---Innovative parallel architecture</p><p> ---Cost effectiveness</p><p> Devices within a generation of the TMS320 fami
103、ly have the same CPU structure but different on-chip memory and peripheral configurations. Spin-off devices use new combinations of On-chip memory and peripherals to satisfy a wide range of needs in the worldwide electro
104、nics market. By integrating memory and peripherals onto a single chip , TMS320 devices reduce system costs and save circuit board space.</p><p> The 16-bit ,fixed-point DSP core of the C24x devices provides
105、 analog designers a digital solution that does not sacrifice the precision and performance of their system performance can be enhanced through the use of advanced control algorithms for techniques such as adaptive contro
106、l , Kalman filtering , and state control. The C24x DSP controller offer reliability and programmability . Analog control systems, on the other hand ,are hardwired solutions and can experience performance degradation due&
107、lt;/p><p> The high-speed central processing unit (CPU) allows the digital designer to process algorithms in real time rather than approximate results with look-up tables. The instruction set of these DSP cont
108、rollers, which incorporates both signal processing instructions and general-purpose control functions, coupled with the extensive development time and provides the same ease of use as traditional 8-and 16-bit microcontro
109、llers. The instruction set also allows you to retain your software investment when</p><p> The C24x architecture is also well-suited for processing control signals. It uses a 16-bit word length along with 3
110、2-bit registers for storing intermediate results, and has two hardware shifters available to scale numbers independently of the CPU . This combination minimizes quantization and truncation errors, and increases p2ocessin
111、g power for additional functions. Such functions might include a notch filter that could cancel mechanical resonances in a system or an estimation technique that cou</p><p> The C24xDSP controllers take adv
112、antage of an set of peripheral functions that allow Texas Instruments to quickly configure various series members for different price/ performance points or for application optimization.</p><p> This librar
113、y of both digital and mixed-signal peripherals includes:</p><p><b> ---Timers</b></p><p> ---Serial communications ports (SCI,SPI)</p><p> ---Analog-to-digital conver
114、ters(ADC)</p><p> ---Event manager</p><p> ---System protection, such as low-voltage and watchdog timer</p><p> The DSP controller peripheral library is continually growing and c
115、hanging to suit the of tomorrow’s embedded control marketplace.</p><p> The TMS320F/C240 is the first standard device introduced in the ‘24x series of DSP controllers. It sets the standard for a single-chip
116、 digital motor controller. The 240 can execute 20 MIPS. Almost all instructions are executed in a simple cycle of 50 ns . This high performance allows real-time execution of very comple8 control algorithms, such as adapt
117、ive control and Kalman filters. Very high sampling rates can also be used to minimize loop delays.</p><p> The 240 has the architectural features necessary for high-speed signal processing and digital contr
118、ol functions, and it has the peripherals needed to provide a single-chip solution for motor control applications. The 240 is manufactured using submicron CMOS technology, achieving a log power dissipation rating . Also
119、included are several power-down modes for further power savings. Some applications that benefit from the advanced processing power of the 240 include: </p><p> ---Industrial motor drives</p><p>
120、; ---Power inverters and controllers</p><p> ---Automotive systems, such as electronic power steering , antilock brakes, and climate control</p><p> ---Appliance and HVAC blower/ compressor m
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