計(jì)算機(jī)系外文翻譯--歷史的計(jì)算

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系 別 計(jì)算機(jī)信息與技術(shù)系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè) 計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù) </p><p>　　班 級(jí) </p><p>　　姓 名

2、 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào) </p><p>　　外文出處 </p><p>　　附 件 1. 原文； 2. 譯文 </p><p><b>　　2012年3月</b></p>

3、;<p>　　History of computing</p><p>　　Main article: History of computing hardware</p><p>　　The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who ca

4、rried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine

5、that carries out computations. </p><p>　　Limited-function early computers</p><p>　　The Jacquard loom, on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England, was one of the firs

6、t programmable devices.</p><p>　　The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies, automated calculation and programmability, but no single device can be identified as the earliest co

7、mputer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. A few devices are worth mentioning though, like some mechanical aids to computing, which were very successful and survived for centuries until the adve

8、nt of the electronic calculator, like the Sumerian abacus, designed around 2500 BC of which a descendant w</p><p>　　Around the end of the 10th century, the French monk Gerbert d'Aurillac brought back fro

9、m Spain the drawings of a machine invented by the Moors that answered either Yes or No to the questions it was asked. Again in the 13th century, the monks Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon built talking androids without an

10、y further development.</p><p>　　In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator, a device that could perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on human intelligence. The

11、mechanical calculator was at the root of the development of computers in two separate ways. Initially, it was in trying to develop more powerful and more flexible calculators that the computer was first theorized by Char

12、les Babbage and then developed. Secondly, development of a low-cost electronic calculator, successor to t</p><p>　　First general-purpose computers</p><p>　　In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an

13、 improvement to the textile loom by introducing a series of punched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the dev

14、elopment of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.</p><p>　　In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptu

15、alize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer, his analytical engine. Limited finances and Babbage's inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never completed ; nevertheless

16、his son, Henry Babbage, completed a simplified version of the analytical engine's computing unit (the mill) in 1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906. This machine was given t

17、o the Science muse</p><p>　　In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a machine-readable medium. Earlier uses of machine-readable media had been for control, not data. "After

18、 some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards ..." To process these punched cards he invented the tabulator, and the keypunch machines. These three inventions were the foundation of the modern in

19、formation processing industry. Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the 189</p><p>　　During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by

20、 increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and ac

21、curacy of modern digital computers.</p><p>　　Alan Turing is widely regarded as the father of modern computer science. In 1936 Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and

22、computation with the Turing machine, providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. Of his role in the creation of the modern computer, Time magazine in naming Turing one of the 100 most influential people of

23、 the 20th century, states: "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-pro</p><p>　　EDSAC was one of the first computers to implement the stored-program (von

24、Neumann) architecture.</p><p>　　Die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor (actual size: 12×6.75 mm) in its packaging.</p><p>　　The Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) was the world's first ele

25、ctronic digital computer, albeit not programmable. Atanasoff is considered to be one of the fathers of the computer.Conceived in 1937 by Iowa State College physics professor John Atanasoff, and built with the assistance

26、of graduate student Clifford Berry, the machine was not programmable, being designed only to solve systems of linear equations. The computer did employ parallel computation. A 1973 court ruling in a patent dispute found

27、</p><p>　　The first program-controlled computer was invented by Konrad Zuse, who built the Z3, an electromechanical computing machine, in 1941. The first programmable electronic computer was the Colossus, bu

28、ilt in 1943 by Tommy Flowers.</p><p>　　George Stibitz is internationally recognized as a father of the modern digital computer. While working at Bell Labs in November 1937, Stibitz invented and built a relay

29、-based calculator he dubbed the "Model K" (for "kitchen table", on which he had assembled it), which was the first to use binary circuits to perform an arithmetic operation. Later models added greater

30、 sophistication including complex arithmetic and programmability.</p><p>　　A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the

31、key features that are seen in modern computers. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along thi

32、s road as "the first digital electronic computer" is difficult. Notable achievements include. Konrad Zuse's electromechanical "Z machines". The Z3 (</p><p>　　The non-programmable Atan

33、asoff–Berry Computer (commenced in 1937, completed in 1941) which used vacuum tube based computation, binary numbers, and regenerative capacitor memory. The use of regenerative memory allowed it to be much more compact t

34、han its peers (being approximately the size of a large desk or workbench), since intermediate results could be stored and then fed back into the same set of computation elements.</p><p>　　The secret British

35、Colossus computers (1943), which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically reprogrammable. It was used for breaking German wartime

36、 codes.</p><p>　　The Harvard Mark I (1944), a large-scale electromechanical computer with limited programmability.</p><p>　　The U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory ENIAC (1946), which

37、used decimal arithmetic and is sometimes called the first general purpose electronic computer (since Konrad Zuse's Z3 of 1941 used electromagnets instead of electronics). Initially, however, ENIAC had an inflexible a

38、rchitecture which essentially required rewiring to change its programming.</p><p>　　Stored-program architecture</p><p>　　Replica of the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), the world's f

39、irst stored-program computer, at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England</p><p>　　Several developers of ENIAC, recognizing its flaws, came up with a far more flexible and elegant design, wh

40、ich came to be known as the "stored-program architecture" or von Neumann architecture. This design was first formally described by John von Neumann in the paper First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, distributed

41、 in 1945. A number of projects to develop computers based on the stored-program architecture commenced around this time, the first of which was completed in 1948 at the University of </p><p>　　Nearly all mod

42、ern computers implement some form of the stored-program architecture, making it the single trait by which the word "computer" is now defined. While the technologies used in computers have changed dramatically s

43、ince the first electronic, general-purpose computers of the 1940s, most still use the von Neumann architecture.</p><p>　　Beginning in the 1950s, Soviet scientists Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov conduc

44、ted research on ternary computers, devices that operated on a base three numbering system of ?1, 0, and 1 rather than the conventional binary numbering system upon which most computers are based. They designed the Setun,

45、 a functional ternary computer, at Moscow State University. The device was put into limited production in the Soviet Union, but supplanted by the more common binary architecture.</p><p>　　Semiconductors and

46、microprocessors</p><p>　　Computers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s, but by the 1960s had been largely replaced by semiconductor transistor-based machines, whi

47、ch were smaller, faster, cheaper to produce, required less power, and were more reliable. The first transistorised computer was demonstrated at the University of Manchester in 1953. In the 1970s, integrated circuit techn

48、ology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004, further decreased si</p><p>　　Modern smartphones are fully programmable computers in their own right, and as of 2009 may well be

49、the most common form of such computers in existenc.</p><p><b>　　歷史的計(jì)算</b></p><p>　　主要文章:計(jì)算機(jī)硬件的歷史</p><p>　　在第一次使用“計(jì)算機(jī)”這個(gè)詞被記錄在1613年,指的是對(duì)一個(gè)人進(jìn)行了計(jì)算,或計(jì)算,與詞的意思相同,直到繼續(xù)20世紀(jì)中期。19世

50、紀(jì)末開(kāi)始其更熟悉的含義,一個(gè)機(jī)器進(jìn)行計(jì)算。</p><p>　　Limited-function早期計(jì)算機(jī)</p><p>　　雅卡爾的展覽上,在科學(xué)工業(yè)博物館在曼徹斯特,是英國(guó)最早的一種可編程設(shè)備。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)的歷史開(kāi)始于兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的技術(shù),自動(dòng)計(jì)算和可編程,但沒(méi)有一種單一的設(shè)備可以看成是最早的電腦,部分的原因是由于不應(yīng)用那個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。一些設(shè)備值得一提

51、的是,雖然喜歡一些機(jī)械復(fù)制計(jì)算,很成功,并且存活了幾個(gè)世紀(jì),來(lái)臨的電子計(jì)算器,像蘇美爾算盤,大約在公元前2500年左右的設(shè)計(jì)贏得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的后代對(duì)現(xiàn)代書(shū)桌速度計(jì)算機(jī)器在1946年日本滑動(dòng)規(guī)則,起源于1620年代,進(jìn)行了五阿波羅太空機(jī)構(gòu),包括月球等機(jī)制,一個(gè)古老的天文計(jì)算機(jī)建造大約在公元前80年的希臘人。亞歷山大的希臘數(shù)學(xué)家的英雄(公元前10 -公元70年)建造了一個(gè)機(jī)械劇院演了一出劇的持續(xù)10分鐘的時(shí)間,是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的旋轉(zhuǎn)系統(tǒng)操作的繩索和桶,可

52、能會(huì)被認(rèn)為是一種手段決定的哪個(gè)部位進(jìn)行行為和機(jī)理的時(shí)候。這是可編程的本質(zhì)。</p><p>　　十世紀(jì)末,法國(guó)僧侶帶回來(lái)斯韋二氏西班牙畫(huà)的機(jī)器發(fā)明的,要么摩爾人回答是或否的問(wèn)題。在13世紀(jì),僧侶們Albertus馬格努斯和羅杰·培根說(shuō)沒(méi)有任何建造機(jī)器人的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。</p><p>　　1642年,文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的看見(jiàn)發(fā)明的機(jī)械計(jì)算器,一種裝置能完成所有的四個(gè)算術(shù)運(yùn)算，不用依賴人類

53、的智力。機(jī)械計(jì)算器的根源是電腦的發(fā)展有兩種方式。最初,是在試圖發(fā)展更強(qiáng)大和更靈活的計(jì)算器,電腦是第一個(gè)被人們記得查爾斯·巴貝奇,然后理論發(fā)展。其次,開(kāi)發(fā)的一種低成本的電子計(jì)算器繼任者、機(jī)械計(jì)算器,造成了發(fā)展的第一個(gè)商業(yè)化可用英特爾處理器集成電路。</p><p><b>　　第一次通用計(jì)算機(jī)</b></p><p>　　1801年,約瑟夫瑪麗做了一個(gè)改進(jìn)提花

54、織機(jī)介紹紡織一系列打孔紙質(zhì)卡作為一個(gè)模板使織機(jī)編織自動(dòng)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的模式。結(jié)果提花機(jī)是一個(gè)重要的發(fā)展歷程中的電腦,因?yàn)槭褂么┛卓ㄆ瑏?lái)定義編織模式可被看作是早,雖然有限,可編程的形式。</p><p>　　1837年,查爾斯·巴巴奇是第一個(gè)構(gòu)思和設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)完全可編程機(jī)械計(jì)算機(jī),他的分析引擎。有限的財(cái)政和巴巴奇未能抵抗擺弄設(shè)計(jì)意味著裝置是根本沒(méi)完成的;然而他的兒子,亨利·巴巴奇,完成了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)化版本的分析

55、引擎的運(yùn)算單元(廠)于1888年。他給了一個(gè)成功的示范用于計(jì)算表于1906年。這臺(tái)機(jī)器是給科學(xué)博物館位于南肯辛頓于1910年。</p><p>　　在1880年代晚期,赫爾曼?；魻柸鹚拱l(fā)明了記錄的一種機(jī)器可以閱讀的數(shù)據(jù)中。機(jī)器的使用媒體早些時(shí)候被控制,沒(méi)有數(shù)據(jù)?！敖?jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的試驗(yàn),他住在紙帶上穿孔卡片…“處理這些穿孔卡片他發(fā)明了針孔制表機(jī)。這三個(gè)發(fā)明是基礎(chǔ)的現(xiàn)代信息加工業(yè)。大型自動(dòng)化的數(shù)據(jù)處理進(jìn)行了穿孔卡片為1

56、890年美國(guó)人口普查由霍勒里斯的公司,后來(lái)成為了IBM的核心。19世紀(jì)末大量的新技術(shù)、新思路,后來(lái)被證明是有用的計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的實(shí)踐,已經(jīng)開(kāi)始出現(xiàn):布爾代數(shù),真空管(計(jì)算機(jī)閥),穿孔卡片和磁帶,電傳打字機(jī)。</p><p>　　在20世紀(jì)初,許多科學(xué)計(jì)算需要受到了越來(lái)越復(fù)雜的模擬計(jì)算機(jī),它通過(guò)直接機(jī)械或電氣模型為基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算問(wèn)題。然而,這不是編程,通常缺乏的通用性和準(zhǔn)確性的現(xiàn)代數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)。</p><

57、p>　　阿蘭·圖靈就被廣泛認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)之父。在1936年提供了一個(gè)有影響力的正規(guī)化涂林的概念和計(jì)算方法與涂林機(jī)器,提供電子數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)的藍(lán)圖。他的角色在創(chuàng)作現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)的時(shí)候,《時(shí)代》雜志在20世紀(jì)命名圖靈的100位最具影響力的人物之一,聲明:“事實(shí)是,每個(gè)人在一個(gè)鍵盤,打開(kāi)水龍頭電子數(shù)據(jù)表或一個(gè)字處理程序,正在涂林的化身”。</p><p>　　這Zuse虛擬的某種知識(shí)世界,1941年,被認(rèn)

58、為是世界上的第一個(gè)工作可編程、全自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)器。</p><p>　　EDSAC是其中第一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)stored-program(馮。諾依曼)的建筑。</p><p>　　一個(gè)英特爾80486 DX2微處理器(實(shí)際尺寸:12×6.75毫米),在它的包裝。</p><p>　　Atanasoff-Berry的計(jì)算機(jī)(ABC)是世界上最早的電子數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī),但

59、不可編程的。阿坦那索夫被認(rèn)為是其中一位電腦之父。它孕育于1937年由愛(ài)荷華州立大學(xué)物理學(xué)教授約翰?阿坦那索夫,修筑協(xié)助研究生克利夫?貝瑞,機(jī)器沒(méi)有可編程的,只有解決系統(tǒng)在設(shè)計(jì)線性方程組。并采用計(jì)算機(jī)并行處理能力。1973年專利糾紛的法院判決書(shū)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的專利1946 ENIAC計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)源于Atanasoff-Berry電腦。</p><p>　　第一個(gè)程控計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)明的康拉德祖薩、誰(shuí)建的虛擬的某種知識(shí)世界,機(jī)電一體化計(jì)

60、算機(jī)器,在1941年。第一個(gè)可編程電子計(jì)算機(jī)是龐然大物,始建于1943年由湯米·花朵。</p><p>　　喬治是國(guó)際公認(rèn)的父親的現(xiàn)代數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)。在工作時(shí),在貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室在1937年11月,Stibitz發(fā)明,搭建了一個(gè)基于繼電器的計(jì)算器他稱為“模型K”(“廚房桌子”,但他聚集它),這是第一個(gè)使用二進(jìn)制電路執(zhí)行算術(shù)運(yùn)算。最近的模型更大的復(fù)雜性增加包括復(fù)雜的算術(shù)和可編程。</p><p&

61、gt;　　一個(gè)接一個(gè)的穩(wěn)定更強(qiáng)大和靈活的計(jì)算裝置建于1940年代和1930年代,逐漸增加的主要特點(diǎn)是出現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)代的計(jì)算機(jī)。使用數(shù)碼電子(主要是在1937年發(fā)明的克勞德夏儂)和更靈活的可編程是至關(guān)重要的步驟,但確定一個(gè)點(diǎn)沿著這條道路是“第一個(gè)電子數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)”是困難的。顯著的成果包括。</p><p>　　康拉德·祖薩機(jī)電“Z機(jī)器”。這個(gè)虛擬的某種知識(shí)世界(1941)是第一個(gè)以二進(jìn)制算術(shù)工作機(jī),包括浮點(diǎn)運(yùn)算和

62、可編程的一個(gè)衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在1998年,虛擬的某種知識(shí)世界被證明是圖靈完整,因此被世界上第一個(gè)操作電腦。</p><p>　　可編程的的計(jì)算機(jī)(開(kāi)始于1937年,在1941年完成)采用真空管基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算、二進(jìn)制數(shù)字,和蓄熱式電容器的記憶。使用蓄熱式記憶允許他的作品被更緊湊的比它的同行出色(正在約的體積有一個(gè)大桌子或平臺(tái),因?yàn)橹虚g結(jié)果可以存儲(chǔ),然后反饋到相同的一組計(jì)算元素。</p><p>　　英國(guó)

63、的秘密"巨神像"電腦(1943年),有限但顯示裝置可編程使用成千上萬(wàn)的管可以合理可靠和電子系統(tǒng)中可編程門。它是用來(lái)破壞德國(guó)戰(zhàn)時(shí)的代碼。</p><p>　　哈佛馬克一世(1944年),一個(gè)大型機(jī)電式計(jì)算機(jī)有限的可編程。</p><p>　　美國(guó)軍隊(duì)的彈道研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室ENIAC(1946),采用十進(jìn)制算法和有時(shí)被稱為第一次通用電子計(jì)算機(jī)(因?yàn)榭道?祖薩的虛擬的某種知識(shí)世界

64、1941使用電磁鐵代替電子)。最初,然而,ENIAC有一個(gè)呆板的建筑本質(zhì)要求改變其重新編程。</p><p>　　小規(guī)模的實(shí)驗(yàn)機(jī)的復(fù)制品(SSEM),世界上第一個(gè)可存儲(chǔ)電腦,在科學(xué)工業(yè)博物館在曼徹斯特,英格蘭電子計(jì)分?jǐn)?shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)的幾個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)商,承認(rèn)其缺點(diǎn),想出了一個(gè)更加靈活和優(yōu)雅的設(shè)計(jì),這后來(lái)被稱作“存儲(chǔ)建筑”或馮·諾依曼結(jié)構(gòu)。本設(shè)計(jì)是第一個(gè)正式的描述由約翰·馮·紐曼在紙的初稿EDVAC

65、的一份報(bào)告顯示,分布在1945年。許多項(xiàng)目建立計(jì)算機(jī)基于存儲(chǔ)建筑開(kāi)始在這個(gè)時(shí)候,其中第一本于1948年完工,在英國(guó)曼徹斯特大學(xué)的,這位小型實(shí)驗(yàn)機(jī)(SSEM或“寶貝”)。電子延遲存儲(chǔ)自動(dòng)計(jì)算器(EDSAC),完成后一年SSEM在劍橋大學(xué),是第一個(gè)實(shí)用的、non-experimental設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施可存儲(chǔ)計(jì)算機(jī)立即在投入使用為研究在本校工作。不久,這臺(tái)機(jī)器原本馮。諾依曼的描述完成的,卻沒(méi)有看見(jiàn)paper-EDVAC-was全職使用額外的兩年。

66、</p><p>　　幾乎所有的現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)執(zhí)行一些形式的stored-program架構(gòu),使之成為單一對(duì)方“計(jì)算機(jī)”這個(gè)詞現(xiàn)在定義。而技術(shù)用于電腦有了顯著的變化自從第一電子、通用計(jì)算機(jī)的1940年代,大部分仍然使用馮·諾依曼體系結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　從1950年代開(kāi)始,蘇聯(lián)科學(xué)家謝爾蓋·薩辛進(jìn)行研究,對(duì)三元Brusentsov計(jì)算機(jī)、設(shè)備運(yùn)行在一個(gè)基地,三個(gè)編碼系

67、統(tǒng)的?1,0,- 1,而不是傳統(tǒng)的二進(jìn)制編碼系統(tǒng)在大多數(shù)電腦的基礎(chǔ)。他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了Setun,功能三元電腦,在莫斯科,州立大學(xué)。該設(shè)備已經(jīng)投入有限公司生產(chǎn)在蘇聯(lián),但取代二進(jìn)制建筑更常見(jiàn)。</p><p><b>　　半導(dǎo)體和微處理器</b></p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)使用真空管為其在使用電子元件在整個(gè)1950年代,但到了1960年代已經(jīng)很大程度地取代了半導(dǎo)體的電晶體的機(jī)械

68、,這些機(jī)械是更小,更快,更便宜的生產(chǎn),需要更少的電力,并且他們也更可在1970年代,集成電路技術(shù)和隨后而來(lái)的微處理器,如英特爾4004,進(jìn)一步減少體積和成本,進(jìn)一步提高計(jì)算機(jī)的速度和可靠性。在1970年代晚期,許多產(chǎn)品,如錄像機(jī)專用電腦中被稱為微控制器,他們開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)在更換到機(jī)械控制家電如洗衣機(jī)。在1980年代產(chǎn)生了家用電腦和現(xiàn)在到處都個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)。因特網(wǎng)的進(jìn)化,個(gè)人電腦將成為一般的電視和電話的家務(wù)活動(dòng)。</p><p&