工程管理涉及領(lǐng)域外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　工程造價(jià)管理前沿</b></p><p>　　摘要：工程造價(jià)管理的基本內(nèi)容,確定合理和有效控制工程造價(jià)。描述現(xiàn)階段的工程造價(jià)管理的情況,加強(qiáng)了各階段的工程造價(jià)管理工作的重要性,并提出了若干關(guān)鍵性舉措。 </p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞： 建設(shè)成本；建設(shè)工程造價(jià)管理的地位；市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下管理投資的決策階段；設(shè)計(jì)階段；實(shí)施階段； </p&g

2、t;<p><b>　　1前言</b></p><p>　　即使在世貿(mào)組織和中國加入世界大家庭, 是中國建筑業(yè)如何有效地控制工程造價(jià)的建設(shè)和管理的一個(gè)重要組成部分。 然而,目前的年度預(yù)算為建設(shè)項(xiàng)目-概算,預(yù)算,超預(yù)算的"三超"現(xiàn)象仍然普遍存在,最終導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重失控項(xiàng)目投資。工程造價(jià)管理的基本內(nèi)容,就是合理確定和有效控制工程造價(jià)。</p><

3、p>　　作為這項(xiàng)工程的費(fèi)用,以項(xiàng)目貫穿整個(gè)過程中, 按階段可分為:投資決策階段,設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施階段。 所謂工程造價(jià)的有效控制, 在優(yōu)化建設(shè)方案,設(shè)計(jì)方案的基礎(chǔ)上,在建設(shè)過程的所有階段使用某些方法和措施,以降低工程成本有一個(gè)合理控制的范圍 和成本的核定限額。 </p><p>　　2 工程造價(jià)管理工作的現(xiàn)狀</p><p>　　工程造價(jià)管理制度形成于50年代, 80年代成熟起來，表現(xiàn)為國家

4、直接參與管理經(jīng)濟(jì)活動。規(guī)定在設(shè)計(jì)階段,以不同的概算或預(yù)算的編制以及政府，沒有有關(guān)部門制訂財(cái)政預(yù)算案、內(nèi)容、方法和審批, 這份預(yù)算案將提供固定費(fèi)用、設(shè)備和材料,采用固定價(jià)格的預(yù)算編制、審批、管理權(quán)限,等等。 </p><p>　　隨著歷史進(jìn)程經(jīng)過恢復(fù)、改革和發(fā)展,形成了比較完備的概預(yù)算定額管理制度。 但是,隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,制度的許多問題也暴露出來。一般來說,預(yù)算是基于直接參與管理國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動作為先決條

5、件，企業(yè)并不是實(shí)際的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體，由于特征的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制,并在當(dāng)時(shí)的條件下,生產(chǎn)力必將成為短缺經(jīng)濟(jì)。 </p><p>　　嚴(yán)重的商品短缺的情況下,只要有一定程度的投資將產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)出。在這種環(huán)境下,項(xiàng)目的規(guī)劃和技術(shù)論證就不可能有經(jīng)濟(jì)分析。國家控制的項(xiàng)目成本構(gòu)成要素的設(shè)備和材料價(jià)格。在這種相對穩(wěn)定的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境,財(cái)政預(yù)算的制度,核定工程造價(jià), 幫助政府進(jìn)行投資計(jì)劃方面發(fā)揮了重大作用。 </p><p>

6、　　隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的確立,要求我們以預(yù)測項(xiàng)目的投資和控制。近年來,國際投資項(xiàng)目的發(fā)展要求,事前預(yù)控,事中控制。中國傳統(tǒng)的做法,從客觀的角度對事業(yè)的決策,執(zhí)行重,輕經(jīng)濟(jì)。 </p><p>　　首先,由于技術(shù)人員的工程技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)觀念和意識淡薄 成本控制,成本管理,使質(zhì)量難以提高。工程造價(jià)控制是很難達(dá)到的長遠(yuǎn)目標(biāo)。</p><p>　　第二,各個(gè)階段的項(xiàng)目管理鑒于上述情況,我國在八十

7、年代提出了全過程的成本管理與控制的概念,建設(shè)部門將進(jìn)行可行性研究和項(xiàng)目的預(yù)算和決算等,以擴(kuò)大兩國的請求的相應(yīng)規(guī)定,我們把成本管理的觀念和方法提到了一個(gè)新高度。</p><p>　　我們現(xiàn)在的任務(wù)是要與現(xiàn)代成本管理的,符合中國國情的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的系統(tǒng)目標(biāo),借鑒先進(jìn)發(fā)達(dá)國家的經(jīng)驗(yàn), 建立健全市場經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律的工程造價(jià)管理體系,努力提高工程造價(jià)的水平。</p><p>　　投資決策階段的工程造價(jià)管理建設(shè)

8、項(xiàng)目投資決策階段是提出項(xiàng)目建議書, 進(jìn)行了可行性研究,確定投資估算,最終編制設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。在這個(gè)階段,項(xiàng)目的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)決策, 對建設(shè)項(xiàng)目工程造價(jià)的工程完成后的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益有著決定性的影響,建造成本是一個(gè)重要的階段控制。</p><p>　　我國現(xiàn)階段的工程造價(jià)進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目管理的目的是出清價(jià),只注重施工過程的成本控制, 忽略開始的項(xiàng)目投資決策階段的成本控制。投資決策階段的投資項(xiàng)目,估計(jì)是一個(gè)重要的決策依據(jù)。它直接影響到國民經(jīng)

9、濟(jì)及財(cái)務(wù)分析結(jié)果的可靠性和準(zhǔn)確性。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)階段是工程的前期工作,信息不能完全, 同類作品或多或少地積累的資料比較少,估計(jì)不夠全面,不科學(xué)。使工程造價(jià)管理和成本工人現(xiàn)階段很難有所作為。</p><p>　　各個(gè)階段的工程造價(jià)控制在決策階段的工程造價(jià)控制。權(quán)項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃階段的成本,許多業(yè)主有錯(cuò)誤的理解,降低成本,更好?？刂瞥杀?而不是單方面問題,而應(yīng)該是一個(gè)多因素的影響,結(jié)合實(shí)際,全面考慮。建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的投資決策階段,項(xiàng)目的

10、技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)決策,工程造價(jià)后,工程的竣工和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,有決定性作用,在項(xiàng)目成本控制是一個(gè)重要的階段,合理確定和控制方向的工程造價(jià)準(zhǔn)確定位和建立優(yōu)化的指導(dǎo)作用。</p><p>　　在決策階段最重要的是做好可行性研究。這項(xiàng)工作做得好,投資回報(bào)率,能夠形成一個(gè)良好的比例。否則,投資多,收效不大,導(dǎo)致失控和浪費(fèi)投資。</p><p>　　目前,一些項(xiàng)目的策劃,從主觀愿望的可行性研究缺乏科學(xué)論證?？尚?/p>

11、性研究報(bào)告不真實(shí),虛假或工程職能須經(jīng)實(shí)際付諸可行性研究會在批出的研究項(xiàng)目后,順利消除不少隱患, 結(jié)果導(dǎo)致沒有足夠的后續(xù)資金支持項(xiàng)目,并延長時(shí)限,使該項(xiàng)目沒有計(jì)劃的使用效益,甚至成為竣工無望的工程。</p><p>　　因此,以期在投資決策中有效地控制工程造價(jià),必須做好以下幾方面的工作：</p><p>　　1）實(shí)施建設(shè)項(xiàng)目法人責(zé)任制三峽工程從規(guī)劃到執(zhí)行的整個(gè)過程和使用的資金償還責(zé)任落實(shí)到人

12、。除了要確立的法律制度和工程監(jiān)理配套機(jī)制,由主管部門的 工商及監(jiān)管部門成立監(jiān)察小組,負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督資金的使用。</p><p>　　2）實(shí)事求是的態(tài)度,市場分析,以避免盲目性,對項(xiàng)目決策,減少和降低投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。充分考慮建設(shè)項(xiàng)目在未來的市場競爭力,設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)的科學(xué)性和可靠性。</p><p>　　3）資金必須有正式的承諾文件,各方必須做投資資金到位, 基金必須有文件,以確?？梢耘鷾?zhǔn)立項(xiàng)后,原定執(zhí)行。對

13、各項(xiàng)貸款的條件應(yīng)仔細(xì)分析,以減少利息負(fù)擔(dān)和還款壓力。</p><p>　　4）加強(qiáng)工程地質(zhì)、水文地質(zhì)、土地、水、電力、交通、環(huán)保工程等外部條件的工作深度,使投資估算有充分的理由。</p><p>　　同時(shí)廣泛調(diào)查研究,比較同類項(xiàng)目,認(rèn)真進(jìn)行功能分析,多方案比較和選擇。經(jīng)過充分的技術(shù)論證和經(jīng)濟(jì)評價(jià),最后以技術(shù)先進(jìn),實(shí)用可靠。經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的項(xiàng)目,從而計(jì)算出一個(gè)更準(zhǔn)確,實(shí)事求是地估計(jì)投資額,使工程造

14、價(jià)從一開始就定位在一個(gè)較為合理的水平。</p><p>　　3設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制</p><p>　　長期以來,我國建筑控制很有效,因此,控制工程造價(jià)具有重要意義, 但工程造價(jià)的主要方法是控制設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>　　目前大部分的業(yè)主在設(shè)計(jì)階段很少工程的成本控制,而他們認(rèn)為成本的設(shè)計(jì)不會有太大的影響,這是不對的,相反的,設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制是最重要的一步。因

15、為它決定了工程設(shè)計(jì)、施工方法、材料和設(shè)備的種類,優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)階段的程序或小的變化, 工程造價(jià)將會產(chǎn)生重大影響,設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制項(xiàng)目總成本的70% 。以下是如何控制工程從設(shè)計(jì)到管理。</p><p>　　3.1作為業(yè)主,必須重視設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)選定的質(zhì)量水平直接影響產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的設(shè)計(jì)水平, 而設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的水平,直接影響定價(jià)的工程量。不同的設(shè)計(jì)單位對同一項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)是不同的。同一項(xiàng)

16、目的不同設(shè)計(jì)研究院工程之間某些方面的工程造價(jià)就存在分歧之間,我們假設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)由兩個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)院設(shè)計(jì), 施工圖完成后,所要求的咨詢單位成本做預(yù)算。當(dāng)然不同設(shè)計(jì)院的項(xiàng)目的總成本是絕對不一樣的, 大部分兩者的差異超過10% ,甚至超過30% , 而不一定是成本高,比設(shè)計(jì)成本低,良好的設(shè)計(jì)往往是成本低,我們都知道,每個(gè)人有不同的設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格,不同層次的設(shè)計(jì)作品自然 因此選擇設(shè)計(jì)單位,是管制的第一步。通過招標(biāo)選擇設(shè)計(jì)單位,是一個(gè)很好的方法,在招標(biāo)文件中詳

17、細(xì)說明這方面的要求,成本控制目標(biāo)等等。</p><p>　　否則,在以后的設(shè)計(jì)過程中設(shè)計(jì)單位會提出增加成本的設(shè)計(jì)要求；通過招標(biāo)項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)入市場,為選擇最好的設(shè)計(jì)單位。</p><p>　　3.2 提倡設(shè)計(jì)招投標(biāo)和設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化戰(zhàn)役模式設(shè)計(jì)單位評估</p><p>　　由專家組成, 按照適用,經(jīng)濟(jì),美學(xué)原理和先進(jìn)技術(shù), 結(jié)構(gòu)合理,以滿足建筑節(jié)能和環(huán)保的要求,綜合評價(jià)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

18、,規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì), 擇優(yōu)確定中選方案。 </p><p>　　成功的投資計(jì)劃估計(jì)將接近一般建設(shè)工程范圍內(nèi)的投資。 這意味著兩個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)合約,將幫助設(shè)計(jì)方案的選擇和競爭機(jī)會,以確保獲選設(shè)計(jì) 先進(jìn)的技術(shù),獨(dú)特的新穎性,適應(yīng)性,以及控制工程造價(jià)。設(shè)計(jì)單位要努力提高自身素質(zhì),該項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)巧妙構(gòu)思, 當(dāng)代降低工程成本上動腦筋,以提高設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量, 力爭把設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制批準(zhǔn)的投資上限。 </p><p>　　

19、3.3 加強(qiáng)設(shè)計(jì)階段</p><p>　　以加強(qiáng)監(jiān)督專員,以確定一個(gè)合理的設(shè)計(jì), 成熟的技術(shù),減少在施工階段主要設(shè)計(jì)變化和在節(jié)目中, 在有效控制了工程造價(jià)將扮演一個(gè)角色。工程的設(shè)計(jì),如果工程監(jiān)理介入排除不利因素,一般可排除80%的錯(cuò)誤。 在整個(gè)建設(shè)過程中的成本控制,在開始施工時(shí)盡量節(jié)約投資20%,關(guān)鍵施工階段的識別和控制成本。 監(jiān)督的設(shè)計(jì)階段,包括: 設(shè)計(jì)院的設(shè)計(jì)圖紙和說明,協(xié)助業(yè)主處理不同設(shè)計(jì)方案的經(jīng)濟(jì), 資本

20、開支與發(fā)展的初步估計(jì),以確保投資能夠得到最有效的利用。與業(yè)主,監(jiān)理,包括： </p><p>　　根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)院提供的設(shè)計(jì)圖紙和說明,協(xié)助業(yè)主處理不同的設(shè)計(jì)方案經(jīng)濟(jì),資本支出發(fā)展的初步規(guī)劃,以確保投資能夠得到最有效的利用；與業(yè)主不同的設(shè)計(jì)方案, 需要計(jì)算自己的材料和設(shè)備進(jìn)行成本分析和研究, 對設(shè)計(jì)人員的費(fèi)用,以協(xié)助他們在投資限額范圍內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì),以節(jié)省投資。尋求一次性投資少,經(jīng)濟(jì)好的設(shè)計(jì)方案,取得最合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)。<

21、/p><p>　　3.4積極推動所謂的上限限額設(shè)計(jì) </p><p>　　即使批準(zhǔn)的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書和投資估算,在保證功能要求的前提下。初步設(shè)計(jì)和概算控制, 據(jù)初步批準(zhǔn)的預(yù)算總額為設(shè)計(jì)和施工圖設(shè)計(jì)控制。而每一個(gè)專業(yè),每一個(gè)都有一個(gè)門檻設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)目標(biāo)。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中,設(shè)計(jì)師要進(jìn)步多方案,優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì), 確保設(shè)計(jì)在技術(shù)上是先進(jìn),合理,創(chuàng)新,時(shí)尚,而不是打破限制投資的目標(biāo), 從而杜絕了工程設(shè)計(jì),提高安全系數(shù)和設(shè)

22、計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 或只考慮技術(shù)可行性的計(jì)劃,而非經(jīng)濟(jì)理性的現(xiàn)象, 這項(xiàng)工程的費(fèi)用,以確保有效控制。 </p><p>　　又稱價(jià)值工程的價(jià)值分析,是一種現(xiàn)代科學(xué)管理技術(shù), 是一個(gè)新的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析的是產(chǎn)品的功能分析,以節(jié)約資源,降低成本的目的,一個(gè)有效的方法。它彌補(bǔ)了傳統(tǒng)的成本管理單純強(qiáng)調(diào)降低成本和質(zhì)量管理只強(qiáng)調(diào)改善質(zhì)量缺陷,建設(shè),有利于解決長期存在的時(shí)間長,浪費(fèi)大,質(zhì)量差,成本高的問題。價(jià)值工程法一般分為三個(gè)步驟：評估的

23、面向?qū)ο蠹夹g(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)評分評分；計(jì)算對象的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo); 計(jì)算幾何設(shè)計(jì)的物體,平均從比較中選擇最佳的設(shè)計(jì)。 </p><p>　　4 建設(shè)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的單位工程造價(jià)管理</p><p>　　控制工程成本,是合理的 該項(xiàng)目達(dá)到質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的前提下,在投資決策階段, 設(shè)計(jì)及建造階段的項(xiàng)目,把項(xiàng)目審批出現(xiàn)在管制范圍內(nèi),力爭在各項(xiàng)建設(shè)工程合理使用人力, 物力和財(cái)力資源,以取得良好的投資效益和社會效益。

24、</p><p>　　項(xiàng)目成本控制和管理是一個(gè)動態(tài)的過程。動態(tài)的市場經(jīng)濟(jì),使投資在確定與控制變得更為復(fù)雜,這將要求施工單位對工程造價(jià)管理的項(xiàng)目貫穿整個(gè)過程中,它必須有一個(gè)全面的焦點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　執(zhí)行階段的項(xiàng)目。實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理是實(shí)施全過程項(xiàng)目管理。項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理可分為三個(gè)部分：投標(biāo)管理施工管理和結(jié)算管理。 </p><p>　　4.1 招

25、標(biāo)施工階段的施工單位招標(biāo)制度</p><p>　　控制工程造價(jià)的有效手段,申辦組織,可以提高成本效益的工程,并確保工程質(zhì)量, 縮短建設(shè)周期,投資回報(bào), 施工單位可充分利用招標(biāo)的手段,有效控制成本。 </p><p>　　施工編號10月7部令發(fā)布了“合同與施工合同定價(jià)管理” 明確指出,在工程招標(biāo)使用庫存。這就要求建設(shè)單位進(jìn)行招標(biāo), 在招標(biāo)文件中,不僅包括通常的內(nèi)容如債券投標(biāo)前附表,招標(biāo)債券合

26、同的條件、合同協(xié)議條款、合同格式、技術(shù)規(guī)格、圖紙、招標(biāo)文件及其他參考格式,還必須提供工程清單招標(biāo)作為參考文件的重要組成部分。 </p><p>　　建設(shè)單位在招標(biāo)文件中的工程量清單, 按照國家或地方頒布的規(guī)則的計(jì)算方法,統(tǒng)一的項(xiàng)目劃分, 統(tǒng)一計(jì)量單位,統(tǒng)一的工程計(jì)算規(guī)則按設(shè)計(jì)圖紙加以計(jì)算和統(tǒng)計(jì)安排,取得名單。 數(shù)量應(yīng)遵循的籌備工作客觀,公正,科學(xué),合理的原則。編寫者必須有一定的知識的工程設(shè)計(jì)和施工經(jīng)驗(yàn), 以及材料

27、與機(jī)械施工技術(shù)全面的科學(xué)知識,為了計(jì)算容積的工程無重大遺漏。此基礎(chǔ)上,必須符合國家規(guī)定的工程計(jì)算規(guī)則與分包工程處工程單位,并按照設(shè)計(jì)圖紙,設(shè)計(jì)必不可少的愛情招標(biāo)文件規(guī)定計(jì)算量的項(xiàng)目應(yīng)該有一個(gè)綜合測試,作品必須簡單,雖然不露出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤定價(jià)項(xiàng)目,要保證正確的工程。應(yīng)該要求的不同等級分開工程部,情況則有所不同, 我們可能有不同的價(jià)格,為項(xiàng)目分開。這就要求編寫清單編制人員,認(rèn)真研究設(shè)計(jì)圖紙, 分析招標(biāo)文件中包括的工作內(nèi)容及不同的技術(shù)要求, 大家熟

28、悉的過程,并到現(xiàn)場認(rèn)真調(diào)查,預(yù)計(jì),以使施工的情況下,會對價(jià)格項(xiàng)目得以打破。此外, 因?yàn)轫?xiàng)目清單計(jì)算數(shù)額的項(xiàng)目是不完整的工程,并考慮利益施工單位,顯然付出代價(jià)相同的總體價(jià)格 該工程量清單的數(shù)量,實(shí)際建設(shè)是一個(gè)具有實(shí)際意義。 </p><p>　　在評價(jià)和審查的投標(biāo)應(yīng)做的單位,個(gè)人總報(bào)價(jià)和綜合評估價(jià)格不符合要求的個(gè)體顯示物價(jià)符合要求, 與最低總價(jià)不能解釋單一,價(jià)低。投標(biāo)人往往知道總成本,以維持相同的情況下, 該計(jì)劃很

29、可能會改變較小的項(xiàng)目,以降低價(jià)格。變化可能較大項(xiàng)目的價(jià)格上升,以達(dá)到竣工結(jié)算工程,將增加為目的。我們也做價(jià)格和相應(yīng)數(shù)量的工程技術(shù)綜合評估的大批量項(xiàng)目注重價(jià)格分析。價(jià)格會做與工作內(nèi)容,施工計(jì)劃,是一個(gè)全面的技術(shù)評價(jià)過程中, 因而傾向于選擇施工單位。建設(shè)施工階段的合同成本控制基礎(chǔ)。簽訂嚴(yán)密的施工合同,同時(shí)加強(qiáng)施工合同管理,可以保證合同價(jià)是合理的, 合法性,減少履行合同的糾紛,維護(hù)雙方利益的合同,有效地控制了工程投資費(fèi)用。 </p>

30、;<p>　　在簽約前,做好管理合同文件, 合同及補(bǔ)充合同協(xié)議。工作往來等單一內(nèi)容提出了延長合同,并解釋完整必須得到維護(hù), 除了建立了技術(shù)檔案,執(zhí)行合同的動態(tài)分析分析結(jié)果采取積極主動的措施。 </p><p><b>　　4.2施工階段</b></p><p>　　施工階段的施工方案,是基于預(yù)算或建安工程合同價(jià)的目標(biāo),控制工程造價(jià)?，F(xiàn)階段養(yǎng)護(hù)余地小,但可

31、能性是浪費(fèi)很大。從而控制成本的項(xiàng)目給予足夠的重視。 </p><p>　　4.2.1 建筑計(jì)劃</p><p>　　加強(qiáng)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較施工方案是施工組織設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行了重新的工作內(nèi)容,合理的施工方案,縮短建設(shè)工期,確保三峽工程質(zhì)量, 提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率,施工方案正確,從技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)評價(jià)進(jìn)行了比較, 通過定性和定量分析,質(zhì)量,時(shí)間,成本三項(xiàng)技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo),是理智的, 并有效地使用人力,物力和財(cái)力,取得較好的

32、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,良好的施工管理人員之間的關(guān)系, 全面成本管理是一個(gè)重要途徑。 </p><p>　　4.2.2 嚴(yán)格涉及更改項(xiàng)目預(yù)算控制在概算內(nèi)</p><p>　　施工造成的變化,原因有很多,包括工程設(shè)計(jì)不良,使工程合同與圖紙不符規(guī)定；當(dāng)前市場供應(yīng)的材料不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格的設(shè)計(jì)要求。這些問題已離開初級工程造價(jià)的因素。因此,在施工過程中,我們必須加緊海關(guān)變化通過任何更改設(shè)計(jì),擴(kuò)大建設(shè)規(guī)模,提高設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)

33、準(zhǔn),增加建設(shè)內(nèi)容, 最好實(shí)行“分級控制,限額簽證”制度。有權(quán)變更設(shè)計(jì),尤其是涉及到成本的設(shè)計(jì)變更,必須經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)單位, 建設(shè)單位現(xiàn)場代表,監(jiān)理工程師共同簽字,并應(yīng)提前這種變化,減少損失, 因?yàn)橐淹瓿苫虿糠滞瓿傻捻?xiàng)目將進(jìn)行拆除工作的內(nèi)容, 這勢必造成重大變更損失。因此,建設(shè)單位應(yīng)指派工程造價(jià)管理專業(yè)人員常駐施工現(xiàn)場,掌握在任何時(shí)候控制工程造價(jià)的變化。 </p><p>　　4.2.3 工程現(xiàn)場簽證手續(xù)</p>

34、;<p>　　通過嚴(yán)格控制建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的監(jiān)督制度, 建立專門的部門, 專業(yè)人員使用的專業(yè)項(xiàng)目管理,以避免項(xiàng)目管理人員只是簽證不是經(jīng)濟(jì)帳的現(xiàn)象。投資失控造成嚴(yán)重后果，嚴(yán)重改變簽證程序,要采取建設(shè),監(jiān)理方、工地代表共同簽名的方式,以確保變更,簽證的真實(shí)性,合法性, 經(jīng)濟(jì)和避免欺詐的現(xiàn)象,由此產(chǎn)生的糾紛。 </p><p>　　在施工過程中,建設(shè)單位要加強(qiáng)現(xiàn)場施工管理, 督促施工方按圖施工,嚴(yán)格控制變更的談判

35、,代用材料, 現(xiàn)場簽證,以及各種預(yù)算外額外勞動力成本的必要修改,應(yīng)做一次后發(fā)生變化的及時(shí)變化,計(jì)算的工作量和費(fèi)用的情況發(fā)生了巨大變化,以把握在任何時(shí)候項(xiàng)目的費(fèi)用水平,以避免積壓的工作,真正的工程造價(jià)。 </p><p>　　施工單位代表到現(xiàn)場監(jiān)督,做好記錄,特別是隱蔽記錄和簽證, 減少結(jié)算及格現(xiàn)象。不少工程現(xiàn)場簽證是沒有這么嚴(yán)重,給工程帶來了非常大的麻煩, 導(dǎo)致相當(dāng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失, 現(xiàn)場簽證的嚴(yán)格管理,施工階段的工

36、程成本控制的關(guān)鍵。 </p><p>　　4.2.4 工程量清單,嚴(yán)格審查</p><p>　　對項(xiàng)目的審查清單監(jiān)理工程師名單的措施來控制工程。工程量清單提供的措施清單,是為了完成建設(shè)項(xiàng)目, 發(fā)生在施工前和工程施工過程中技術(shù),生活,安全等方面的非工程實(shí)體。在這個(gè)階段,因?yàn)樵S多項(xiàng)目都是在施工圖及施工現(xiàn)場不完善的招標(biāo)等到施工招標(biāo)的工程設(shè)計(jì)和現(xiàn)場實(shí)況,有更好的機(jī)會。監(jiān)理工程師地址收集第一手資料,

37、逐項(xiàng)考核鑒定,不作修改。 </p><p><b>　　5結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　總之,工程造價(jià)控制是一個(gè)全過程控制, 應(yīng)該說,每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都不能自滿,而且每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)也很重要。隨著中國加入世貿(mào)組織,是中國的投資主體多元化,投資方對降低成本,控制成本, 提高投資效益日益重視。因此,改變原有工程造價(jià)估算，概算，預(yù)算，合同價(jià)格，結(jié)算價(jià)，決算完成搬遷的。缺乏連續(xù)性的情況

38、下, 以完善的控制水平，發(fā)展控制系統(tǒng)的投資項(xiàng)目, 投資建設(shè)項(xiàng)目,可以促進(jìn)我國社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,適應(yīng)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程。</p><p><b>　　參 考 文 獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　[1] 張石力 付紹南,淺談工程造價(jià)管理[J],中小企業(yè)管理和科學(xué)，2010年27期</p><p>　　[2]韓冰，論我國工程造價(jià)管理的發(fā)展歷程及對

39、策[J]，中國科技博覽，2010年28期</p><p>　　The stage of the project cost management</p><p>　　ZhangJiangHua ZhuCheng</p><p>　　(Beijing ZhongNeng construction company Beijing 100101)</p>

40、<p>　　Abstract:Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengtheni

41、ng of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. </p><p>　　Keywords：cost of the construction project cost management status investment dec

42、ision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy</p><p>　　1 preface </p><p>　　Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world comm

43、unity, China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimat

44、e, budget, Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine

45、reasonable and e</p><p>　　As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implementation phases. The so-called

46、 Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the proje

47、cts have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits. </p><p>　　2 The stage of Project cost management </p><p>　　Engineering and cost management work of the current status

48、of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s, 1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different es

49、timates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget, content, methods and approval, the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of

50、 </p><p>　　With the historical process, after recovery, reform and development, formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However, as the socialist market economic development,

51、 the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking, the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. enterprise is not the actual

52、economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy, and, at the time u</p><p>　　In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions, as long as a certain level of investment, will be cer

53、tain outputs. In this environment, the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices, wages and ta

54、xes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment, the budget estimate for the system approved project cost, help the government to carry out </p><p>　　As the socialist market ec

55、onomic system established, requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years, international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China,

56、the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making, implementation heavy, light the economy and technology,</p><p>　　First, the consequences of victimization,Due to the technical per

57、sonnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control, cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals. </p>

58、<p>　　Second, the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances, My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept, building departments will stu

59、dy the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height. </p><p&g

60、t;　　Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal, learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries, and establish sound mark

61、et economic laws of project cost management system, efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is

62、 proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determin</p><p>　　China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price, and focusing only on

63、the construction process of cost control, neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basi

64、s for decision-making. It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this p</p><p>　　The various stages of the project cost con

65、trol in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost, many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and s

66、hould be a number of factors, a combination of practical, comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage, the project's technical and economic decision-making, Cost of the proj

67、ect after the completi</p><p>　　In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study, the work is done well, returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwis

68、e, invest more, less effective, resulting in loss of control and waste of investment. </p><p>　　At present, some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility s

69、tudy on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue, false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors, actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the proje

70、ct after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems, lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to extend the time limit so that the projec</p><p>　　Therefore, in order to phase

71、 in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs, we must do the following aspects: </p><p>　　1)Implementation of the construction project and corporate accountability, Construction

72、of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mecha

73、nism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds. </p><p>　　2)A realistic approach to market analysis, to avoid the

74、blindness of the project decision-making, reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness, design task more scientific and reliability. </p><p>　　3)

75、 Capital financing must have a formal commitment document, the parties must do investment funds in place, and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To th

76、e various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure. </p><p>　　4) To strengthen the engineering geology, hydrology, geology and land, water, elect

77、ricity, transport, environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds. </p><p>　　Taking extensive investigation and research

78、, comparison of similar projects, seriously functional analysis, multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation, and the final technologically advanced, functional and reliabl

79、e. Reasonable economic projects, thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of the amount of investment, so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level. </p><p>　

80、　3 Design phase of the project cost control </p><p>　　The design phase of the project cost control for a long time, China's building control very effective, - investment projects is not uncommon, this wi

81、ll affect owners of investment returns, it adds to the owners and within budget, as well as difficulties in fund owners, the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears, and so on. Hence, the c

82、ontrol of the project cost is of great significance, however the project cost is the primary means of control design, </p><p>　　Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost

83、control, and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact, it is wrong, on the contrary, Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines engineering desig

84、n, construction methods, materials and equipment types, models of the project cost is of critical significance, design optimization phase of the program or minor changes, project cost will have a signi</p><p&g

85、t;　　3.1 pay attention to the design </p><p>　　As the owners must design, the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level, and the design quality products in

86、 the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost o

87、n the existence of differences between, We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design, Con</p><p>　　Otherwise, in the subsequent design process design units will put an increase

88、in the cost of the design requirements; through tendering the project design into the market, compared to select the best design units. </p><p>　　3.2 Advocate design bidding and design optimization of the ca

89、mpaign mode design units evaluation </p><p>　　Promoting the design bidding and design optimization campaign mode design units assessed by experts using scientific group France, in accordance with applicable,

90、 economic, aesthetic principles and advanced technology, reasonable structure to meet building energy efficiency and environmental requirements, comprehensive assessment of the merits of the program design, selection of

91、the best determination of the successful program. </p><p>　　Successful investment program estimated to be close to the general construction project scope of investment. This means two design contracts will h

92、elp design the program of choice and competition to ensure that the selected design advanced technology, unique novelty, adaptability, as well as to control the cost of the project. Design units should strive to improve

93、their quality of the project design clever idea, contemporary reducing the project cost on to rack their brains to improve design qua</p><p>　　3.3 Strengthening design stage </p><p>　　Strengthen

94、ing the design stage of the design phase to strengthen supervision of the Commissioner to determine a reasonable design, mature technology, reduction in the construction phase major design changes and changes in the prog

95、ram, in the effective control of the project cost will play a role. 1 to the design of the project if the project supervision to get involved, excluding unfavorable factors may generally is excluded from the 80% errors.

96、In the entire process of building cost control, co</p><p>　　According to the Design Institute to provide design drawings and notes to help owners deal with different design options for the economy, capital e

97、xpenditures to develop the preliminary plan to ensure that investment can be most effectively used; with the owners of different design options, the need to calculate their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost a

98、nalysis and study, to the design staff costs, to assist them in the investment limit within limits designed to save and invest. To se</p><p>　　3.4 To actively promote the so-called upper limit design </p&

99、gt;<p>　　Design actively promote the so-called cap limit design, even with the approval of the design task and investment estimates, guarantee the functional requirements of the premise. The preliminary design and

100、 control budget, according to the preliminary approval of the total budget for the design and construction design control. Limits, and every one professional, each of whom have a design threshold of a target. In the desi