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1、<p><b>  中文5000字</b></p><p>  The Design Response to a Wash of Green: Whole Systems and Life Cycle Thinking</p><p>  Simon Lockrey</p><p>  What a great idea: a 

2、9;green' product to make a difference, make one happy, and assist in performing the menial tasks that litter an otherwise hectic day. Or is it? Consumer decision-making is beginning to follow a distinctly 'green&

3、#39; trend, which is fantastic in principle but often contrived in reality. What does this mean for the designer who imagines, designs and creates these goods that cater for growing consumer demand in 'sustainability

4、?' There lies the contradiction between designing for th</p><p>  According to Ezio Manzini, design theorist from the famed Politecnico di Milano, we have a crisis of the commons (common areas, goods, et

5、c), a lack of contemplative time (a time poor existence, longer hours at work, etc), and most relevant to designers, a proliferation of remedial goods (Manzini 2003). The latter sees products solving every perceived prob

6、lem imaginable. Whether it is a toothbrush that oscillates the plaque off in half the time, or a breakfast bar filling the five-minute bus ride</p><p>  They may be adding to the crisis if the design method

7、follows the 'rules of thumb' for that infiltrated the design community in last two decades. The reality is that these techniques do have potential to make a difference, but are often ineffective. Take design for

8、disassembly. A designer in an appliance company designs a product for disassembly although there is no effective product stewardship scheme to collect the parts from reclaimed models. The design driven benefit is not del

9、ivered, render</p><p>  There is a light at the end of this tunnel. There are ways to make a difference, and there is evidence these methods are filtering through the design world. Life cycle thinking or app

10、lying a 'whole systems' approach can make 'paradigm shifts' in the reduction of environmental impacts of a product or service, without reducing perceived quality, or increasing cost. </p><p>

11、  As these ideas infiltrate design methodology, certain products shine as considered, sustainable shifts in the current 'wash of green'.</p><p>  Cheviot Bridge's sustainable wine packaging.</

12、p><p>  Cheviot BridgeThe romantics among us would never have thought Shiraz would prosper in a Tetra Pak, a packaging form traditionally reserved for juice and milk. However some producers such as have, with

13、a reduced packaging weight of almost 10 times a conventional bottle (unfilled). This dematerialisation enables huge embodied energy, carbon and water use reductions on the packaging, not to mention reduced haulage impact

14、 after filling (particularly for export, 1.05 kg rather than 1.5 kg per unit),</p><p>  Dyson's Airblade.</p><p>  DysonJames Dyson didn't go places by creating a better bag, he decided

15、 to create a cyclonic vacuum cleaner based on a saw mill, and the rest is history. This whole systems approach led Dyson to design highly efficient, miniature digital motors for the appliance market around ten years ago.

16、 The use life cycle impacts of an electrical appliance generally dwarf the respective material and manufacture impacts. This relates back to the energy, fuels and raw materials consumed in operation of an appl</p>

17、<p>  Last year saw the latest Dyson products incorporate a tiny Dyson Digital Motor (DDM) V2 resulting in substantial dematerialisation coupled with ergonomic weight benefits. Handheld vacuums were launched with t

18、he DDM, replacing the traditional carbon brushed motor. The cost difference between base models is negligible, while functional and environmental credentials have improved markedly. The new models are smaller and lighter

19、, and remain almost half the weight of competitor machines. The DDM V2 s</p><p>  The Dyson Airblade?, which incorporates the first iteration of the DDM, is the first hand dryer to earn the coveted Carbon Re

20、duction Label from the UK Carbon Trust. This achievement relates back to efficiency and whole systems design. By reverting to a polymer chassis compared to aluminium on the first Airblade? release, Dyson cut carbon emiss

21、ions in raw material, product manufacture and transport by over half, however this is not the preeminent story. Airblade? 'strips' the water off the hands,</p><p>  The Keep Cup and its many color co

22、mbinations.</p><p>  Keep Cup: An LCA Case StudyWhilst operating a chain of cafés in Melbourne, Abigail and Jamie Forsyth saw a need and responsibility to address disposable packaging waste generated b

23、oth to reduce environmental impacts and costs. They estimated that in Australia at least 500 million disposable cups are used and discarded each year with large numbers of adults in urban communities consuming a disposab

24、le coffee on a daily basis (National Coffee Association of America found that in 2007, 14% of adult</p><p>  The result was KeepCup, a reusable cup for the takeaway espresso market. It is the world's fir

25、st barista standard reusable cup, consisting Polyethylene (PE) lid, Polypropylene (PP) cup, Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) plug, and Silicone ring. It mimics the core geometry and functions of disposable paper cups, in

26、cluding coffee machine modularity, waterproofing, sip slot, lid, individual coffee detailing, and adds hand insulation (avoiding double cupping), steam plug, branding, and most important</p><p>  We did some

27、 research here at RMIT Centre for Design. Disposable paper cups (combined with a PE film) have little post consumer demand from reprocessors, and generally end up in Australian landfill. Although the KeepCup promotes rec

28、yclability, the fact still remains that the same system is more likely going to spit the various polymers it is made from to landfill, even if the components are separated by the consumer. With this in mind we modeled th

29、e 8 oz KeepCup (it is available in various sizes)</p><p>  The results were determined using the LCA Australian Impact Method. The KeepCup compared to the disposable paper cup (not including the coffee) depe

30、nding upon the wash type (the sink seeing the smallest through to quick rinse seeing the biggest environmental impact reductions), sees a 71-92% reduction in global warming potential, a 71-95% reduction in water use, and

31、 a 95-96% reduction in landfill waste over the year. Although the 'take away latté set' consumer will still purchase the coffee whet</p><p>  Although these are streamlined results using existin

32、g LCI data (a full LCAs may be more accurate, although often results are of a similar quantum), the figures indicate Keepcup would drastically reduce environmental impacts of consumers in drinking coffee, although in the

33、 grand scheme of things this would account for a very small proportion of a consumers overall impacts annually. This just seems like common sense, reusing rather than disposing, although this begs the question how the Ke

34、epcup st</p><p>  Paris VélibWide spread change in avoiding behaviours that embody high consumption may be some way off. Design has been instrumental in delivering some of the first tentative steps in

35、facilitating individual and community action in this respect. Take the Paris Vélib, a bike share program introduced in 2007 to promote cycling as opposed to other transport modes throughout Paris for short journeys.

36、 By diverting investment traditionally earmarked for carbon intensive transport modes, like more road</p><p>  The bikes, stands and 1451 bike stations (one every 300 meters) designed by JC Decaux stay true

37、to core design principles of 'form follows function' and user centred methodology. Stations release only functioning bikes to users, a smart system alerting well resourced and mobile service staff of faults throu

38、gh diagnostic checks when bikes 'check-in'. This computer monitoring system is also used to monitor bike location for potential theft and station overloading, with bikes actively moved too and</p><p>

39、;  Paris Vélib bicycle rental system. Picture by austineven.</p><p>  Vélib is an elegantly integrated, cost effective design solution allowing users to enact behaviours needed if environmental imp

40、acts are to be reigned in, as well as reinvigorating the social fabric of the city. Vélib rejects the remedial with long lasting functional infrastructure, claims back the common in a shared public service, and prov

41、ides amenities that go some way in reducing congestion and providing a convenient, communal conveyance that gifts back the free time Manzini believes we have </p><p>  People are not going to stop consuming

42、any time soon; however behavior will eventually need to shift if society is serious about being truly sustainable. In the interim, analyse the bigger picture, both as a designer and a consumer. So often designers get cau

43、ght up in the details, but now stepping back and taking a life cycle and whole systems approach facilitates a future in delivering functional 'paradigm shift' benefits for a product, service, client, and the envi

44、ronment. Ecological parameter</p><p>  Acknowledgments to Thomas Blower (Dyson, UK), Hugh Cuthbertson (Cheviot Bridge), Abigail Forsyth (KeepCup), Andrew Carre (CfD), and Stephen Clune (CfD) </p><

45、p>  Simon Lockrey is a Research Fellow at RMIT Centre for Design in Melbourne </p><p>  設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)綠色風(fēng)潮的響應(yīng):整體系統(tǒng)和生命周期思想</p><p><b>  作者 西蒙·洛克雷</b></p><p>  一個(gè)偉大的想法,“綠色”產(chǎn)品使

46、情況與眾不同,讓人們感到快樂(lè),并且?guī)椭藗儓?zhí)行重要的任務(wù)以避免人們被忙碌的生活攪亂。是這樣嗎?消費(fèi)者開(kāi)始追隨獨(dú)特的“綠色”趨勢(shì),在原則上這是很棒的,但在現(xiàn)實(shí)中這常常是做作的行為。這對(duì)于想象,設(shè)計(jì),制造這些產(chǎn)品以迎合“可持續(xù)性”原則下消費(fèi)者需求增長(zhǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)師又意味著什么呢?設(shè)計(jì)師處于市場(chǎng)和“可持續(xù)”原則的矛盾之中,環(huán)境,經(jīng)濟(jì),社會(huì)等方面的因素和被市場(chǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)的消費(fèi)者是有些脫節(jié)的。</p><p>  埃西奧·曼

47、奇尼是一個(gè)來(lái)自著名的米蘭理工大學(xué)的設(shè)計(jì)理論家,據(jù)他在2003年說(shuō),我們存在公共危機(jī)(包括公共區(qū)域和商品等方面),我們?nèi)鄙偎伎嫉臅r(shí)間(生活的時(shí)間很少,大多的時(shí)間用在工作上),這與設(shè)計(jì)師關(guān)系緊密,他們需要制造更多的產(chǎn)品來(lái)改善這些情況。最后一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為通過(guò)產(chǎn)品解決每一個(gè)已發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題是可行的。無(wú)論是一把節(jié)約一半時(shí)間的震動(dòng)牙刷還是在公交車上解決早餐的早餐棒,我們已經(jīng)越來(lái)越多的無(wú)意識(shí)的通過(guò)產(chǎn)品來(lái)滿足我們?nèi)找嬖鲩L(zhǎng)的需求。上個(gè)世紀(jì),平均一個(gè)美國(guó)人消耗的

48、原材料增長(zhǎng)了五倍。結(jié)合當(dāng)時(shí)世界上只有15—20%的地區(qū)發(fā)展到歐美的消費(fèi)水平,未來(lái)的情況就更加不妙了。一種解決方法是通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì),在不損害用戶體驗(yàn)的前提下降低消耗。問(wèn)題在于新型的環(huán)保產(chǎn)品最終能否改變危機(jī)現(xiàn)狀。</p><p>  如果設(shè)計(jì)遵循過(guò)去二十年設(shè)計(jì)界流行的經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則,那么這種危機(jī)將會(huì)加重。這些技術(shù)都具有改變這種情況的可能,但現(xiàn)實(shí)情況證明這種可能是無(wú)效的。例如可拆卸設(shè)計(jì),一個(gè)家電公司的設(shè)計(jì)師設(shè)計(jì)出可拆卸的產(chǎn)品,雖然

49、現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有有效的收集再生模型零件的產(chǎn)品管理方案。設(shè)計(jì)作為驅(qū)動(dòng)力不能實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤(rùn),這導(dǎo)致方法論成為浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。當(dāng)然減輕組件的重量并因此減少一件電器的能源消耗也是一件好事,然而如果是依靠大量電力產(chǎn)生作用的電器(如電熱水器)那么這種消耗的減少在減輕環(huán)境負(fù)荷方面的作用就微乎其微了。同樣是使用通用的可回收材料,但考慮到目前的商業(yè)回收系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)狀,很可能沒(méi)有處理主要部件和材料的回收系統(tǒng)和基礎(chǔ)。環(huán)保設(shè)計(jì)的理念和實(shí)現(xiàn)利益的目標(biāo)早已分離。</p>&

50、lt;p>  在隧道的盡頭還是有光芒存在的。有一些方法可以改變這種情況,并且有證據(jù)表明這些方法是經(jīng)過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)界檢驗(yàn)的。應(yīng)用生命周期思維或者整體系統(tǒng)方法可以產(chǎn)生模式轉(zhuǎn)變,在不降低質(zhì)量或增加成本的前提下降低產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。</p><p>  由于這些思想對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)方法的滲透,現(xiàn)實(shí)中的產(chǎn)品被認(rèn)為可以在現(xiàn)在的綠色風(fēng)潮中實(shí)現(xiàn)華麗可靠的轉(zhuǎn)變。</p><p>  Cheviot Bridge葡

51、萄酒公司</p><p>  我們絕不會(huì)想到浪漫的穗樂(lè)仙葡萄酒會(huì)因?yàn)槔麡?lè)包而變得廣受歡迎,這種包裝形式歷來(lái)游泳來(lái)儲(chǔ)存果汁和牛奶的。例如澳洲葡萄酒公司Cheviot Bridge就采用比傳統(tǒng)酒瓶輕十倍的包裝。這種改變?yōu)榘b節(jié)約了大量的能源,如碳和水,更不必說(shuō)在運(yùn)輸上的節(jié)約(在出口中尤其明顯,每瓶裝滿的酒從1.5千克降到1.05千克),并且新包裝的簡(jiǎn)潔的形狀更適合運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)藏。將包裝轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧埌宓臎Q定來(lái)自對(duì)生命周期的大量

52、研究,通過(guò)產(chǎn)品測(cè)試和比較來(lái)評(píng)估潛在的利益,有趣的是,與一些不合理的傾向相反,這次更強(qiáng)調(diào)延長(zhǎng)包裝的壽命。包裝質(zhì)量減少的同時(shí)消費(fèi)者可以多得到250毫升的酒(產(chǎn)品凈含量一升),這就是通過(guò)生命周期思想實(shí)現(xiàn)了環(huán)境效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。</p><p><b>  戴森電機(jī)</b></p><p>  詹姆斯戴森決定用鋸木機(jī)原理創(chuàng)造一個(gè)氣旋是真空吸塵器而不是創(chuàng)造一個(gè)更適合旅行的背包,這

53、還有一段歷史。十年前道森運(yùn)用整體系統(tǒng)思維為家電市場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)高效的小型數(shù)碼電機(jī)。生命周期對(duì)家電使用的影響要大于材料和制造的影響。這又要說(shuō)回到能源,燃料和原材料在機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程中的消耗問(wèn)題。當(dāng)確認(rèn)原始電機(jī)是造成機(jī)器效率低下的主要原因后,我們找到了一個(gè)實(shí)現(xiàn)技術(shù)飛躍的契機(jī)。又大又重,低效易壞的炭刷電機(jī)被高效輕小快速的數(shù)碼電機(jī)取代。</p><p>  去年我們見(jiàn)到了最新的戴森產(chǎn)品——戴森數(shù)碼電機(jī)(DDM)V2,它集輕便和符合人

54、機(jī)工程重量于一身。戴森數(shù)碼電機(jī)取代原來(lái)的炭刷電機(jī)為手持式吸塵器提供動(dòng)力。這沒(méi)有使吸塵器基本的形狀發(fā)生明顯改變,但是有證據(jù)表明這種改變使其在功能性和環(huán)保性上有了顯著的提高。新的手持式吸塵器更小,更輕,只有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)型的一半重量。DDM V2的尺寸符合高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的要求,而更大更重的原始電機(jī)并無(wú)法達(dá)到這一要求。DDM V2重量大概是傳統(tǒng)電機(jī)的一半,但他能提供大概是其兩倍的推動(dòng)力,新的手持吸塵器在少用兩節(jié)電池的情況下可以提供與之前相同的吸力。<

55、/p><p>  戴森Airblade是第一個(gè)使用DDM的產(chǎn)品,也是第一個(gè)得到英國(guó)碳信托公司的減碳認(rèn)證的干手機(jī)。這個(gè)成就也是與效率及整體系統(tǒng)思想相關(guān)聯(lián)的。在Airblade第一次發(fā)行時(shí),戴森通過(guò)將聚合物底座還原為鋁使產(chǎn)品在獲得原材料,生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中的碳排放量較少了超過(guò)一半,這是個(gè)偉大的成就。Airblade使水從手上脫離而不是像傳統(tǒng)的暖風(fēng)干手機(jī)那樣通過(guò)加熱空氣使水蒸發(fā)。Airblade大概10秒就可以使手干燥,而使

56、用低效的炭刷電機(jī)的傳統(tǒng)暖風(fēng)干手機(jī)大概要超過(guò)30秒才行。這產(chǎn)生了實(shí)質(zhì)性的節(jié)約,而不是僅僅表現(xiàn)在數(shù)據(jù)上。在一個(gè)碳信托公司2010年的新聞稿中,Airblade比傳統(tǒng)暖風(fēng)干手機(jī)節(jié)約的能源高達(dá)80%,這直接關(guān)系到碳減排量。能源消耗,產(chǎn)品壽命和產(chǎn)品管理計(jì)劃的巨大差距使Airblade實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)環(huán)境效益的直接積極影響。</p><p>  可再用咖啡杯:一個(gè)LCA的案例學(xué)習(xí)</p><p>  當(dāng)阿比蓋

57、爾和杰米·福賽斯在墨爾本經(jīng)營(yíng)連鎖咖啡廳的時(shí)候,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)有責(zé)任去解決一次性包裝所產(chǎn)生的廢棄物對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。他們估計(jì),澳大利亞每年至少有500萬(wàn)個(gè)一次性紙杯被使用和丟棄,在城市社區(qū),每天都有大量成年人消費(fèi)一次性咖啡紙杯(美國(guó)咖啡協(xié)會(huì)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在2007年,14%的美國(guó)成年人每天都享用美味的咖啡)。盡管一次性紙杯是一個(gè)低利潤(rùn)的產(chǎn)業(yè),但是每天帶走咖啡器皿的影響更大,這里的主要問(wèn)題在于這樣并不方便。一些人試圖實(shí)現(xiàn)消費(fèi)后回收制度或者出售可

58、多次使用的產(chǎn)品,如旅行咖啡杯的設(shè)計(jì),它還可以保溫好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。前者有違反食品法規(guī)方面的問(wèn)題,后者是不便的,并且對(duì)于精明而忙碌的消費(fèi)者來(lái)說(shuō)也是不切實(shí)際的,這種設(shè)計(jì)也不符合追求品質(zhì)的咖啡調(diào)配師的要求。這兩個(gè)人在政府資金的支持下從事有關(guān)工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)利基市場(chǎng)的咨詢顧問(wèn)工作,他們?cè)噲D找到在不減少用戶體驗(yàn)的前提下減輕產(chǎn)品對(duì)環(huán)境影響的方案。</p><p>  可再用咖啡杯是適合外賣咖啡市場(chǎng)的可重復(fù)使用的產(chǎn)品。這是世界上第一個(gè)可以符

59、合咖啡師標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的可再用杯子,包括聚乙烯(PE)蓋,聚丙烯(PP )杯,熱塑性聚氨酯(TPU )插頭,硅膠圈。它模仿了一次性紙杯核心特點(diǎn)的形狀和功能,包括咖啡機(jī)模塊化,防水,啜飲槽,蓋子,適用咖啡的細(xì)節(jié),并增加了手持部位的分離(避免重復(fù)拔開(kāi)),蒸汽插件,品牌,最重要的是具有符合人機(jī)工程學(xué)的重量,帶有儲(chǔ)存袋等。這種杯子不斷被人們接受,從墨爾本商業(yè)區(qū)到整個(gè)澳大利亞繼而全世界流行。12個(gè)月內(nèi),這種杯子在全世界暢銷300000個(gè),通過(guò)使用這種杯子,

60、作為用戶的咖啡館經(jīng)營(yíng)者增加了收入,節(jié)約成本。但是它真的改變了現(xiàn)狀嗎?</p><p>  我們?cè)谀珷柋净始依砉ご髮W(xué)的設(shè)計(jì)中心做了一些研究。在澳大利亞,具有PE膜的一次性紙杯在使用后很少有再加工的需要,它們一般會(huì)被扔到垃圾場(chǎng)里。雖然可再用咖啡杯促進(jìn)了回收再利用的情況,但現(xiàn)實(shí)情況是它仍然像一次性紙杯一樣在用完后被扔進(jìn)垃圾堆中,雖然消費(fèi)者也會(huì)把杯子的幾個(gè)部分分解。鑒于此,我們通過(guò)對(duì)一個(gè)8盎司的可再用咖啡杯(這種杯子有多

61、種大?。┖鸵淮涡约埍膶?duì)比進(jìn)行生命周期評(píng)估試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)是一年內(nèi)每天交給消費(fèi)者一杯外賣咖啡,在杯子被扔到垃圾堆或者一年后試驗(yàn)結(jié)束。我們運(yùn)用澳大利亞2009年的生命周期目錄和歐洲Ecoinvent2.0數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)來(lái)確定原材料,制造,運(yùn)輸和壽命的數(shù)據(jù)。以下項(xiàng)目均被考慮在內(nèi),包括區(qū)域運(yùn)輸路線(從亞洲船運(yùn)以習(xí)性杯子,蓋子和可再用咖啡杯的拉環(huán),用貨車把這些從港口運(yùn)到消費(fèi)者手中),三級(jí)包裝,每次使用的清洗周期等,清洗周期又細(xì)分為用溫水快速清洗,在裝滿的洗碗

62、機(jī)中清洗,在裝了一半的洗碗機(jī)中清洗和沉淀清洗,后三者均使用洗滌劑。依據(jù)瑞士的研究,我們還在西班牙模擬了咖啡種植,生產(chǎn),制造的過(guò)程以觀察在整體產(chǎn)品的背景下這種可再用咖啡杯可能有什么表現(xiàn)。</p><p>  通過(guò)LCA的澳大利亞沖擊法確定了最終的結(jié)果。采用不同洗滌方式的可再用咖啡杯(沉淀清洗的改善幅度最小而快速清洗的改善幅度最大)與不裝咖啡的一次性紙杯的對(duì)比顯示:在這一年中全球變暖的可能性上減少了71—92%,用水

63、減少了71-95%,垃圾浪費(fèi)減少了95-96%。盡管喜歡外帶咖啡的消費(fèi)者不關(guān)心商家用的是可再用咖啡杯還是一次性紙杯,但有趣的是當(dāng)事情與咖啡相聯(lián)系時(shí),那些之前標(biāo)榜自己節(jié)約的人會(huì)怎樣做,也許他們會(huì)將自己容器中的咖啡沖淡一些。相比裝有咖啡的一次性紙杯,可再用咖啡杯可以使每年的全球變暖可能性降低36-47%,可減少64-85%的用水,減少91-92%的垃圾浪費(fèi)率。</p><p>  雖然這是使用LCI數(shù)據(jù)(盡管LCA數(shù)

64、據(jù)和LCI得到的結(jié)果常常相差不大,但LCA數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)更加精確)得到的簡(jiǎn)化結(jié)果,這些數(shù)據(jù)顯示,可再用咖啡杯可以大大減少喝咖啡對(duì)環(huán)境的影響,當(dāng)然在這個(gè)宏大的方案中每個(gè)消費(fèi)者每年對(duì)環(huán)境的影響只占有很小的比例。重復(fù)使用而不是選擇一次性似乎已經(jīng)成為常識(shí),但這里有一個(gè)問(wèn)題就是如何使可再用咖啡杯的戰(zhàn)略應(yīng)用到其它大量使用資源的產(chǎn)業(yè)上,例如采暖,制冷,烹飪,食品,住房和運(yùn)輸,當(dāng)然這要適合社會(huì)和宗教的要求。從可再用咖啡杯在全世界的影響力可以看出它在美學(xué)上是簡(jiǎn)潔

65、的,在功能上是經(jīng)過(guò)足夠思考的合理設(shè)計(jì)。盡管在澳大利亞的背景下可再用咖啡杯很可能不能被回收,但是從一次性紙杯到可再用紙杯的轉(zhuǎn)變可以減少環(huán)境污染,極大地減少?gòu)U物,削減經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模,并可以促進(jìn)社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型,是對(duì)過(guò)去社會(huì)上浪費(fèi)習(xí)慣的一種可喜的改變。</p><p>  巴黎Vélib公共自行車系統(tǒng)</p><p>  大范圍改變高消費(fèi)的現(xiàn)狀還有一段路要走。設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)對(duì)個(gè)人和社會(huì)邁出這種改變的第一步

66、起到了促進(jìn)作用。以巴黎的Vélib公共自行車系統(tǒng)為例,這一個(gè)自行車分享計(jì)劃在2007年開(kāi)始實(shí)施,旨在促進(jìn)巴黎的短途自行車旅行。通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的碳密集交通方式(如公路)的投資,一個(gè)經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)設(shè)計(jì)的導(dǎo)向系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了低消耗的改變。2009年這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的租金收入達(dá)到4200萬(wàn),這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)表明這個(gè)計(jì)劃是成功的。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)將基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,通訊和服務(wù)統(tǒng)一為一個(gè)整體,這保證了這個(gè)計(jì)劃的成功,這些自行車可以被反復(fù)利用,并且減少了其它交通方式所帶來(lái)的影響。&l

67、t;/p><p>  由JC德科設(shè)計(jì)的自行車,工作站和1451個(gè)自行車站(每300米一個(gè))表現(xiàn)了“形式追隨功能”這一設(shè)計(jì)法則的核心理念,也符合用戶集中的設(shè)計(jì)思維。工作站為用戶提供的自行車都是功能良好的,當(dāng)自行車被使用時(shí),只能報(bào)警系統(tǒng)會(huì)確認(rèn)它是否完好,流動(dòng)服務(wù)人員也會(huì)對(duì)自行車進(jìn)行檢查。該計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)也可以用于自行車定位以防止被盜,并且能夠監(jiān)測(cè)自行車站是否超載,并且將自行車從車輛充足的站調(diào)向不足的的站。車鎖可以保證自行車和

68、車站的安全。這種自行車采用特制的零件,如果租借者不返還自行車,他的信用卡就會(huì)被扣掉余額,這些都有效防止了自行車被盜。騎行半小時(shí)之內(nèi)免費(fèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)鼓勵(lì)政策推動(dòng)了及時(shí)旅行。相比于選擇汽車或公共交通進(jìn)行短途旅行,通過(guò)更低的能源消耗和共享的特點(diǎn),這種系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了節(jié)約環(huán)保,使燃料和電力的使用大大減少。騎車協(xié)會(huì)一般都會(huì)促進(jìn)社會(huì)的交流,當(dāng)然這也離不開(kāi)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施設(shè)計(jì)工作的輔助作用。最后,這個(gè)系統(tǒng)解決了在繁忙的都市中自行車所需要的儲(chǔ)存空間的問(wèn)題。公共設(shè)施總是存在

69、被破壞和被盜的情況,但通過(guò)這一模式取得成功的巴黎Vélib公共自行車系統(tǒng)將會(huì)以類似的分享體制在全歐洲甚至全世界擴(kuò)散。</p><p>  Vélib是一個(gè)精心整合的低成本設(shè)計(jì)方案,它使使用者通過(guò)制定自己的行為來(lái)減輕對(duì)環(huán)境的不良影響,以此重建城市的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)。它拒絕使用需要長(zhǎng)期維護(hù)的基礎(chǔ)公共設(shè)施,它支持普通的共享式公共服務(wù),并提供可以減少擁堵實(shí)現(xiàn)便捷的設(shè)施,擁堵的公共交通減少了我們的空閑時(shí)間,而這

70、正是曼奇尼認(rèn)為在高節(jié)奏的消費(fèi)導(dǎo)向城市中我們所缺乏的。</p><p>  人們不愿意很快就停止消耗,盡管但我們必須建設(shè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展社會(huì)的時(shí)候這種行為必須發(fā)生改變。在這過(guò)渡期內(nèi),設(shè)計(jì)師和消費(fèi)者需要分析一個(gè)更長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的情況。所以以前設(shè)計(jì)師總是注重細(xì)節(jié)的處理,而現(xiàn)在他們退一步采用生命周期和整體思想的方法進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),這有助于未來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)功能性的模式轉(zhuǎn)變,這對(duì)產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)、客戶和環(huán)境都是有好處的。在設(shè)計(jì)階段就要確定生態(tài)參數(shù),所以設(shè)計(jì)師可

71、以通過(guò)材料,效率或者改變消費(fèi)行為來(lái)減少對(duì)環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響。再不漲價(jià)和降低質(zhì)量的前提下的低耗設(shè)計(jì)是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的,而且這是為設(shè)計(jì)提供了一個(gè)強(qiáng)大而美好的前景。為了做到這一點(diǎn),設(shè)計(jì)師必須充分利用他們的能力,這包括技術(shù)研究,概念能力,成型能力和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)臏y(cè)試,以及他們最強(qiáng)大的武器——?jiǎng)?chuàng)造力,因?yàn)檫@些是他們能做到的,他們也將會(huì)做到最好。</p><p>  感謝Thomas Blower (英國(guó)戴森), Hugh Cuthberts

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