外文資料翻譯--全球工業(yè)的商品產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈分析

1、<p>　　Institute of Develompment Studies, 1999, 12(2): 1-8.</p><p>　　A Commodity Chains of Framework for Analyzing Global Industries</p><p>　　Gary Gereffi</p><p>　　Duke Universi

2、ty</p><p>　　Abstrast : In this paper, we fouce on the "producer-driven" and "buyer-driven" global commodity chains, which is under the development of industrial and commercial capital. An

3、d then analyze their features and the relationship with development strategies.</p><p>　　Keywords: Globalization; Commodity Chains; development strategies</p><p>　　Background</p><p&g

4、t;　　In global capitalism, economic activity is not only international in scope, it is also global in organization. "Internationalization" refers to the geographic spread of economic activities across national

5、boundaries. As such, it is not a new phenomenon. Indeed, it has been a prominent feature of the world economy since at least the seventeenth century when colonial empires began to carve up the globe in search of raw ma

6、terials and new markets for their manufactured exports. "Globalization" i</p><p>　　Types of globalization</p><p>　　Industrial and commercial capital have promoted globalization by est

7、ablishing two distinct types of international economic networks, which can be called "producer-driven" and "buyer-driven" global commodity chains, respectively (Gereffi, 1994; 1999). A commodity chai

8、n refers to the whole range of activities involved in the design, production, and marketing of a product (see Gereffi and Korzeniewicz, 1994 for an overview of this framework). Producer-driven commodity chains are those

9、 in which la</p><p>　　Buyer-driven commodity chains refer to those industries in which large retailers, marketers, and branded manufacturers play the pivotal roles in setting up decentralized production netw

10、orks in a variety of exporting countries, typically located in the third world. This pattern of trade-led industrialization has become common in labor-intensive, consumer goods industries such as garments, footwear, toy

11、s, housewares, consumer electronics, and a variety of handicrafts. Production is generally car</p><p><b>　　Features</b></p><p>　　One of the main characteristics of the firms that fi

12、t the buyer-driven model, including retailers like Wal-Mart, Sears Roebuck, and J.C. Penney, athletic footwear companies like Nike and Reebok, and fashion-oriented apparel companies like Liz Claiborne and The Limited, is

13、 that these companies design and/or market— but do not make— the branded products they order. They are part of a new breed of "manufacturers without factories"that separate the physical production of goods fr

14、om the design and </p><p>　　Profitability is greatest in the relatively concentrated segments of global commodity chains characterized by high barriers to the entry of new firms. In producer-driven chains,

15、manufacturers making advanced products like aircraft, automobiles, and computers are the key economic agents not only in terms of their earnings, but also in their ability to exert control over backward linkages with raw

16、 material and component suppliers, and forward linkages into distribution and retailing. The lead fi</p><p>　　The main features of producer-driven and buyer-driven commodity chains are highlighted in Table

17、1. Producer-driven and buyer-driven chains are rooted in distinct industrial sectors, they are led by different types of transnational capital (industrial and commercial, respectively), and they vary in their core compe

18、tencies (at the firm level) and their entry barriers (at the sectoral level). The finished goods in producer-driven chains tend to be supplied by core country transnationals, while t</p><p>　　Main Characte

19、ristics of Producer-Driven and Buyer-Driven </p><p>　　Global Commodity Chains</p><p>　　Commodity chains and development strategies</p><p>　　There is an affinity between commodity ch

20、ains and development strategies. The import- substituting industrialization (ISI) development strategy, which prevailed in Latin America for nearly five decades until the 1970s, was based on producer-driven commodity ch

21、ains. Transnational corporations, which have actively tapped Latin America's oil, mineral, and agricultural resources since the nineteenth century, were invited to establish more advanced manufacturing industries in

22、 the region, beginning </p><p>　　Both buyer-driven and producer-driven commodity chains are useful in analyzing and evaluating global industries. As with traditional supply-chain perspectives, the commodity

23、chains framework is based on the flow of goods involved in the production and distribution of apparel products. However, the global commodity chains approach differs in at least four respects from related concepts, such

24、as the "pipeline"(AAMA, 1984) or "value chain"(Porter 1990) approaches. The global commodity chain framewo</p><p>　　1) incorporates an explicit international dimension into the analysis

25、; </p><p>　　2) focuses on the power exercised by the lead firms in different segments of the commodity chain, and it illustrates how power shifts over time; </p><p>　　3) views the coordinati

26、on of the entire chain as a key source of competitive advantage that requires using networks as a strategic asset; and </p><p>　　4) looks at organizational learning as one of the critical mechanisms by whi

27、ch firms try to improve or consolidate their positions within the chain. </p><p>　　One of the major hypotheses of the global commodity chains approach is that development requires linking up with the most si

28、gnificant "lead firms"in an industry. These lead firms are not necessarily the traditional vertically integrated manufacturers, nor do they even need to be involved in making finished products. They can be lo

29、cated upstream or downstream from manufacturing (such as the fashion designers or private label retailers in apparel), or they can be involved in the supply of critic</p><p><b>　　NOTES</b></p&

30、gt;<p>　　AAMA (American Apparel Manufacturers Association) (1984), Apparel Manufacturing Strategies, Arlington, VA. </p><p>　　Birnbaum, David (1993), Importing Garments Through Hong Kong, Hong Kong, T

31、hird Horizon Press. </p><p>　　Borrus, Michael (1997), "Left for dead: Asian production networks and the revival of U.S. electronics,"pp. 139-163 in: Barry Naughton (ed.), The China Circle: Economic

32、s and Technology in the PRC, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution Press. </p><p>　　Dicken, Peter (1998), Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy, 3 edition, New York, Guilfor

33、d Press. </p><p>　　Dickerson, Kitty G. (1995), Textiles and Apparel in the Global Economy, 2 edition, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall. </p><p>　　Doner, Richard F. (1991), Driving a Bargain

34、: Automobile Industrialization and Japanese Firms in Southeast Asia, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press. </p><p>　　Dyer, Jeffrey H. (1996), "How Chrysler created an American keiretsu," Ha

35、rvard Business Review (July-August). </p><p>　　Fine, Charles H. (1998), Clockspeed: Winning Industry Control in the Age of Temporary Advantage, Reading, MA, Perseus Books. </p><p>　　Florida, Ric

36、hard and Martin Kenney (1991), "Transplanted organizations: The transfer of Japanese industrial organization to the United States," American Sociological Review 56, 3: 381-398.</p><p>　　Institute o

37、f Develompment Studies, 1999, 12(2): 1-8.</p><p>　　Gary Gereffi</p><p>　　Duke University</p><p>　　摘 要 本文介紹了在全球化條件下，工業(yè)資本與商業(yè)資本各自形成的商品鏈，即“生產(chǎn)者主導的全球商品鏈”和“購買者主導的全球商品鏈”。指出它們的各自特點，并對它們與國家

38、發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略間的聯(lián)系經(jīng)行分析。最后提出全球供應(yīng)鏈的理論突破。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞 全球化；商品鏈；發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略</p><p><b>　　一、背景</b></p><p>　　在全球資本主義盛行的背景下，經(jīng)濟的“全球化”不僅表現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟活動的地理范圍上，也表現(xiàn)在公司的組織形式上?！皣H化”（Internationalization）指的是經(jīng)濟

39、活動在地理上超越一國國界。這種“國際化” 并不是什么新鮮事了。事實上自從十七世紀殖民主義國家開始在全世界范圍內(nèi)尋找原材料供給地和產(chǎn)品市場時，“國際化”就已經(jīng)成為世界經(jīng)濟的一個重要特征了。但是?！叭蚧保℅lobalizationg）卻是一個新鮮的事物，因為它的內(nèi)涵，是將分散在全球各地的各種單一功能進行整合。</p><p><b>　　二、來源及分類</b></p><

40、p>　　工業(yè)資本和商業(yè)資本分別通過兩種不同的形式推動了全球化的發(fā)展，即“生產(chǎn)者主導的全球商品鏈”和“購買者主導的全球商品鏈”。商品鏈指的是包括設(shè)計、制造、市場營銷在內(nèi)的整個活動過程。生產(chǎn)者主導的商品鏈是指在生產(chǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中由那些大型的跨國公司的制造商占據(jù)主導地位的商品鏈。它的特點是資本密集型或技術(shù)密集型。比如汽車、飛機、計算機、半導體和重型機械等。</p><p>　　購買者主導的商品鏈則是指那些由大型零售商、市

41、場商人或成品制造者在建立的分散制造網(wǎng)絡(luò)中占據(jù)主導地位的產(chǎn)業(yè)。他們通常出現(xiàn)于出口主導型的第三世界國家中。這種由貿(mào)易帶動的工業(yè)化在勞動力密集型的消費品行業(yè)中相當普遍。比如服裝、鞋、玩具、家用品、日用電器和一系列手工藝品等。這些產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)由位于第三世界國家面向國外市場的生產(chǎn)者進行。而產(chǎn)品的規(guī)格是由那些大零售商或市場商人提供。</p><p>　　購買者主導型公司的一個重要特點是這種公司只是設(shè)計產(chǎn)品、進行銷售，但卻不生產(chǎn)

42、他們的產(chǎn)品。比如War-Mart，Sears Roebuck，J.C.Penney，和運動品牌Nike和Reebok，以及市場品牌公司Liz Claiborne和The Limited。這種方式被稱為“無工廠制造”，即將商品的實體生產(chǎn)與設(shè)計營銷分離開來。在購買者主導的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中，利潤的來源不是規(guī)模經(jīng)濟或技術(shù)進步，而是來源于將高價值的設(shè)計、銷售、營銷和金融服務(wù)以一種最好的方式結(jié)合起來。因為這些零售商、市場商人可以通過掌握主要消費市場的方式控

43、制海外工廠和交易商。</p><p><b>　　二、各自特點</b></p><p>　　在那些行業(yè)進入障礙大并且相對集中的全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中，企業(yè)的獲利能力是最高的。在生產(chǎn)者主導的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中，那些制造高級產(chǎn)品如飛機、汽車、計算機的制造商們成為了核心的經(jīng)濟單位。他們的核心地位不僅體現(xiàn)在利潤上，還體現(xiàn)在對向前聯(lián)系（即與原材料提供商和零件供應(yīng)商的聯(lián)系上）和向后聯(lián)系（即在分銷和零

44、售環(huán)節(jié)）上具有很強的控制能力。這些主導企業(yè)一般為國際寡頭企業(yè)。相比之下，購買者主導的商品鏈更具有競爭性和全球分散性。這些設(shè)計并銷售自己品牌的公司，控制著加工環(huán)節(jié)以什么樣的方式，在什么時間，在哪個地方進行，并且控制著生產(chǎn)鏈中各個環(huán)節(jié)的利潤。因此，盡管加工商在生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)上具有決定性作用，但是營銷商們利用分銷和零售達到了控制整個商品鏈的作用。</p><p>　　關(guān)于“生產(chǎn)者主導”和“購買者主導”的商品鏈的主要特征在下表

45、中列出：</p><p>　　表1 “生產(chǎn)者主導”和“購買者主導”的全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的主要特征</p><p>　　三、商品鏈與發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略</p><p>　　在商品鏈與發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略之間存在著一種密切聯(lián)系。進口替代發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略——在20世紀20年代到70年達之間盛行與拉美國家——是建立在生產(chǎn)者主導的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈上的。那些從十九世紀就開始急切開發(fā)拉丁美洲的石油、礦產(chǎn)和農(nóng)業(yè)資源的跨國公司，

46、在那個時間里被邀請進入，以建立高級的生產(chǎn)工業(yè)。比如在墨西哥和巴西建立汽車整車工業(yè)。到二十世紀50到60年代時，一系列進口替代工廠在拉丁美洲的各個行業(yè)中擴散開來。雖然在20世紀70年代人們更關(guān)注通過這些工廠的產(chǎn)品出口以彌補由于進口替代產(chǎn)生的巨額赤字，但實際上大部分產(chǎn)品還是用于滿足生產(chǎn)國的國內(nèi)需要。相比之下，由于那些建立國內(nèi)替代的跨國公司主要致力于開發(fā)拉丁美洲國家的國內(nèi)市場，“購買者商品鏈”在這些國家中基本上都被忽略了。這就促使了東亞國家的

47、出口商們在美國市場和歐洲市場有利可圖的商品中占據(jù)很大份額。</p><p>　　三、全球商品鏈的突破</p><p>　　“購買者主導” 模型和“生產(chǎn)者主導”模型在分析和評價全球行業(yè)時發(fā)揮了重要作用。在傳統(tǒng)的供應(yīng)鏈中，商品的流動是建立在商品鏈的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)之上的。但是，全球商品鏈卻至少從四點區(qū)別于之前理論。這種全球商品鏈結(jié)構(gòu)：</p><p>　?、賹H視角引入分析之

48、中；</p><p>　?、陉P(guān)注那些在不同商品鏈中占據(jù)主導地位的公司，并且指出這些公司的市場支配力量是如何隨時間吧變化而變化的；</p><p>　　③認為整個生產(chǎn)鏈的協(xié)作是其相對優(yōu)勢的關(guān)鍵；</p><p>　　④將組織的學習看成企業(yè)在產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中提高和發(fā)揮作用的關(guān)鍵機制。</p><p>　　關(guān)于全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的一個假設(shè)是：發(fā)展的必備條件是將某個

49、產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)絕大多數(shù)主導公司聯(lián)系起來。這些主導企業(yè)不必是傳統(tǒng)的垂直加工整合企業(yè)，也不是必須參加最終產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)，他們可以位于商品鏈的上游或下游，或者只參與對核心中間品的供給。將主導企業(yè)與非主導企業(yè)區(qū)分開來的因素是：主導企業(yè)控制著那些能夠帶來巨額利潤的關(guān)鍵資源。</p><p><b>　　參考文獻：</b></p><p>　　AAMA (American Apparel M

50、anufacturers Association) (1984), Apparel Manufacturing Strategies, Arlington, VA. </p><p>　　Birnbaum, David (1993), Importing Garments Through Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Third Horizon Press. </p><p>

51、;　　Borrus, Michael (1997), "Left for dead: Asian production networks and the revival of U.S. electronics,"pp. 139-163 in: Barry Naughton (ed.), The China Circle: Economics and Technology in the PRC, Taiwan, and

52、 Hong Kong, Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution Press. </p><p>　　Dicken, Peter (1998), Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy, 3 edition, New York, Guilford Press. </p><p>　　Dickerso

53、n, Kitty G. (1995), Textiles and Apparel in the Global Economy, 2 edition, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall. </p><p>　　Doner, Richard F. (1991), Driving a Bargain: Automobile Industrialization and Japan

54、ese Firms in Southeast Asia, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press. </p><p>　　Dyer, Jeffrey H. (1996), "How Chrysler created an American keiretsu," Harvard Business Review (July-August). <

55、;/p><p>　　Fine, Charles H. (1998), Clockspeed: Winning Industry Control in the Age of Temporary Advantage, Reading, MA, Perseus Books. </p><p>　　Florida, Richard and Martin Kenney (1991), "Tra