新大地坐標數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文3252字</b></p><p><b>　　附錄A:外文文獻</b></p><p>　　Development of new geodetic coordinate datum management system</p><p>　　Abstract：Current situatio

2、ns of geodetic coordinate datum development procedures and China were presented．The precisions of astronomic geodetic network and space geodetion</p><p>　　Geodetic datum requirements under the current and fu

3、ture new surveying technologies and their applications were discussed．The necessity for upgrading national astronomic geodetic network and development of a new open coordinate geodetic datum management method was investi

4、gated．</p><p>　　Key words：Geodetic Datum；Geodetic Network；Management</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　Coordinates are the reference for surveying and mapping．The development for a hig

5、h quality coordinate datum is one of the important tasks for surveyors over the world and also a reflection to the survey technologies in state．Currently，World Geodetic System 1984(WGS-84)is the most popularly used coord

6、inate system internationally．There are two nationally used coordinate system，in 1954 Beijing system and 1980 Xi’an systern．There are lots of local coordinate systems developed with different methods </p><p>

7、　　1、GEODETIC COORDINATE SYSTEM STATUSIN CHINA</p><p>　　At the beginning when founding our state．former Soviet Union Krasovsky’s ellipsoid was used for the development of reference coordinate system．The origi

8、n of this system was in former Soviet Union．The iointly surveyed coordinates of former Soviet Union geodetic coordinate network and the three points at Huma，Jilalin，and Dongning in Northeast of our country were taken as

9、our astronomic starting reference data．Then a point in Beijing was calculated accordingly and was so called 1954 Beijing coordin</p><p>　?。?）The reference ellipsoid semi-major axis is more than 100m longer t

10、han modern precisely surveyed size．</p><p>　?。?）The reference ellipsoid used is not identicall with the geoid of our counter．The elevation abnormity in Eastern is as high as ±68 m．</p><p>　

11、　（3）The ellipsoid reference axis direction is not precisely defined．</p><p>　?。?）Error accumulations are large and accuracy is low．</p><p>　　To overcome these problems and provide better service

12、s for economic development，national defence，and geodesy as well as space research，the Nation．a(chǎn)l Surveying Bureau did adjust in one cast to national astronomic geodetic network in the end of 1970s and the beginning of 198

13、0s．The 1980 Xi’an coordinate system was developed．IUGG-75 ellipsoid was used in this system．The difference between ellipsoid and geoid is within 4-20 m and the side accuracy is 1/500 000 after adjustment．</p><

14、p>　　A new geodetic coordinate system is planning to meet the scientific needs in our country as the developments of new technologies such as very long base interfere(VLBI)and global positioning Systems(GPS)．The classe

15、s A and B GPS network were completed and put in use respective in 1996 and 1997．The space geodetic network developments entered a new phase with these progresses．It is not only with higher accuracy than former systems bu

16、t also with three dimension coordinates which developed on internat</p><p>　　The completion of national class A and class B geodetic control network indicates that we have developed decimetre absolute 3D geo

17、detic control net work．A new reference system is available for our space technology，and spatial data as well as real Proceedings of ISM 12th International Congress time dynamic positioning．</p><p>　　A lot of

18、 local coordinate systems were developed besides national plane coordinate system．These systems served national economic developments in some sense．Considering the importance of coordinate system to economic developments

19、 and national defence，coordinate system factors are confidential data．The national and local governments control the geodetic coordinate factors strictly and data processing is also charged by relative government agencie

20、s．</p><p>　　2 MODERN SURVEYING TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS FOR COORDINATE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT</p><p>　　Requirements with advances and applications Of GPS GPS has been playing an important role in su

21、rveying and mapping from 1990 s and the accuracy is getting better．The US GPS real time positioning accuracy is ±3 m．As a military targeted system，SA was carried out on the beginning of GPS system and was removed on

22、 May 2000 to meet its economic benefits．The US government provides higher accuracy of ±30 m from earlier ±100 m total standard users．</p><p>　　A new Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)was in M

23、arch 26，2002 by European Union(EU)to meet their own benefits．Galileo is a program independent of US GPS developed by EU．According to its plan，Galileo program will include 30 satellites with four phases．The first phase is

24、 system evaluation period(completed in 2000)；the second phase is development and test period(from 2001 to 2005)；the third phase is implementation period(2006 to 2007)；and the fourth phase is commercial operation perod(fr

25、om 200</p><p>　　The popularly used coordinate systems now in our country are 1954 Beijing system and 1980Xi’an system and 10cal systems are also based on these two systems．National coordinate system is actua

26、lly national astronomic geodetic network．The national geodetic control point accuracy is far from the accuracy of ±l m due to the restrictions of technologies．So it is urgent to upgrade our astronomic geodetic netwo

27、rk with modern surveying technologies．</p><p>　　The popularity and applications of global satellite require open coordinate management system．For the historic reason，coordinate management in many areas in ou

28、r country is still with restriction and coordinate factors are confidential data．It is not available for standard users．Coordinate transferring to control points takes in charge by government agencies．The most distinctiv

29、e character of GNSS is its real time positioning and navigation．Currently，real time kinetic(RTK)surveying requires coordi</p><p>　　Requirements of modern geographic information industry.</p><p>

30、　　As a key point of national economic development，the influence of modern geographic information industry has been growing greatly．As a benchmark digital earth representing modern geographic technologies become the trend

31、 of information society，and the objective of digital earth is realizing the integration of economy and society information in the best way and promoting the information for society sharing and wide application．</p>

32、<p>　　With the advances of every kind technology，nationwide and 10cal area government，enterprise，and different thematic GIS development is getting fast．The development and applications of these systems bring great

33、 changes to government and economic management．Coordinate system datum is the basis of data collection and processing for all GIS．For different reasons，there are different coordinate systems existing currently in our cou

34、ntry．This requires that GIS software has the functionality of coordinate </p><p>　　The development of information sharing mechanism is the only way for digital earth technology．The final objective is to p

35、romote digital earth development，enhance government agency corporation，avoid overlap development，and get high productivity．The information resource standardization is a guarantee for digital earth development and operati

36、on．The transferring factors between different coordinate systems are important contents of standardization．It is a precondition for data sharing．</p><p>　　Proceedings of ISM．12th International Congress</

37、p><p>　　3、DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN COORDINATE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM</p><p>　　Upgrade national astronomic geodetic network coordinate system</p><p>　　With the restrictions of technologies，the tr

38、aditionaI main technology factor to evaluate 8n astronomic geodetic network is relative accuracy．</p><p>　　Absolute accuracy is rarely used．As the advances of GNSS。common users can get the accuracy of±1

39、 m．The current national astronomic geodetic network accuracy is lower than±1 m．It is an urgent task to promote current national astronomic geodetic network accuracy．The national GPS class A and class B network has b

40、een developed．There are 27 points for class A network and more than 700 points for class B network．The point absolute</p><p>　　accuracies of class A and class B network are±0.2m and±41 m respective

41、ly．Side lengths are 650 km and 150 km respectively．This high density and accuracy space geodetic network can be used as known condition for the national astronomic geodetic network adjustment．The current national astrono

42、mic geodetic network will be upgraded after data processing．</p><p>　　For many reasons，there exists a lot of local coordinate systems．The main reasons for these local systems are，firstly，on the beginning of

43、state founding，national astronomic geodetic network had not covered all the nation due to technology restrictions．Local coordinates were built to meet the needs of economic developments．As the completion of national ast

44、ronomic geodetic network，these independent local systems were Iointly surveyed and transferring relations were built up．Secondly。side transferr</p><p>　　It is obvious that local system played important role

45、in the history．With the advances of new technology，local systems blocked the new technology development and GIS can not share graphic applications．Thematicdata．GPS real time nayigation is an impossible mission．Integrated

46、 GIS and GPS receivers can not be used for data collection under local systems．The only choices for those new technology and equipment users are，first，not using them and selecting other systems，and second，using the commo

47、n poin</p><p>　　Under the new society and technological conditions，new ideas should be introduced into the coordinate management agencies．Local system is reasonable technically but close-in management is wor

48、th discussing．National defence iS one of the maln reasons for close-in management．With the advonces of modern technology，calculation of relationship between systems is not a difficult issue．So it is not realistic to use

49、close-in management with those coordinate systems for national defence safety．It is also </p><p><b>　　附錄B:中文翻譯</b></p><p>　　新大地坐標數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)</p><p>　　摘要:大地坐標基準開發(fā)進行的現(xiàn)狀在中國也存

50、在。近些年,我們就大地基準的應(yīng)用,以及在當代和未來的新測量技術(shù)的發(fā)展下開發(fā)大地基準進行了討論。同時對升級國家天文大地網(wǎng),開發(fā)新型的開放式大地坐標基準管理方法的必要性進行了研究。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞:大地基準,大地網(wǎng),管理</p><p><b>　　1 簡介</b></p><p>　　坐標是測繪學中的參考。高質(zhì)量坐標基準的開發(fā)不僅是世

51、界各地勘測員的重要工作之一,也是一個國家測量技術(shù)水平的反映。目前,WGS-84(世界大地坐標系)是在國際上使用最廣泛的坐標系。1954北京坐標系和1980西安坐標系是我們使用的兩個國家坐標系。依據(jù)不同的方法,在一些地區(qū)也開發(fā)出了許多地方坐標系?？紤]到坐標系的重要性,開發(fā)出一個具有現(xiàn)代管理方法的高質(zhì)量坐標基準是非常必要的。</p><p>　　1中國大地坐標系統(tǒng)的概況</p><p>　　在

52、建國初期,前蘇聯(lián)的克拉索夫斯基橢球被用來發(fā)展參考坐標系。這個坐標系的坐標原點是前蘇聯(lián)。參加者調(diào)查了前蘇聯(lián)大地坐標網(wǎng)中的坐標系,在我們國家東北呼瑪,基拉林,東寧的三點被用來作為天文起始的參考點。之后,有一點在北京被計算出來,據(jù)此,我們稱之為1954北京坐標系。自從建國以來,通過這個坐標系,我們完成了許多測繪工作,但是由于當時技術(shù)的限制,也或多或少存在一些問題。</p><p><b>　　這些問題為:&l

53、t;/b></p><p>　　(1)參考橢球的半長軸尺寸要比現(xiàn)在精確測量的長100m。</p><p>　　(2)所采用的參考橢球與我們計算出的大地水準面并不完全符合。東部高差達到正負68m。</p><p>　　(3)參考橢球的軸向并沒有明確定義。</p><p>　　(4)累積誤差大,精度小。</p><p&g

54、t;　　為了克服這些問題,為我們的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、國防建設(shè)、大地測量學以及空間研究提供更好的服務(wù),國家測繪局在70年代末80年代初對國家天文大地網(wǎng)的一個鑄型做了校正。然后,1980西安坐標系就被開發(fā)出來了。這個坐標系以IUGG-75橢球作為參考。校正后，橢球和大地水準面的誤差在4-20m范圍內(nèi)，面精度為1/500000。</p><p>　　作為新技術(shù)的開發(fā),我們國家正在設(shè)計一個新的大地坐標系來滿足科學發(fā)展的需求,比如

55、說:VLBI(甚長基線干涉測量技術(shù))和GPS(全球定位系統(tǒng))。A、B類GPS網(wǎng)分別在1996、1997年建成并投入使用。伴隨著這些進展,空間大地網(wǎng)的發(fā)展進入了一個嶄新的階段。它不僅較先前的系統(tǒng)精確度高,而且發(fā)展出了三維坐標,在國際發(fā)展上被定義為ITRF(國際地球參考框架)框架。這種高精度3D空間大地坐標系將擔保21世紀頭十年測繪工作的順利進行。經(jīng)過校正,A類GPS網(wǎng)的重疊精度優(yōu)于2×10。高度精度優(yōu)于7×10。絕對精

56、度優(yōu)于41.2m。對于B類網(wǎng)，這幾個精度分別要優(yōu)于4×10、8×10、±1m。</p><p>　　國家A類和B類大地測量控制網(wǎng)的建成說明我們已經(jīng)開發(fā)出了分米精度級別的絕對3D大地測量控制網(wǎng)。新的參考系統(tǒng)對于我們的航天技術(shù)的發(fā)展、空間數(shù)據(jù)的收集、甚至ISM（美國供應(yīng)管理協(xié)會）第十二屆國際會議上真是行為的實時動態(tài)定位都是可用的。</p><p>　　除了國家平面

57、坐標系統(tǒng),也開發(fā)出來許多地方坐標系統(tǒng)。從某種意義上來說,這些系統(tǒng)在為國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展服務(wù)著?？紤]到坐標系對于國家經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和國防安全的重要性,坐標系因子都是絕密數(shù)據(jù)。國家和地方政府嚴格控制大地坐標因子,而且數(shù)據(jù)處理也必須是有相關(guān)的政府機構(gòu)負責。</p><p>　　2 坐標系統(tǒng)管理的現(xiàn)代測繪要求</p><p>　　從20世紀90年代起,GPS研究進展和應(yīng)用要求一直在測繪學中扮演著重要的角色,

58、而且精度也越來越高。美國GPS的實時定位精度為±3 m。作為一個軍事目的系統(tǒng),SA(選擇可用性,美國采取的限制定位精度的政策)在GPS開發(fā)初期就開始執(zhí)行,但是為了滿足他們的經(jīng)濟效益,在2000年5月份這個政策被廢除。美國政府向所有普通用戶提供較之前精度±100m更高的精度±30m。</p><p>　　歐盟為了滿足他們的利益,在2002年3月26日將一個新型的全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)初始化。

59、Galileo就是由歐盟開發(fā)的一個獨立于美國GPS的程序。根據(jù)它的計劃,Galileo包括30個衛(wèi)星,分為4個階段。第一階段時系統(tǒng)評價階段(2000年完成);第二階段是發(fā)展和測試階段(2001-2005年);第三階段是實施階段(2006-2007年);第四階段是商業(yè)運行階段。Galileo的特點是它的民用性和高精度。免費用戶精度能達到±6m,收費用戶精度能達到±1m,這意味著精度為±1m的全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)在

60、2008年將能夠投入使用。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在在我們國家被廣泛使用的坐標系是1954北京坐標系和1980西安坐標系,地方坐標系也是建立在這兩個系統(tǒng)之上。國家坐標系實際上是國家天文大地網(wǎng)。由于技術(shù)條件的限制,國家大地控制點的精度離±1m的精度還差很遠,所以,使用現(xiàn)代測繪技術(shù),省級我們的天文大地網(wǎng)是十分迫切的。</p><p>　　全球衛(wèi)星的普及和應(yīng)用需要開放的坐標管理系統(tǒng)。由

61、于一些歷史原因,我們國家許多地區(qū)的坐標管理仍然受到限制,而且我們坐標系的因子都是絕密數(shù)據(jù)。對于一般用戶來說是不可用的。政府機構(gòu)負責將坐標系轉(zhuǎn)換為控制點。GNSS最鮮明的特點是它的實時定位和導(dǎo)航。目前,實時動態(tài)差分(RTK)測量需要坐標因子來進行實時數(shù)據(jù)處理,后處理不能夠滿足這種技術(shù)要求。GNSS不僅僅是單點的坐標測量。GPS和GIS的集成已經(jīng)成為一種趨勢。GPS與GIS集成接收器收集的數(shù)據(jù)不僅包括坐標,還有圖片,屬性,拓撲結(jié)構(gòu)等等。這些

62、功能不能完成單獨點的坐標轉(zhuǎn)化。國家坐標系統(tǒng)和GNSS的開放轉(zhuǎn)換因子的發(fā)展，尤其是將GNSS地方坐標因子開放給公眾是必要的。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代地理信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的要求</p><p>　　作為國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的一個關(guān)鍵點,現(xiàn)在地理信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的影響越來越大。作為代表現(xiàn)代地理技術(shù)的參照,數(shù)字地球已經(jīng)成為信息和社會的一種趨勢。數(shù)字地球的目標是以最好的方式實現(xiàn)社會經(jīng)濟和信息的一體化,促進信息的社會共享與廣

63、泛應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　隨著各種技術(shù)的發(fā)展,國家和部分地方的機構(gòu)、企業(yè)以及不同的專項地理信息系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展也越來越快。這些系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用給我們政府和經(jīng)濟管理也帶來了很大的改變。坐標系統(tǒng)的點是所有GIS數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理的基礎(chǔ)。由于各種各樣的原因,現(xiàn)在在我們國家還存在著一些不同的坐標系統(tǒng)。這就要求GIS軟件具有即時坐標轉(zhuǎn)化的功能。不同系統(tǒng)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換因子也是必不可少的。傳統(tǒng)的封閉式的坐標管理機制并不能滿足GIS發(fā)展的

64、需求。</p><p>　　信息共享機制的發(fā)展是開發(fā)數(shù)字地球技術(shù)的唯一途徑。其最終目的是促進數(shù)字地球的發(fā)展,增加政府代理團體,避免重復(fù)發(fā)展并獲得高生產(chǎn)率。信息資源標準化是數(shù)字地球發(fā)展和運行的保障,不同坐標系統(tǒng)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換因子是標準化的重要內(nèi)容,是數(shù)據(jù)共享的前提。</p><p>　　第12次ISM國際會議的會錄</p><p>　　3 開放式坐標管理系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展<

65、/p><p>　　升級國家天文大地網(wǎng)坐標系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　由于技術(shù)的限制,評估天文大地網(wǎng)的主要傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)因子為相對精度。</p><p>　　絕對精度很少使用,作為GNSS的研究進展,普通用戶可以得到±1m的精度。當代國家天文大地網(wǎng)的精度為±4m。提高現(xiàn)代國家天文大地網(wǎng)的精度是一項緊急的任務(wù)。國家GPS A類網(wǎng)和B類網(wǎng)的精度已經(jīng)有所提高。A類網(wǎng)

66、有27個,B類網(wǎng)有超過700個點。A類和B類網(wǎng)點的絕對精度分別為﹢40.2m和-41m。邊長分別為650km和150km。這一高密度,高精度的空間大地網(wǎng)可以用作校正國家天文大地網(wǎng)的已知條件。經(jīng)過數(shù)據(jù)處理,現(xiàn)在的國家天文大地網(wǎng)將得到升級。</p><p>　　由于許多原因,存在著許多地方坐標系統(tǒng)。它們存在的主要原因是:首先,建國初期,由于技術(shù)條件的限制在,國家天文大地網(wǎng)并沒有覆蓋我們國家的所有區(qū)域。地方為了滿足它們

67、的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展而建立了地方坐標系統(tǒng),當國家天文大地網(wǎng)健全后,這些獨立的地方系統(tǒng)得到調(diào)查,進而建立了彼此之間的轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系。其次,出于技術(shù)考慮,側(cè)向轉(zhuǎn)換失真率被要求要小于1/40000 。然后,出于國防安全的考慮,地方坐標系統(tǒng)和國家基準之間的轉(zhuǎn)換因子是絕對保密的,轉(zhuǎn)換工作只有通過相關(guān)的管理機構(gòu)才能完成。這些各種各樣的地方系統(tǒng)被廣泛使用。最后,出于對地方利益的考慮,在同一個地區(qū)也存在著幾種不同的坐標系統(tǒng)。它們彼此互相獨立,沒有關(guān)聯(lián)。</p&g

68、t;<p>　　顯而易見的是,地方系統(tǒng)在歷史上曾扮演著重要的角色。隨著新技術(shù)的開放,地方系統(tǒng)限制了新技術(shù)的發(fā)展,GIS不能夠共享圖形應(yīng)用。GPS實時導(dǎo)航將是一項不可能完成的任務(wù)。在地方系統(tǒng)中,GIS和GPS集成接收器不能夠用作數(shù)據(jù)采集。這些新技術(shù)和裝備使用者的唯一選擇是:首先,不能使用新技術(shù),只能采用其它的系統(tǒng);其次,使用如同的點來計算這些因子,這就導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)了許多不標準的因子。</p><p>