外文翻譯--硬齒面齒輪

1、<p><b>　　附錄二：英文及譯文</b></p><p>　　Hardened Gear</p><p>　　一 on the gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft of the Stress Analysis of a variety of gear</p>&

2、lt;p>　　Growth of wind power gear box, and its bearings by leaf mass input from the axial force, torque and torque subversion. Intermediate shaft input gear bearing Chuan from the output of torque and braking from the

3、brake torque Chuan. Output shaft of the gear shaft bearing mass from the middle of the torque output at the same time bear the braking caused by brake torque.</p><p>　　二 On a common gear box gear materials a

4、nd their performance analysis</p><p>　　Wind power generation growth in the gear box, gear commonly used materials for low-carbon alloy steel, re-gear companies commonly used 20CrMnTi, 20CrMnMo, 17CrNiMo6 and

5、 other materials; 42CrMoA materials used inside the ring gear.</p><p>　　Carbon content of the surface affect the bending strength. The depth of carburized layer in some cases, the center increased the hardne

6、ss, bending strength increases; when the carburized layer at the same time organizations, to increase the depth of carburized layer, the flexural strength increased; in the carburized layer depth and the center the same

7、hardness, nickel steel flexural strength than other high strength steel bending; carburizing layer level increases the carbon content reduced fle</p><p>　　2、Multi-gear change of fatigue strength due to fatig

8、ue loads and damage, such as damage to the tooth root bending fatigue combined tooth surface contact fatigue damage. Factors that affect the fatigue damage are:</p><p>　　（1）The center of the hardness (streng

9、th) </p><p>　?。?）Carburization of the oxide layer when the carburizing steel containing titanium, silicon, manganese and alloy elements, such as, and in an atmosphere of endothermic carburizing carburizing o

10、f easily formed when oxides of these elements, they exist in the grain boundary or crystal internal tablets. Oxides of these elements in the vicinity of depleted, reducing the hardenability. This oxide will become the co

11、re of the product of high temperature change, resulting in the formation of quenching o</p><p>　?。?）Carburization of the carbide layer the number of carbon content, size, shape and distribution of carburizin

12、g steel contact fatigue and bending fatigue performance of both the impact will be significantly reduced mesh carbide carburizing bending fatigue properties of steel.</p><p>　?。?）Carburized layer of residual

13、 austenite of low intensity residual austenite itself, its existence is also beneficial to reduce the fatigue properties of the residual compressive stress, the carburizing layer residual austenite in fatigue performance

14、 will be reduced, but by rolling and will increase the fatigue strength of shot peening.</p><p>　　三 Hardened gears running characteristics and Notes</p><p>　　Chongqing Gearbox Co., Ltd., was bui

15、lt in the mid-sixties. The main design and manufacture of marine gear box, coupling, clutch and so on.</p><p>　　Ship, is the flow of water the city is a microcosm of a modern industrial country. Its high-per

16、formance, high-tech requirements, the decision of the gear box technology in the design and manufacture of other industrial sectors in the first follow-up the world's advanced level of technology. So the first few fr

17、om the plant in accordance with the manufacture of hardened gear design process with equipment.</p><p>　　Since reform and opening up, in order to adapt to the development of China's shipbuilding industry

18、, in the early eighties, late seventies, the introduction of the German Roman ? Stoltenberg Ford (short LUS) of the marine gear box drawings, standards, computer software and design and manufacturing technology; power pl

19、ants to address the issue of the introduction of torsional vibration Geislinger Austria's Geislinger coupling, vibration isolator design and manufacturing techniques and procedures f</p><p>　　（一） The adv

20、antages of high precision hardened gear</p><p>　　As we all know, the strength of the design of gear from the consideration of the tooth surface lubrication pressure and tooth root strength of the two areas.

21、With the technology and computer applications, the world tends to drive the development of technology using hardened. According to statistics, as a result of the use of hardened gears greatly contributed to the machine i

22、s light weight, small size and quality of performance so that the speed of the machine work of a grade. Such as high-speed</p><p>　　Center distance、Surface area、Weight、Rolling speed、Hardness.</p><

23、p>　　Gear quenched and tempered ：2400 100% 100% 30m/s HB360</p><p>　　Hardened Gear ：1695 34% 60% 90-120m/s HRC57＋4</p><p>　　Hardened in the nitride hardened, due to very shallow depth of the n

24、itrided layer, is not suitable for heavy-duty gear drive and vulgar, but also the cost of nitride process itself more expensive, so it is rarely used.</p><p>　　Surface hardening (such as high frequency or fl

25、ame hardening) of the hardened layer with non-hardened interface layer transition Obviously, the distribution of hardness tonsure too, at the same time the quality of non-uniform hardening, hardening Dedendum difficult a

26、nd easy generation of surface cracks, teeth lower surface hardness (HRC55 around), so the application of decreasing.</p><p>　　Deep carburization, quenching the high-precision grinding hardened gears, high pr

27、ecision, high surface hardness (HRC58 +4), tooth surface hardened layer uniform, and many other advantages, especially for low-speed heavy-duty gear. Its high surface hardness, contact strength quenched and tempered gear

28、s than doubled, while the bending strength quenched and tempered gears than an increase of approximately 50%. Therefore, FALK, (LUS), Ferrante company Citroen - Messiaen - Durant companies all use de</p><p>

29、　　Chongqing Gearbox Co., Ltd., started from the plant, due to the nature of their services the world's most advanced tracking technology, the use of alloy structural steel manufacturing Carburization - quenching - th

30、e high-precision grinding hardened gear teeth. Long-term practical application has proved that the wear resistance of gears and bearings can be comparable to the rolling surface without worrying about tooth wear and corr

31、osion, in the bending strength is also plenty of room left.</p><p>　?。ǘ?Gear strength calculation</p><p>　　The company introduced a program designed gears, and Shanghai Jiaotong University, Cho

32、ngqing University to develop, according to GB3480-83, AGMA, ISO, DIN, ZC, ABS, GL, Lioyd's, such as standards and norms for the calculation of the gear strength .</p><p>　　In order to increase the carryi

33、ng capacity of gear, use of computer gear geometry parameters and the coefficient, the optimum design. As a result of surface hardening technology used to improve the carrying capacity of gear, LUS practice through many

34、years of production that: For the gear tooth surface stress calculation, the small gear with Hertz stress formula can also be based on tooth surface contact area of the maximum compression. As for the number of large-sca

35、le, large-diameter gear with </p><p>　　Calculation of tooth root stress, the main consideration when the meshing tooth bending strength, compressive stress, shear stress, heat treatment effects and gear asse

36、mbly when the internal stress.</p><p>　　On the tooth surface using a computer synthesis of the tooth root stress calculation, considering the contact strength and bending fatigue strength to determine the ge

37、ar geometric parameters, materials, allowable gear fatigue strength and hardness of the tooth surface curve and the depth of the hardened layer.</p><p>　?。ㄈ?Material Selection</p><p>　　In order

38、 to improve the flexural strength of gears, we choose China-made high-quality alloy steel. These materials and the Federal Republic of Germany by the LUS material handling compared with the test furnace. Results show tha

39、t its mechanical properties, hardening, and hardened layer microstructure, hardness, carbon depth distribution of potential performance is slightly higher than the Roman with the performance of the corresponding material

40、.</p><p>　　The use of domestic materials, according to our standard profile (formerly introduced LUSI15) processing, heat treatment process to adopt the existing carburizing quenching and grinding gear teeth

41、 to create the test, and 711, Shanghai Jiaotong University, in cooperation made CL-100-type gear test machine contact fatigue tests. Precision gear tested 6HK (JB179-83), tests work in the GB3480-83 standard conditions,

42、in accordance with movements to determine the material fatigue limit, through the te</p><p>　　The use of domestic materials, according to our standard profile (formerly introduced LUSI15) processing, heat tr

43、eatment process to adopt the existing carburizing quenching and grinding gear teeth to create the test, and 711, Shanghai Jiaotong University testing, wide-tooth gear units, unit modulus circular edge on the 171. 62N /,

44、Gear K strength coefficient of access to 156kg/cm, by 5 × 107 cycles, all the test gear were no broken teeth and pitting phenomenon.</p><p>　　Marine engineering company and the Harbin Institute of Coope

45、ration for carburizing gear materials and process optimization of the pilot study, six commonly used for domestic carbon material distribution along the deep layer, the hardness distribution along the layer of deep and e

46、ffective hardened layer depth and heart layer Department of Organization, the conventional mechanical properties, fracture toughness, static bending properties, bending fatigue performance, the nature of contact fatigue,

47、</p><p>　　In actual use for many years, the gear manufacturing technology to withstand the rigorous test, but also provides us with a wealth of experience. We are convinced that as China's naval construc

48、tion, fisheries, shipping industry and building materials machinery and electricity, the development of metallurgy, gear box will be applied in more sectors, the national industry for the motherland to make greater contr

49、ibutions.</p><p><b>　　硬齒面齒輪</b></p><p>　　一 簡(jiǎn)述齒輪箱輸入軸、中間軸和輸出軸上各種齒輪的受力分析</p><p>　　風(fēng)力發(fā)電增速齒輪箱中，其輸入軸承受葉片傳過(guò)來(lái)的軸向力、扭矩和顛覆力矩。中間軸上的齒輪承受輸入端傳過(guò)來(lái)的力矩和輸出端剎車(chē)時(shí)傳過(guò)來(lái)的剎車(chē)力矩。輸出軸上的齒輪承受中間軸傳過(guò)來(lái)的扭矩，同時(shí)

50、也承受輸出端剎車(chē)時(shí)帶來(lái)的剎車(chē)力矩。</p><p>　　二 簡(jiǎn)述齒輪箱齒輪的常用材料及其性能分析</p><p>　　風(fēng)發(fā)電增速齒輪箱中，齒輪的常用材料為低碳合金鋼，重齒公司常用20CrMnTi、20CrMnMo、17CrNiMo6等材料；內(nèi)齒圈用42CrMoA材料。 </p><p>　　面層碳含量都影響彎曲強(qiáng)度。在滲碳層深度一定的情況下，心部硬度增加時(shí)，彎曲強(qiáng)度

51、隨之增加；當(dāng)滲碳層組織相同時(shí)，滲碳層深度增加，彎曲強(qiáng)度隨之增加；在滲碳層深度與心部硬度相同時(shí)，含鎳的鋼材彎曲強(qiáng)度比其他鋼材彎曲強(qiáng)度高；滲碳層面層碳含量增加時(shí)彎曲強(qiáng)度降低。</p><p>　　2、疲勞強(qiáng)度 齒輪多因變載荷作用而疲勞損壞，如齒根彎曲疲勞損壞合齒面接觸疲勞損壞。影響疲勞損壞的因素有：</p><p>　　（1）心部硬度（強(qiáng)度） </p><p>　?。?

52、）滲碳層內(nèi)的氧化物 當(dāng)滲碳鋼中含有鈦、硅、錳和等合金元素，并在吸熱性滲碳?xì)夥罩袧B碳時(shí)容易形成這些元素的氧化物，他們存在于晶界或晶粒內(nèi)部。在氧化物附近這些元素貧化，降低了淬透性。這種氧化物還會(huì)成為高溫轉(zhuǎn)變產(chǎn)物的核心，導(dǎo)致淬火后在表面形成一些非馬氏體產(chǎn)物從而降低了最表面的硬度。</p><p>　?。?）滲碳層內(nèi)的碳化物 碳含量的數(shù)量、大小、形狀和分布對(duì)滲碳鋼的接觸疲勞和彎曲疲勞性能都有影響，網(wǎng)狀碳化物會(huì)明顯降低滲碳

53、鋼的彎曲疲勞性能。</p><p>　?。?）滲碳層內(nèi)的殘余奧氏體 殘余奧氏體本身強(qiáng)度低，它的存在還降低對(duì)疲勞性能有利的殘余壓應(yīng)力，因此滲碳層組織中有殘余奧氏體會(huì)降低疲勞性能，但經(jīng)滾壓和噴丸強(qiáng)化會(huì)提高疲勞強(qiáng)度。</p><p>　　三 硬齒面齒輪的特點(diǎn)及運(yùn)行注意事項(xiàng)</p><p>　　重慶齒輪箱有限責(zé)任公司，建于六十年代中期。主要設(shè)計(jì)制造船用齒輪箱、聯(lián)軸節(jié)、離合器

54、等。</p><p>　　船舶，是水中的流動(dòng)城市，是一個(gè)國(guó)家現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)的縮影。它的高性能、高技術(shù)要求，決定了齒輪箱在設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù)方面要先于其它工業(yè)部門(mén)追蹤世界先進(jìn)技術(shù)水平。所以公司從建廠開(kāi)始幾按照硬齒面齒輪的制造工藝流程進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)、配備設(shè)備。</p><p>　　改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，為適應(yīng)我國(guó)造船工業(yè)的發(fā)展，在八十年代初，七十年代末，引進(jìn)了德國(guó)羅曼?斯托爾福特公司（下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)LUS）的船用齒輪箱的圖紙

55、，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、計(jì)算機(jī)軟件和設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù)；為解決動(dòng)力裝置軸系扭振問(wèn)題引進(jìn)了奧地利蓋斯林格公司的蓋斯林格聯(lián)軸節(jié)、減振器的設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù)和扭轉(zhuǎn)振動(dòng)電算程序；隨后船舶工業(yè)總公司又將引進(jìn)瑞士蘇爾壽、德國(guó)曼恩、法國(guó)熱機(jī)學(xué)會(huì)、日本大發(fā)等柴油要的齒輪圖紙，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)轉(zhuǎn)放我公司，由我公司消化吸收生產(chǎn)制造。公司在自己設(shè)計(jì)制造硬齒面齒輪的經(jīng)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)引進(jìn)技術(shù)進(jìn)行消化吸收、移植、開(kāi)發(fā)、創(chuàng)新。為保證先進(jìn)技術(shù)和先進(jìn)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的貫徹執(zhí)行，公司不間斷的對(duì)工廠進(jìn)行技術(shù)改造。三十多年的

56、發(fā)展，使重慶齒輪箱有限責(zé)任公司擁有世界先進(jìn)硬齒面齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算技術(shù)；建立了以國(guó)際先進(jìn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為主體的設(shè)計(jì)、制造、試驗(yàn)、檢驗(yàn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范體系；擁有齊全配套的、保證先進(jìn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范貫徹執(zhí)行的機(jī)械加工、熱處理、檢驗(yàn)計(jì)量設(shè)備；同時(shí)造就出一批掌握先進(jìn)技術(shù)的工程技術(shù)人員和操作先進(jìn)設(shè)備的高級(jí)技師。成為我國(guó)能設(shè)計(jì)、制造高精度硬齒面齒輪的基地。</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬?高精度硬齒面齒輪的優(yōu)點(diǎn)</p><p>

57、　　眾所周知，齒輪的強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)是從考慮潤(rùn)滑條件的齒面壓力和齒根強(qiáng)度兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行的。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展和計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用，世界傳動(dòng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨于采用硬齒面。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，由于硬齒面齒輪的采用大大地促進(jìn)了機(jī)器的重量輕、小型化和質(zhì)量性能的提高，使機(jī)器工作速度提高了一個(gè)等級(jí)。如高速線材軋機(jī)的軋制速度從過(guò)去的30m/s以下提高到90-120m/s。采用硬齒面齒輪傳動(dòng)使傳動(dòng)裝置的體積大大地減少，可以降低制造成本，一某軋機(jī)主減速機(jī)為例進(jìn)行比較：</p>

58、<p>　　中心距 表面積 重量 軋制速度 硬度</p><p>　　調(diào)質(zhì)齒輪 2400 100% 100% 30m/s HB360</p><p>　　硬齒面齒輪 1695 34% 60% 90-120m/s HRC57＋4</p><p>　　硬齒面中氮化硬齒面，由于氮化層深度很淺，不適合作低俗重載齒輪傳動(dòng)，而且氮化工藝本身的成本較貴，所以很少采用。

59、</p><p>　　表面淬火（如高、中頻或火焰淬火）的淬硬層與非淬硬層過(guò)渡界面明顯，硬度的分布剃度太大，同時(shí)淬硬質(zhì)量不均勻，齒根淬硬困難，易生成表面裂紋，齒面硬度較低（HRC55左右）所以應(yīng)用也逐漸減少。</p><p>　　深層滲碳、淬火磨削的高精度硬齒面齒輪，精度高、表面硬度高（HRC58+4），齒面硬化層均勻等多方面的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，特別適用于低速重載齒輪傳動(dòng)。它表面硬度高，接觸強(qiáng)度比調(diào)質(zhì)齒

60、輪成倍增長(zhǎng)，而彎曲強(qiáng)度比調(diào)質(zhì)齒輪約增加50%以上。所以FALK、（LUS）、費(fèi)蘭特公司、雪鐵龍-梅西安-杜朗公司等全部采用深層滲碳-淬火-磨齒齒輪。高精度硬齒面齒輪代表了工業(yè)用，船用齒輪傳動(dòng)裝置的發(fā)展方向。</p><p>　　重慶齒輪箱有限責(zé)任公司，從建廠開(kāi)始，由于其服務(wù)性質(zhì)決定其跟蹤世界先進(jìn)技術(shù)，采用合金結(jié)構(gòu)鋼制造滲碳-淬火-磨齒的高精度硬齒面齒輪。長(zhǎng)期的實(shí)際應(yīng)用證明，齒輪的耐磨性可以與軸承滾動(dòng)面媲美，無(wú)需擔(dān)

61、心齒面磨損和銹蝕，在彎曲強(qiáng)度上也留有很大余地。</p><p>　　（二） 齒輪強(qiáng)度計(jì)算</p><p>　　公司引進(jìn)了齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算程序，并與上海交大、重慶大學(xué)等合作開(kāi)發(fā)，可按GB3480-83、AGMA、ISO、DIN、ZC、ABS、GL、Lioyd′s等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范對(duì)齒輪強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行計(jì)算。</p><p>　　為了提高齒輪的承載能力，利用計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)齒輪的幾何參數(shù)和變位

62、系數(shù)，進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。由于表面硬化技術(shù)的采用，齒輪承載能力得到提高，LUS通過(guò)多年生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐認(rèn)為：對(duì)于齒輪齒面應(yīng)力的計(jì)算，對(duì)小型齒輪，用赫茲應(yīng)力公式還可以，它基于齒面接觸區(qū)的最大表面壓縮。而對(duì)于大模數(shù)、大直徑的齒輪、用赫茲公式計(jì)算齒面壓應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度，則不能真實(shí)反映齒輪的實(shí)際受力情況。因?yàn)殡S著模數(shù)的增大，齒高和齒輪當(dāng)時(shí)接觸半徑增大，應(yīng)力的危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)已不在齒輪硬化層的表面層，而是在內(nèi)部的某一個(gè)深度。例如：中心距A=1000（mm），I=3的齒輪箱的大齒

63、輪，應(yīng)力危險(xiǎn)齒面以下應(yīng)力分布及其強(qiáng)度計(jì)算的研究，提出了“三向應(yīng)力理論“：齒面以下受三向單個(gè)應(yīng)力組成的合成應(yīng)力作用，應(yīng)用主延伸假設(shè)得到包括齒面應(yīng)力在內(nèi)的齒截面的應(yīng)力分布曲線。能確切地反映齒面嚙合時(shí)的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。</p><p>　　計(jì)算齒根應(yīng)力，主要考慮輪齒嚙合時(shí)的彎曲強(qiáng)度、壓縮應(yīng)力、剪應(yīng)力、齒輪熱處理效應(yīng)及裝配時(shí)產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)應(yīng)力。</p><p>　　用計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)齒面齒根合成應(yīng)力的計(jì)算，綜合考慮接

64、觸強(qiáng)度和彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度，確定齒輪的幾何參數(shù)、材料、許用疲勞強(qiáng)度及齒輪的硬度曲線和齒面的硬化層深度。</p><p><b>　　（三） 材料的選擇</b></p><p>　　為了提高齒輪的彎曲強(qiáng)度，我們選用國(guó)產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)合金鋼。這些材料經(jīng)LUS與西德材料進(jìn)行同爐處理對(duì)比試驗(yàn)。結(jié)果證明其機(jī)械性能、淬硬性、硬化層金相組織、硬度、碳勢(shì)層深度分布等性能略高于羅曼現(xiàn)用相應(yīng)材料的性能。

65、</p><p>　　利用國(guó)產(chǎn)材料，按我公司標(biāo)準(zhǔn)齒形（原引進(jìn)的LUSI15）加工，采用現(xiàn)行熱處理工藝滲碳淬火并磨齒制造的試驗(yàn)齒輪，與711所、上海交大合作，在國(guó)產(chǎn)CL-100型齒輪試驗(yàn)機(jī)上進(jìn)行接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)。參試齒輪精度6HK（JB179-83），試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證工作在GB3480-83規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條件下進(jìn)行，按升降法，測(cè)定材料的疲勞極限，通過(guò)試驗(yàn)，推薦設(shè)計(jì)選用值為1450-1550N/ ，國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織ISO268文推

66、薦滲淬硬齒輪材料接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度極限框圖范圍在1300-1650kg/ ，我公司試驗(yàn)齒輪材料在ISO268推薦框圖的中上限。</p><p>　　試驗(yàn)時(shí)，齒輪單位齒寬、單位模數(shù)上的圓周力為171。62N/ ，齒輪接觸強(qiáng)度K系數(shù)為156kg/cm ，經(jīng)5×107次循環(huán)，所有被試齒輪均未發(fā)生斷齒和點(diǎn)蝕現(xiàn)象。</p><p>　　公司與哈爾濱船舶工程學(xué)院合作對(duì)滲碳齒輪材料及工藝進(jìn)行優(yōu)選試驗(yàn)

67、研究，對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)常用的六種材料進(jìn)行碳含量沿層深分布、硬度沿層深的分布及有效硬化層深、滲層和心部組織、常規(guī)力學(xué)性能、斷裂韌性、靜彎性能、彎曲疲勞性能、接觸疲勞性質(zhì)、耐磨性、工藝性、晶粒長(zhǎng)大規(guī)律及組織遺傳、高溫回火溫度對(duì)調(diào)質(zhì)組織和性能的影響等十八項(xiàng)專(zhuān)題研究，編制了公司對(duì)不同材質(zhì)的不同的熱處理工藝規(guī)程和規(guī)范確保熱處理質(zhì)量。</p><p>　　在多年實(shí)際使用中，齒輪制造技術(shù)經(jīng)受了嚴(yán)格的檢驗(yàn)，也給我們提供了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。我們深