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1、<p><b> 河北科技師范學(xué)院</b></p><p> 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯</p><p> Expediting Chinese Tourism Marketing in Electronic Business by Transforming Governmental Roles</p><p> 院(系、部)名 稱(chēng)
2、 : 工商管理學(xué)院 </p><p> 專(zhuān) 業(yè) 名 稱(chēng):信息管理與信息系統(tǒng) </p><p> 學(xué) 生 姓 名:馬建彪 </p><p> 學(xué) 生 學(xué) 號(hào):0811080213 </p><p> 指 導(dǎo) 教 師:劉淑霞
3、 </p><p> 2012 年 5 月 18 日</p><p> 河北科技師范學(xué)院教務(wù)處制</p><p> Expediting Chinese Tourism Marketing in Electronic</p><p> Business by Transforming Governmental Roles&
4、lt;/p><p> Abstract: In less than 20 years, the tourism has become Chinese new economic growth point, which powerfully promoted Chinese economic boom and social development.China is gaining importance in the i
5、nternational tourism market for its historical and cultural attractiveness as a destination.However, as an extremely promising service industry, Chinese tourism is confronted with many difficult problems.The government i
6、s one of the main bodies which involved in the tourism.This study sheds more light</p><p> Keywords : E-Business, Tourism marketing, Governmental roles, Public Administration</p><p> 1 Introd
7、uction</p><p> With the explosive growth of the Internet and Internet applications, the World Wide Web has captured the position to be the major enabler of building global information center.For the tourism
8、, there is no surprise that Internet has become a new media to deliver first hand information about services or products to the customers around the world. The development of electronic Business (E-Business) has led to g
9、reat changes in the tourism around the world. In less than 20 years, the tourism has bec</p><p> The tourism destination is one of the key components of the tourism value.A destination can be understood as
10、 a complex subsystem of tourism principals and organizations, activities and attractions, which form the foundation for travelers’decisions when planning a vacation. In recent years,many efforts have been undertaken to b
11、uild comprehensive information systems to market a destination.a(chǎn) region, or a country , and to get benefits from improved internal collaboration through these systems.Durin</p><p> Tourism in China has rapi
12、dly developed since the adoption of open-door economic reform policy in 1978.There is still little understanding about the role played by the Chinese government in the development of tourism.This paper sheds more light o
13、n the governmental role in tourism marketing of E-business.Firstly, the paper analyses the characteristics and the existing problems of Chinese Tourism.We assess the level of current tourism marketing and discuss the pri
14、ncipal barriers of implementation o</p><p> 2 Current Status of Chinese Tourism Marketing in E-business</p><p> As we move into the Information Age , consumers’expectations are being radically
15、 altered.The Internet, more than any other technology , is teaching people that they can go online and quickly find out about any subject that is currently holding their interest.This character is important to the travel
16、 and tourism.Travel is information at the point of sale.Unlike most consumer goods such as televisions, cameras and cars.Travel cannot be sampled before the decision is made to buy it.This is also tru</p><p>
17、; Another inherent characteristic is mobility, where the entire tourist life cycle is integrated with the respective supplier processes.Obviously, suppliers’processes cross company borders,leading to enhanced E-business
18、 applications,enforcing cooperation between companies,and supporting mobile communication with the consumers.</p><p> The tourism in China has achieved remarkable growth since 1978 in terms of visitor arriv
19、als and tourism receipts.In 1982, the Government recognized tourism as an economic activity, and in 1986 China reiterated the importance of tourism nationwide by including the tourism in the national plan for social and
20、economic development.The China National Travel Administration (CNTA) which is the national administrative body responsible for implementing short-term and long-term tourism policies in China, </p><p> Owing
21、 to the economic gap between the different regions of China and the persistent income Differentials,the travel preferences of domestic tourists appeared to cover a complete spectrum from traditional sightseeing with lowe
22、r expenditure to special interest tourism with higher expenditure from 1990s.With incomes increasing, the travel preferences of sightseeing destinations shifted from historic and cultural areas(e.g. Beijing , the capital
23、 city of the coun- try , and Hangzhou , Zhejiang provin</p><p> Along with the quick development of domestic tourism , especially during the three golden weeks On public holidays of May Day, National Day an
24、d Spring Festival , the National Holid- ay Tourist Forecasting System started its operation On September 21,2000.With such a system, tourist arrivals on all major tourist cities and visitor attractions and accommodation
25、supply will be forecasted daily and publicized on the CNTA website as well as on other mass media, during the three golden works.People in</p><p> In March 2001 , CNTA(the China National Tourist Administrat
26、ion)conducted a survey of ICT adoption rate among 49 provincial and municipal tourism boards in China , According to the survey , the average IT adoption level is very low , both in terms of computer facilitation , train
27、ed personnel and communication infrastructure used.Only one-third of all tourism boards are fully equipped with internal information management system that can be readily conne- cted with the national information network
28、i</p><p> *Lack of synergy among various sectors within the industry , i.e.without a networking system involving all players of the industry , the advantage of IT can hardly be fully recognized;</p>
29、<p> *Lack of infrastructure required such as communication bandwidth , technicians ,information and processing standards,etc;</p><p> *Lack of information service providers and intermediaries to assi
30、st tourist enterprises;</p><p> *Fear of business/management process reengineering caused by technological innovation</p><p> such as unwillingness to learn new knowledge , losing control of i
31、nformation or power , altering the habit of a life time formed by traditional business environment , adjusting new environment;</p><p> * The information security problem, which is in a sense of cultural co
32、ncern rather than technological.</p><p> 3 Role ,Responsibility and Task the Governmental Shoulder </p><p> The tourist authority in China, the CNTA was established in early 1980s.It pl
33、ays a role of both tourism authority auditing the operation of tour operators, hotels and tour education institutions in China and destination image promoter via its overseas branches. </p><p> The CNTA co
34、llaborates with Civil Aviation Administration of China(CAAC) , Railway Ministry and Transportation Ministry.Local tourism boards have been established at both provincial level and municipal level , under the leader ship
35、of both CNTA and local govern- ment, As the only destination management organizations(DMO)in China , CNTA has adopted computer network systems since 1992,primarily focusing on accounting.statistics and issuing tourist in
36、formation CD-ROMs. </p><p> In CNTA, 90% of office staff have been using computers connected with the administe- ration Intranet , composed of four SQL servers , and linked with Internet via a 2m DDN. As de
37、monstrated in Fig.2, the main function of the system is to deal with office paperwork . Since 1993,the server has been linked with local tourism boards at provincial level and muni- cipal level to collect statistical dat
38、a on a monthly base.In 1997, the official destination tourist website , www.cnta.gov.cn, was developed</p><p> The e-government management of tourism can only be built on the basis that all or most enterpri
39、ses within the industry have been fully converted into e-businesses.However.this is far from the truth of Chinese tourism.In the current situation , the government should shoulder the responsibility and take the lead in
40、the industry e- transformation . Perhaps the government should play a role of operator , regulator , investment stimulator , promoter , coordinator , educator and organizer in this area</p><p> Generally ,
41、the Chinese government should enforce the following functions:Operator,involving ownership and provision of the infrastructure for tourism development and operation of tourism business activities;Regulator : formulating
42、and implementing regulations to control tourism business;Promoter:spending money on the promotion of tourism in the international market;and Educator:establishing a system of tourism education institutions and provi
43、ding tourism education and training programs.</p><p> On one hand, the government can invest in information infrastructure development.On the other hand ,the government can push enterprises’ e-business tran
44、sformation by either executive orders or other compulsory means , especially when currently many companies do not realize the importance and necessity of such transformation.For example ,as CNTA requested that all yearly
45、 inspection documents of tourist companies have to be reported online , many companies have to build up a compatible system to c</p><p> On the technological side , tourism companies must reap real benefit
46、from the Internet involvement.Electronic systems for organizing the supply of travel information must interface with the travel agent's own back and front office systems.Travel agents must also be able to offer their
47、 products and services directly to potential individual customers through home computer systems.For travel agents to fulfill their new professional requirements , they will have to encourage software , networking an</
48、p><p> 4 conclusion</p><p> It is estimated that China will attract 130 million tourists annually by the year 2020, making it the world’s top tourist destination.China has one of the oldest conti
49、nuous civilizations in the world , vast territory ,charming scenery and tremendous social transformation , and will always be attractive destination for many foreign tourists.Of course , the achievement of the forecast f
50、igures needs a supportive outside environment and , more importantly , depends on Chinese own efforts.No doubt , </p><p> Obviously , the e-tourism is the trend in future to expedite the Chinese tourism mar
51、keting.But it will definitely take China a very long time to have its e-Tourism and Internet adoption level developed to the current stage in Europe or America.The government will be one major element in deciding how lon
52、g it will be.Given the unique government intervention economic development pattern , the role of tourism and other related government authorities play will also determine the direction and speed o</p><p> R
53、eferences</p><p> [1]Christine Lim and Michael McAleer.(2005)Ecologically sustainable tourism management, Environmental Modelling&Software , Vol.20(11),p.1431-1438</p><p> [2]Samuel Seongseop
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55、Pan.(2005) Inbound tourism developments and patterns in China, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation , In Press</p><p> [4]Ray Pine and Paul Phillips.(2005)Performance comparisons of hotels in China, Inte
56、rnational Journal of Hospitality Management,Vol.24(1),p.57-73</p><p> [5]Hanqin Qiu Zhang,King Chong and John Ap.(1999)An analysis of tourism policy development in modern China , Tourism Management,Vol.20(4
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59、t;/p><p> [8]Honggen Xiao.(2000) China’s Tourism Education into the 21st Century , Annals of Tourism Research.VbL27(4)。P.1052-1055</p><p> [9]Haiyan Song and Stephen F.Witt. (2005)Forecasting int
60、ernational tourist flows to Macau, Tourism Management,In Press</p><p> 通過(guò)政府角色轉(zhuǎn)變加快中國(guó)旅游營(yíng)銷(xiāo)的電子商務(wù)化</p><p> 摘要:在不到20年的時(shí)間,旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)成為中國(guó)新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn),這有力地促進(jìn)了中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮和社會(huì)發(fā)展。中國(guó)因其歷史和文化的吸引力正在國(guó)際旅游市場(chǎng)上越來(lái)越重要。然而,作為一種極有前途的服
61、務(wù)行業(yè),中國(guó)旅游業(yè)正面臨著許多困難的問(wèn)題。政府是參與旅游業(yè)的一個(gè)主要機(jī)構(gòu)。這次研究更側(cè)重于政府角色在基于電子商務(wù)的旅游營(yíng)銷(xiāo)方面。首先,本文分析旅游在我國(guó)的特點(diǎn)和存在的問(wèn)題。其次,我們從一個(gè)組織和技術(shù)的角度分別評(píng)估和討論當(dāng)前水平的旅游營(yíng)銷(xiāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)電子商務(wù)的首要障礙。然后我們探討了在電子商務(wù)中的政府角色。最后,得出結(jié)論。</p><p> 關(guān)鍵詞:電子商務(wù)、旅游市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)、政府角色、公共管理</p><
62、;p><b> 1.簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p> 伴隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用的爆炸性增長(zhǎng),萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)已經(jīng)占據(jù)主要推動(dòng)和構(gòu)建全球信息的中心位置。對(duì)于旅游業(yè),互聯(lián)網(wǎng)成為為世界各地的客戶提供關(guān)于服務(wù)或產(chǎn)品的第一手信息的新媒體,這是不足以為奇的。電子商務(wù)(E-Business)的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了世界旅游市場(chǎng)的巨大的變化。在不到20年的時(shí)間,旅游已成為中國(guó)新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn),這有力地促進(jìn)了中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮和社會(huì)
63、發(fā)展。在過(guò)去的幾年中,中國(guó)旅游行業(yè)已投入大量資金,開(kāi)發(fā)一項(xiàng)被稱(chēng)作“金色旅游”的項(xiàng)目。作為一個(gè)快速增長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展中的亞洲國(guó)家,中國(guó)因其歷史和文化的吸引力正在國(guó)際旅游市場(chǎng)上越來(lái)越重要。她已經(jīng)成為世界上最受歡迎的旅游目的地。</p><p> 旅游目的地摘要是旅游價(jià)值的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵成分。一個(gè)目的地可以被理解為一個(gè)復(fù)雜的子系統(tǒng),包括旅游主體、組織、活動(dòng)和吸引力,這些來(lái)自于旅行者計(jì)劃一個(gè)假期時(shí)所做決定而需要的準(zhǔn)備金。近年來(lái),為開(kāi)
64、展綜合信息系統(tǒng)建設(shè)市場(chǎng)而建立一個(gè)目的地已經(jīng)付出了許多努力。一個(gè)地區(qū)或一個(gè)國(guó)家, 通過(guò)這些系統(tǒng)獲得福利從改善內(nèi)部協(xié)作。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,政府參與旅游開(kāi)發(fā)產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。在大多數(shù)發(fā)展中國(guó)家,私人部門(mén)通常有很少的經(jīng)驗(yàn)旅游,所以發(fā)展中國(guó)家的政府往往更積極參與。</p><p> 自從采用制定于1978年的開(kāi)放經(jīng)濟(jì)改革政策,旅游業(yè)在中國(guó)發(fā)展迅速,但對(duì)中國(guó)政府在旅游業(yè)發(fā)展中所發(fā)揮的作用還是只有很少的了解。這次研究更側(cè)重于政府
65、角色在基于電子商務(wù)的旅游營(yíng)銷(xiāo)方面。首先,本文分析了中國(guó)旅游行業(yè)的特征及存在的問(wèn)題。我們從一個(gè)組織和技術(shù)的角度分別評(píng)估和討論當(dāng)前水平的旅游營(yíng)銷(xiāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)電子商務(wù)的首要障礙。然后我們探討了在電子商務(wù)中的政府角色。最后,得出結(jié)論?;谥袊?guó)的經(jīng)驗(yàn), 一些政府角色的影響成為其它發(fā)展中國(guó)家的建議。</p><p> 2.中國(guó)旅游營(yíng)銷(xiāo)在電子商務(wù)方面的現(xiàn)狀</p><p> 當(dāng)我們進(jìn)入信息時(shí)代,消費(fèi)者的預(yù)期
66、正在發(fā)生根本性的改變?;ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)優(yōu)越于其他任何計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù),正在教會(huì)人們,他們可以在網(wǎng)上迅速找出任何目前他們感興趣的問(wèn)題。對(duì)于旅行和旅游業(yè),這個(gè)角色是重要的,旅行是信息的銷(xiāo)售點(diǎn)。與大多數(shù)消費(fèi)品不同,如電視機(jī)、照相機(jī)和汽車(chē),旅行不能在決定買(mǎi)之前被采樣。旅行確實(shí)是旅游行業(yè)的產(chǎn)品,但是在旅客到達(dá)之前是不能被采樣的。因此,“購(gòu)買(mǎi)”目的地的決定,也就是去那旅行,完全是依據(jù)旅游的可用信息,這可能是來(lái)自朋友的推薦,也可能是由國(guó)家旅游機(jī)構(gòu)提供的小冊(cè)子或者廣告
67、。然而,越來(lái)越多的信息,使它在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上可用,特別是在萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)。游客們都在利用萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)上豐富的目的地材料,這是目的地信息的主要來(lái)源。目的地營(yíng)銷(xiāo)機(jī)構(gòu)新的信念是,如果你不在線,那么你的關(guān)鍵市場(chǎng)就不銷(xiāo)售。</p><p> 另一個(gè)固有的特點(diǎn)是流動(dòng)性,整個(gè)旅游生命周期集成了各自的供應(yīng)商的生產(chǎn)工藝制程。顯然,供應(yīng)商跨公司邊界的進(jìn)過(guò)程,提升了電子商務(wù)應(yīng)用程序,執(zhí)行公司之間的合作,支持移動(dòng)通信和消費(fèi)者。</p>&l
68、t;p> 自1978年以來(lái), 旅游業(yè)在中國(guó)取得了顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和旅游收入。1982年,政府認(rèn)可了旅游作為一種經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),1986年,中國(guó)重申了在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)旅游業(yè)的重要性,包括國(guó)家對(duì)旅游的計(jì)劃和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。中國(guó)國(guó)家旅游管理局(CNTA),這是國(guó)家行政機(jī)構(gòu),負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)行中國(guó)短期和長(zhǎng)期的旅游政策,發(fā)揮了重要作用,使中國(guó)旅游的發(fā)展在國(guó)家層面上。這些因素有助于增加所有在中國(guó)的旅游活動(dòng),即增長(zhǎng)海外游客入境旅游、國(guó)內(nèi)旅游、中國(guó)籍居民出境旅游。<
69、/p><p> 在1990年代,由于中國(guó)的不同地區(qū)間經(jīng)濟(jì)差距和持久收入的差距,國(guó)內(nèi)游客的旅游喜好似乎覆蓋一個(gè)完整的光譜中,從傳統(tǒng)的觀光與降低支出轉(zhuǎn)向特殊利益旅游與更高的費(fèi)用。隨著收入的增加,旅游觀光景點(diǎn)的偏好已從大承載能力的歷史和文化領(lǐng)域(如中國(guó)的首都北京,浙江和杭州)轉(zhuǎn)向小承載能力的自然景觀區(qū) (如遠(yuǎn)離城市的度假村),從傳統(tǒng)的國(guó)家公園發(fā)展新地區(qū)。動(dòng)畫(huà)旅游包括民俗旅游、娛樂(lè)和教育旅游,一直在上升,特殊的旅游項(xiàng)目,如
70、出境旅游、生態(tài)旅游和體育旅游已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了。動(dòng)態(tài)收入影響較大的梯子,旅游偏好較高的梯子傾向于取代較低的梯子,因此每個(gè)旅游產(chǎn)品有一個(gè)相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)的生命周期。所以現(xiàn)在中國(guó)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)有眾多的旅游電子商務(wù)類(lèi)別,類(lèi)似的,世界的大部分地區(qū),信息通信技術(shù)(ICT)的采用水平落后于中國(guó)旅行社的航空公司和酒店。然而,情況正逐漸發(fā)生變化,但是非常緩慢。顯然,旅游業(yè)在中國(guó)受到嚴(yán)格監(jiān)管與高度的政府干預(yù),特別是航空運(yùn)輸案例。</p><p> 隨著
71、國(guó)內(nèi)旅游業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,特別是在公眾假日五一、國(guó)慶和春節(jié)三個(gè)黃金周。全國(guó)假日旅游的預(yù)測(cè)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)營(yíng)始于2000年9月21日。采用這種系統(tǒng), 可以在旅游局宣傳網(wǎng)站以及在其他媒體上預(yù)測(cè)每日在所有主要的旅游城市的旅游人數(shù)和吸引游客的住宿和供應(yīng)。人們?yōu)榱吮苊庠谌藵M為患的景點(diǎn)或城市旅行,可以根據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果調(diào)整他們的目的地的選擇。</p><p> 2001年3月,國(guó)家旅游局(中國(guó)國(guó)家旅游管理局)進(jìn)行了一個(gè)49個(gè)省ICT的采用率、
72、中國(guó)市旅游局的調(diào)查,據(jù)調(diào)查,它采用的兩方面的計(jì)算機(jī)便利、專(zhuān)業(yè)人員使用和通信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的平均水平很低。只有三分之一的旅游董事會(huì)配備內(nèi)部信息管理系統(tǒng),可以很容易地連接與國(guó)家信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng),這被稱(chēng)為黃金旅游項(xiàng)目,這一最新舉動(dòng)在ICT工作。根據(jù)信息中心的導(dǎo)演,他的觀點(diǎn)代表政府電子旅游商務(wù)應(yīng)用的觀點(diǎn),中國(guó)電子旅游商務(wù)應(yīng)用可分為兩部分:信息技術(shù)的采用和通訊技術(shù)的參與。在ICT采用方面,他指出,中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)一直落后于歐洲和美國(guó)大約10—15年。他認(rèn)為造成這樣
73、的局面有五大問(wèn)題:</p><p> (1) 缺乏各行業(yè)之間、行業(yè)內(nèi)等的協(xié)同,沒(méi)有網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)涉及的所有玩家行業(yè)的優(yōu)勢(shì)也很難完全認(rèn)可;</p><p> (2) 缺乏基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施所需的如通信帶寬、技術(shù)人員、信息和處理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等;</p><p> (3) 缺乏信息服務(wù)提供商和中介機(jī)構(gòu)幫助旅游企業(yè);</p><p> (4) 技術(shù)創(chuàng)新造成恐懼的業(yè)務(wù)
74、/管理流程再造,如不愿意學(xué)習(xí)新知識(shí),失去控制的信息或者權(quán)力,改變一生的習(xí)慣形成的傳統(tǒng)的商業(yè)環(huán)境,調(diào)整新環(huán)境;</p><p> (5) 信息安全問(wèn)題,這是在某種意義上的文化關(guān)注而不是技術(shù)。</p><p> 3.角色、責(zé)任和政府肩上的任務(wù)</p><p> 中國(guó)旅游當(dāng)局,國(guó)家旅游局成立于1980年代初。它所起的兩個(gè)旅游局審計(jì)運(yùn)行的旅行社、酒店和旅游教育機(jī)構(gòu)在中
75、國(guó)和目的地形象推廣通過(guò)其海外分支機(jī)構(gòu)。</p><p> 旅游局與中國(guó)民航總局(CAAC)、鐵道部和運(yùn)輸部門(mén)合作。根據(jù)雙方的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人及旅游局和地方政府, 當(dāng)?shù)芈糜尉纸⒘藘蓚€(gè)省級(jí)和市級(jí)的。作為中國(guó)唯一的目的地管理機(jī)構(gòu)(DMO),自1992年以來(lái),國(guó)家旅游局已經(jīng)采用了計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng),注意力主要集中在計(jì)算、統(tǒng)計(jì)和發(fā)放旅游信息光盤(pán)。</p><p> 在工作中,90%的辦公室職員已經(jīng)使用電腦與
76、政府內(nèi)部網(wǎng),包括四個(gè)SQL服務(wù)器,并通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)與2m DDN。圖2中展示的,該系統(tǒng)的主要作用是處理辦公室文書(shū)工作。自1993年以來(lái),每個(gè)月服務(wù)器已經(jīng)與當(dāng)?shù)芈糜尉衷谑〖?jí)和市級(jí)收集統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。在1997年,官方的目的地的旅游網(wǎng)站,www.cnta.gov.cn < http://www.cnta.gov.cn >,被開(kāi)發(fā)為目的的營(yíng)銷(xiāo)和推廣,提供住宿上的目的地信息、可訪問(wèn)性、吸引力、餐飲、購(gòu)物和娛樂(lè)。但互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的參與中國(guó)旅游已被證明是一
77、個(gè)失敗。</p><p> 在電子政務(wù)管理旅游只能建立的基礎(chǔ)上,所有或大部分企業(yè)在行業(yè)已經(jīng)完全轉(zhuǎn)化為電子商務(wù)。然而,這遠(yuǎn)非事實(shí)的中國(guó)旅游。在當(dāng)前形勢(shì)下,政府應(yīng)該承擔(dān)責(zé)任,率先在向電子產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)換。也許政府應(yīng)該發(fā)揮作用的運(yùn)營(yíng)商,監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)、投資刺激、促進(jìn)者,協(xié)調(diào)員,教育家和組織者在這個(gè)地區(qū)提供一定的指導(dǎo)和幫助企業(yè)。在所有的房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)商中,成都萬(wàn)科采集和開(kāi)發(fā)土地的前鋒電子集團(tuán),第一個(gè)企業(yè)在“東部郊區(qū)”騰空的市區(qū),是典型的
78、影響。在2003年1月16日,前鋒之地,拍賣(mài)在國(guó)土資源局成都交易所場(chǎng)內(nèi)的,這是第一次在成都企業(yè)“東方架空”戰(zhàn)略將土地賣(mài)給公眾,吸引了中國(guó)各地許多房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)商。在激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),成都萬(wàn)科,最終以每畝1760000元的價(jià)格得到這土地,成為第一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的和非本地開(kāi)發(fā)“東部郊區(qū)”的開(kāi)發(fā)人員。另一方面,前鋒在土地搬出去獲益高于20倍的價(jià)格差異,與從出售所籌得的款項(xiàng),前鋒已經(jīng)達(dá)到了它的第二項(xiàng)技術(shù)革新,令人滿意的是其目的的重新開(kāi)發(fā)領(lǐng)域,提供一些有用的追
79、隨者。另一方面成都萬(wàn)科已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)了一個(gè)頂級(jí)生活居住——金家與建筑領(lǐng)域的100000多平方米,每平方米平均價(jià)格達(dá)到4100元,每平方米的均價(jià)是1000多元高于附近的地區(qū),因此,萬(wàn)</p><p> 一般來(lái)說(shuō),中國(guó)政府應(yīng)執(zhí)行以下功能:操作符,涉及所有權(quán)和提供基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的旅游開(kāi)發(fā)和運(yùn)營(yíng)的旅游業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng);監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu),制定和實(shí)施條例來(lái)控制旅游業(yè)務(wù);促進(jìn)者,花錢(qián)在促進(jìn)旅游的國(guó)際市場(chǎng);教育家,建立一個(gè)系統(tǒng)高等旅游教育機(jī)構(gòu)和提供旅游教
80、育和培訓(xùn)課程。</p><p> 一方面,政府可以投資信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展,另一方面,政府可以通過(guò)行政命令或其他強(qiáng)制手段推動(dòng)企業(yè)電子商務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)型,特別是當(dāng)目前許多公司沒(méi)有意識(shí)到改革的重要性和必要性。對(duì)于這樣的例子,如旅游局要求所有的旅游公司的年度檢驗(yàn)文件必須在線報(bào)道,為了這個(gè)目的,許多公司已經(jīng)建立了一個(gè)兼容的系統(tǒng)來(lái)連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)工作。</p><p> 在技術(shù)方面,旅游公司必須真正受益于參與的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)
81、,組織供應(yīng)旅游信息的電子系統(tǒng)必須與旅行社前后的辦公室系統(tǒng)接口,旅游代理還必須能夠通過(guò)家庭計(jì)算機(jī)體系直接向潛在客戶提供產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。旅行社為滿足其新專(zhuān)業(yè)要求,他們將不得不鼓勵(lì)軟件、網(wǎng)絡(luò)和電信公司提供他們需要的工具、目的地,認(rèn)為信息技術(shù)適合通過(guò)目的地?cái)?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)分銷(xiāo)提供全球產(chǎn)品。在信息技術(shù)方面,它是“內(nèi)容提供商”的、全球發(fā)行的令人矚目的旅游產(chǎn)品,但是它更加難以在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中實(shí)施。</p><p><b> 4.總結(jié)
82、</b></p><p> 據(jù)估計(jì),中國(guó)將在2020年之前, 每年吸引1.3億游客,使其成為世界上最大的旅游目的地。中國(guó)是世界上最古老的文明國(guó)家,廣袤的疆土,迷人的景色和巨大的社會(huì)變革, 對(duì)許多外國(guó)游客也永遠(yuǎn)是有吸引力的目的地。當(dāng)然,預(yù)報(bào)數(shù)據(jù)的取得需要一個(gè)支持性的環(huán)境之外,更重要的是,取決于中國(guó)自己的努力。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),由正如各種角色,政府對(duì)現(xiàn)行成功的旅游一直是一個(gè)主要玩家,在中國(guó),至關(guān)重要的是,政府在
83、旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展扮演了積極的角色。沒(méi)有政府積極的參與,這并不是說(shuō)任何行業(yè)參與者能夠制定一系列的活動(dòng)來(lái)培養(yǎng)促進(jìn)旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展。這些角色會(huì)根據(jù)不同的情況和需要,工業(yè)和世界也預(yù)計(jì)角色改變采編計(jì)劃和控制有序發(fā)展的旅游業(yè),政府在早期的旅游開(kāi)發(fā)階段該承擔(dān)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的角色,否則可能導(dǎo)致發(fā)展不平衡。</p><p> 顯然,旅游電子商務(wù)是加快中國(guó)旅游市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)未來(lái)的趨勢(shì), 但是把中國(guó)的旅游電子商務(wù)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的運(yùn)用水平發(fā)展到歐洲或美國(guó)的當(dāng)前
84、階段需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,決定多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的一個(gè)主要因素是政府。鑒于獨(dú)特的政府干預(yù)發(fā)展模式的經(jīng)濟(jì)、旅游和其他相關(guān)政府的當(dāng)局角色,中國(guó)的旅游電子商務(wù)還將確定方向和速度。不過(guò),以中國(guó)巨大的市場(chǎng)潛力,旅游電子商務(wù)樂(lè)觀的未來(lái)發(fā)展是合理的。它種植的意識(shí)和市場(chǎng)需求將導(dǎo)致中國(guó)旅游業(yè)在IT行業(yè)的密集,最終,成為電子商務(wù)時(shí)代。</p><p><b> 參考文獻(xiàn):</b></p><p> [
85、1]McAleer Christine Lim和邁克爾。(2005)生態(tài)可持續(xù)旅游管理、環(huán)境Modelling&Software,碩士(11),p.1431 - 1438</p><p> [2]撒母耳Seongseop金姆和Alasmir M.Morrsion。(2005)變化的圖像的韓國(guó)在外國(guó)游客在2002年世界杯、旅游管理、卷.26(2),p。233 - 247·</p>
86、<p> [3]Christine Lim和恩典。(2005)W.Pan入境旅游發(fā)展和模式在中國(guó),數(shù)學(xué)和計(jì)算機(jī)仿真,在新聞</p><p> [4] 雷的松樹(shù)和保羅·菲利普斯。(2005)性能比較的酒店在中國(guó),國(guó)際期刊的酒店管理,1(1),第11頁(yè)- 73</p><p> [5]韓琴,秋張,國(guó)王Chong和約翰美聯(lián)社。(1999)的一個(gè)分析旅游政策的發(fā)展在當(dāng)今的
87、中國(guó),旅游管理碩士(4),P.47l - 485</p><p> [6]Riliang秦。 M.Thea柯麗婷表示和辛克萊爾。(2005)監(jiān)管的影響和所有權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)市場(chǎng)定位在中國(guó)旅游,旅游管理,在新聞</p><p> [7]圍棋陳,華盛鴻雁LIU羅平縣等a1。(2004)娛樂(lè)需求和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值:一個(gè)應(yīng)用程序的旅行成本法為廈門(mén)島,中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)論,Vol.15(4),P.398 - 406&l
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