外文翻譯--近期在中國內(nèi)地農(nóng)村地區(qū)改革和進(jìn)步的發(fā)展

1、<p><b>　　中文2735字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　中文題目：近期在中國內(nèi)地農(nóng)村地區(qū)改革和進(jìn)步的發(fā)展 </p><p>　　外文題目: Recent Reforms And Progress In Rural Development In Mainland Chin

2、a </p><p>　　出 處：China Economic Issues,Number 5/07,June 2007 </p><p>　　作 者： Raymond yip,Jun-yu Chan Nathan Chow

3、 </p><p><b>　　原 文：</b></p><p>　　Recognising the economic disparity between rural and urban areas, the Mainland authorities have been placing increasing emphasis on build

4、ing a ‘new socialist countryside’ in recent years as a key element in sustaining the Mainland’s robust growth and enhancing social harmony. Wide ranging reforms have been undertaken in policy areas such as taxation, rura

5、l finance, healthcare and education, with a view to increasing disposable income, fostering efficient resource allocation, as well as improving</p><p>　　While it takes time for reform measures to address iss

6、ues of a structural nature,there are signs that the living standard of rural residents has improved more noticeably over the past few years. Most notably, the growth rate of rural income has accelerated to catch up with

7、its urban counterpart, and the rural-urban income gap has started to stabilize.Poverty reduction has also progressed at a rapid pace. The ongoing policy efforts are expected to show fuller impacts over the medium to long

8、 term </p><p>　　Rural finance</p><p>　　The financial system in rural areas has long been characterised by a lack of access to capital by farmers and small rural enterprises. High information col

9、lection costs and small loan sizes have rendered the lending business to the agricultural sector unprofitable for rural financial institutions. Also, loans to individual peasants, whose</p><p>　　repayment a

10、bility is impaired by their limited pricing power in the increasingly competitive markets, represent a risky asset class from the perspective of lending institutions. As a result, rural financial institutions have strong

11、 incentives to use rural deposits for lending in urban areas to enhance their returns. The lack of credit from formal financial institutions then forces peasants to resort to relatives, friends or even usuries for funds.

12、 These informal funding sources are estimated to </p><p><b>　　Diagram</b></p><p>　　RCCs are by far the most important financial institution providing credit to rural households in Ch

13、ina, holding roughly 12% of total deposits and accounting for 91% of all agricultural loans at end-2006. However, lending processes of RCCs have long been characterised as bureaucratic and costly, since day-to-day operat

14、ions are subject to significant influence from local leaders and the China Banking Regulatory</p><p>　　Commission (CBRC). Recognising this, a pilot RCC reform program was launched in</p><p>　　20

15、03 to shift more responsibility for RCC governance to provincial and county governments, aiming ultimately at transforming township level RCCs into more commercially oriented institutions such as rural commercial banks a

16、nd rural cooperative banks. A key component of the pilot program is the enhanced financial support for RCCs provided by the People’s Bank of China (PBoC), which directly boosts RCCs’ lending capacity by purchasing substa

17、ntial portions ofnon-performing loans held by RCCs with sp</p><p>　　The improvement in the living standard of rural China is more readily reflected by the faster growth of rural income in the recent years, w

18、ith rural income per capita rising by an average of 6.6% in real terms in 2001-06 and registering higher increases of over 8% in 2005 and 2006. This represents a remarkable recovery from the deceleration of growth to a 2

19、.1% rise in 2000. Although remaining outpaced by urban income, rural income has increased at a more comparable growth rate since 2004,markedl</p><p>　　years, staying slightly over 3.0 since 2002, albeit stil

20、l higher than the low of 2.3 in 1986 (Charts 5 and 6).</p><p>　　The favourable developments in rural output and income, coupled with the rapid urbanisation, have led to a notable reduction in poverty since t

21、he onset of Mainland China’s economic reforms in 1978 (Charts 7 and 8). The number of rural residents living below the poverty line as defined by the Mainland government declined substantially from 250 million in 1978, o

22、r 30.7% of the population, to 24 million in 2005, or 2.5% of the population.</p><p>　　The central government has clearly demonstrated its determination to improve the well-being of the rural population throu

23、gh reiterating on many occasions its commitments in addressing the “three rural issues” (三農(nóng)問題), which are backed by concrete policy measures. The reforms are designed with a view to addressing the most critical issues an

24、d meeting the diverse needs of the rural population. The implementation of some major reforms is well timed and carefully planned, as reflected by the abolishm</p><p><b>　　譯 文：</b></p>

25、<p>　　在意識到城鄉(xiāng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等以后，最近幾年大陸當(dāng)局把強(qiáng)調(diào)建設(shè)社會主義新農(nóng)村作為維持經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和促進(jìn)社會和諧的關(guān)鍵因素。在某些政策領(lǐng)域，如稅收，農(nóng)村金融，醫(yī)療和教育廣泛的改革已經(jīng)開始進(jìn)行，以提高居民的可支配收入，促進(jìn)資源的有效配置，同時提高農(nóng)村地區(qū)的糧食供應(yīng)水平。</p><p>　　盡管改革結(jié)構(gòu)性的問題需要花費一定的時間，有跡象表明，今年來農(nóng)村居民的生活水平有了顯著的提高。最值得注意的是，農(nóng)村收入

26、增長速度加快，趕上城市居民收入，城鄉(xiāng)收入差距趨向于穩(wěn)定，貧困的減少也取得了快速的進(jìn)展。正在進(jìn)行的政策工作預(yù)期將對增強(qiáng)農(nóng)村地區(qū)中長期的生產(chǎn)能力和提高農(nóng)村居民福利方面顯示出更加充分的影響力。</p><p><b>　　農(nóng)村金融</b></p><p>　　農(nóng)村地區(qū)金融體系的特點是長期以來農(nóng)民和鄉(xiāng)村企業(yè)缺乏資金來源。高信息采集成本和小額貸款規(guī)模使得農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)對農(nóng)業(yè)部門的

27、信貸業(yè)務(wù)無利可圖。同時，對于貸款企業(yè)來說，貸款給個體農(nóng)民，他們的清償能力往往在日益競爭的市場因為有限的定價能力而受損，那么這種貸款從貸款人的角度來說代表了一種風(fēng)險資產(chǎn)類別。因此，農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)有強(qiáng)烈的愿望來利用農(nóng)村的存款放貸給城市居民來增加他們的收入。正規(guī)金融機(jī)構(gòu)信用的缺失，迫使農(nóng)民向他們的親戚朋友甚至是高利貸求助資金。這些分正規(guī)的資金來源估計能夠滿足農(nóng)村多于70%的借款需求。為了解決這些問題，中央政府采取措施重建農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)，包括農(nóng)村信

28、用合作社（RCCs），中國郵政儲蓄銀行（CPSB）和中國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行(ADBC)。這樣做的目的是把他們變成為以競爭性和商業(yè)性為導(dǎo)向的機(jī)構(gòu)，為農(nóng)村居民和企業(yè)提供廣泛的金融服務(wù)，同時也提高農(nóng)村地區(qū)金融中介機(jī)構(gòu)的運轉(zhuǎn)效率。（表格1）</p><p>　　農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)包括正規(guī)金融機(jī)構(gòu)和非正規(guī)金融機(jī)構(gòu)，正規(guī)農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)包括中國農(nóng)業(yè)銀行，農(nóng)村信用合作社，中國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行，中國郵政儲蓄銀行，還包括其他的如農(nóng)村商業(yè)銀行，農(nóng)村合作

29、銀行，其他商業(yè)銀行的分支機(jī)構(gòu)。非正規(guī)金融機(jī)構(gòu)包括由自然人，企業(yè)法人，非政府機(jī)構(gòu)法人創(chuàng)立的宏觀金融機(jī)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　農(nóng)村信用合作社是目前在中國為農(nóng)村居民提供信貸業(yè)務(wù)的最重要的金融機(jī)構(gòu)。在2006年末，它持有91%的農(nóng)業(yè)貸款中的大約12%的農(nóng)業(yè)存款和賬戶。然而，農(nóng)村信用合作社的特點具有官僚主義，操作過程成本很高，因為它的日常操作受制于地區(qū)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的重要影響力，也受制于中國銀行業(yè)監(jiān)督管理委員會。由于這個原因，一

30、個試點改革項目在2003年啟動了，來把農(nóng)村合作社的監(jiān)管責(zé)任轉(zhuǎn)移到省級或者是鄉(xiāng)級政府，它的最終目的是把鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)級別的農(nóng)村信用合作社轉(zhuǎn)變成為更以商業(yè)化為導(dǎo)向的金融機(jī)構(gòu)，如農(nóng)村商業(yè)銀行和農(nóng)村合作銀行。這個試點項目的一個重要組成部分是中國人民銀行用特別銀行匯票直接購買大量的農(nóng)村信用合作社的壞賬來強(qiáng)化農(nóng)村信用合作社的貸款能力。當(dāng)農(nóng)村信用合作社的資本充足率和監(jiān)管改善時，這些匯票會由中國人民銀行贖回。另一個重大的改革來改善農(nóng)村地區(qū)金融基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的是在200

31、7年3月把郵政儲蓄銀行及匯兌管理局(PSRB）轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镃PSB,它暗示了大量的郵政儲蓄基金將會提供給農(nóng)村地區(qū)。以前,匯兌管理局從事存款及匯兌服務(wù)而不提供郵政貸款。龐大的分支網(wǎng)絡(luò),以及龐大的客戶和存款基礎(chǔ),使新成立的CPSB成為在中國的第五大銀行。銀行必須把注意力集中在零</p><p>　　近年來農(nóng)村收入水平的快速增長反映了農(nóng)村居民生活水平的改善,在2001年到2006年農(nóng)村人均收入在實際條件下平均上升6.6%和在

32、2005年和2006年注冊更高的增長超過8%,。這體現(xiàn)了在2000年的減速上升了2.1%的一個顯著的復(fù)蘇。雖然城市收入仍然超過農(nóng)村收入,從2004年開始農(nóng)民收入增加具有了更有可比性增長率,明顯縮減了與城市的收入的差距，使得差距從前五年的平均5.4%個百分點下為2004-2006年的平均僅1.2個百分點。結(jié)果,城市鄉(xiāng)村收入比率在最近幾年趨于穩(wěn)定，從2002年起保持略超3%的水平，雖然仍然比1986年的最低水平2.3%高。</p>

33、;<p><b>　　圖表5</b></p><p>　　農(nóng)村收入增長趕超城市收入</p><p>　　圖表6 近幾年穩(wěn)定的城市鄉(xiāng)村收入缺口</p><p>　　在農(nóng)村的產(chǎn)量和收入提供最優(yōu)惠的發(fā)展,加上快速的城市化進(jìn)程,會導(dǎo)致一個顯著貧困的減少自從中國大陸的1978年經(jīng)濟(jì)改革第7和第8(圖表)。由政府規(guī)定的農(nóng)村居民生活在貧困線以下

34、的數(shù)量已大幅減少，從1978年,2.5億人口,占總?cè)丝诘?0.7%，到2005年的240萬占總?cè)丝诘?.5%。</p><p>　　中央政府已清楚地表明他的決心來解決農(nóng)村人口的民生問題，通過多次重申并承諾解決“三農(nóng)”問題的(三農(nóng)問題),并以具體的政策措施作為支持。這種改革的制定是為了解決這個關(guān)鍵問題,滿足不同農(nóng)村居民的需求。一些主要的改革的實施精心策劃和精心安排的,廢除各種費用,免除農(nóng)業(yè)稅費和穩(wěn)健的政府的財政狀況

35、。農(nóng)村人口作為一個整體而言,就社會不充分的供給而言，他們的那種被剝奪基本權(quán)利的待遇,如基本醫(yī)療和免費教育預(yù)計正逐漸被修正通過在較長時期內(nèi)在這些地區(qū)增加開支。此外,保障農(nóng)村居民的權(quán)利也受到了關(guān)注,這可以從進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員的權(quán)利保護(hù)得到加強(qiáng)中同樣重要的是,中國的改革農(nóng)村金融有望提高農(nóng)村居民的融資渠道設(shè)施,從而促成農(nóng)村資源的更有效的配置。所有這些改革將有助于緩解農(nóng)村貧困、提高農(nóng)村居民生活水平和建立更為公平的、構(gòu)建社會主義和諧社會。盡管現(xiàn)在評價新農(nóng)