外文文翻譯---- 智能開關電源

1、<p>　　智 能 開 關 電 源</p><p><b>　　中 文：</b></p><p>　　隨著電子技術的高速發(fā)展，電子系統的應用領域越來越廣泛，電子設備的種類也越來越多，電子設備與人們的工作、生活的關系日益密切。任何電子設備都離不開可靠的電源，它們對電源的要求也越來越高。電子設備的小型化和低成本化使電源以輕、薄、小和高效率為發(fā)展方向。傳統的晶體管

2、串聯調整穩(wěn)壓電源是連續(xù)控制的線性穩(wěn)壓電源。這種傳統穩(wěn)壓電源技術比較成熟，并且已有大量集成化的線性穩(wěn)壓電源模塊，具有穩(wěn)定性能好、輸出波紋電壓小、使用可靠等優(yōu)點。但通常都需要體積大且笨重的工頻變壓器與體積和重量都很大的濾波器。</p><p>　　二十世紀五十年代，美國宇航局以小型化、重量輕為目標，為搭載火箭開發(fā)了開關電源。在近半個世紀的發(fā)展過程中，開關電源因具有重量輕、體積小、效率高、穩(wěn)壓范圍寬等優(yōu)點，在電子電氣、

3、控制、計算機等許多領域的電子設備中得到了廣泛的使用。二十世紀八十年代，計算機全面實現了開關電源化，率先完成計算機的電源換代。二十世紀九十年代，開關電源在電子、電器設備、家電領域得到了廣泛的應用，開關電源技術進入快速發(fā)展期。此外，大規(guī)模集成電路技術的迅速發(fā)展，又使開關電源有了質的飛躍，掀起了電源產品高頻化、小型化、模塊化的浪潮。</p><p>　　功率開關管、PWM控制器和高頻變壓器是開關電源必不可少的組成部分。

4、傳統的開關電源一般均采用分立的高頻功率開關管和多引腳的PWM集成控制器，例如采用UC3842+MOSFET是國內小功率開關電源中較為普及的設計方法。</p><p>　　七十年代以來，涌現出許多功能完備的集成控制電路，使開關電源電路日益簡化，工作頻率不斷提高，效率提高，并為電源小型化提供了廣闊的前景。三端離線式脈寬調制單片開關集成電路TOP(Three Terminal Off Line)將PWM控制器與功率開關

5、MOSFET合二為一封裝在一起，已成為開關電源IC發(fā)展的主流。采用TOP開關集成電路設計開關電源，可使電路簡化，體積進一步縮小，成本也明顯降低。</p><p>　　單片開關電源具有單片集成化、最簡外圍電路、最佳性能指標、能構成無工頻變壓器開關電源等顯著優(yōu)點。美國PI(Power Integration)公司于上世紀九十年代中期率先推出的新型高頻開關電源芯片，被譽為"頂級開關電源"，具有成本低

6、，電路簡單，效率高等優(yōu)點。其第一代產品以1994年推出的TOP100/200系列為代表，第二代產品則是1997年問世的TOPSwitch-Ⅱ。上述產品一經問世便顯示出強大的生命力，他極大地簡化了150W以下開關電源的設計和新產品的開發(fā)工作，也為新型、高效、低成本開關電源的推廣與普及創(chuàng)造了良好條件，可廣泛用于儀器儀表、筆記本電腦、移動電話、電視機、VCD和DVD、攝錄像機、手機電池充電器、功率放大器等領域，并構成各種小型化、高密度、在價格

7、上能與線性穩(wěn)壓電源相競爭的AC/DC電源變換模塊。</p><p>　　開關電源向集成化方向發(fā)展將是未來的主要趨勢,功率密度將越來越大,對工藝的要求也會越來越高.在半導體器件和磁性材料沒有新的突破之前,重大的技術進展可能很難實現,技術創(chuàng)新的重點將集中在如何提高效率和減小重量.因此,工藝水平將會在電源制造中占的地位越來越高.另外,數字控制集成電路的應用也是將來開關電源發(fā)展的一個方向.這信賴于DSP運行速度和抗干擾技

8、術的不斷提高.至于先進的控制方法,目前個人覺得還沒有看到實用性特別強的方法出現,也許隨著數字控制的普及,會有一些新的控制理論運用到開關電源中來. </p><p>　　（1）高頻化技術：隨著開關頻率的提高，開關變換器的體積也隨之減少，功率密度也得到大幅提升，動態(tài)響應得到改善。小功率DC-DC變換器的開關頻率將上升到MHz。但隨著開關頻率的不斷提高，開關元件和無源元件損耗的增加、高頻寄生參數以及高頻EMI等新的問題

9、也將隨之產生。 　　 （2）軟開關技術：為提高變換器的變換效率，各種軟開關技術應用而生，具有代表性的是無源軟開關技術和有源軟開關技術，主要包括零電壓開關/零電流開關（ZVS/ZCS）諧振、準諧振、零電壓/零電流脈寬調制技術（ZVS/ZCS-PWM）以及零電壓過渡/零電流過渡脈寬調制（ZVT/ZCT-PWM）技術等。采用軟開關技術可以有效的降低開關損耗和開關應力，有助于變換器變換效率的提高。 　　

10、 （3）功率因數校正技術（PFC）。目前PFC技術主要分為有源PFC技術和無源PFC技術兩大類，采用PFC技術可以提高AC-DC變化器輸入端功率因數，減少對電網的諧波污染。 　　 （4）模塊化技術。采</p><p>　　人們在開關電源技術領域是邊開發(fā)相關電力電子器件，邊開發(fā)開關變頻技術，兩者相互促進推

11、動著開關電源每年以超過兩位數字的增長率向著輕、小、薄、低噪聲、高可靠、抗干擾的方向發(fā)展。開關電源可分為AC/DC和DC/DC兩大類，也有AC/AC DC/AC 如逆變器 DC/DC變換器現已實現模塊化，且設計技術及生產工藝在國內外均已成熟和標準化，并已得到用戶的認可，但AC/DC的模塊化，因其自身的特性使得在模塊化的進程中，遇到較為復雜的技術和工藝制造問題。以下分別對兩類開關電源的結構和特性作以闡述。</p><p&

12、gt;　　開關電源的發(fā)展方向是高頻、高可靠、低耗、低噪聲、抗干擾和模塊化。由于開關電源輕、小、薄的關鍵技術是高頻化，因此國外各大開關電源制造商都致力于同步開發(fā)新型高智能化的元器件，特別是改善二次整流器件的損耗，并在功率鐵氧體（Mn?Zn)材料上加大科技創(chuàng)新，以提高在高頻率和較大磁通密度（Bs)下獲得高的磁性能，而電容器的小型化也是一項關鍵技術。SMT技術的應用使得開關電源取得了長足的進展，在電路板兩面布置元器件，以確保開關電源的輕、小、

13、薄。開關電源的高頻化就必然對傳統的PWM開關技術進行創(chuàng)新，實現ZVS、ZCS的軟開關技術已成為開關電源的主流技術，并大幅提高了開關電源的工作效率。對于高可靠性指標，美國的開關電源生產商通過降低運行電流，降低結溫等措施以減少器件的應力，使得產品的可靠性大大提高。</p><p>　　模塊化是開關電源發(fā)展的總體趨勢，可以采用模塊化電源組成分布式電源系統，可以設計成N＋1冗余系統，并實現并聯方式的容量擴展。針對開關電源

14、運行噪聲大這一缺點，若單獨追求高頻化其噪聲也必將隨著增大，而采用部分諧振轉換電路技術，在理論上即可實現高頻化又可降低噪聲，但部分諧振轉換技術的實際應用仍存在著技術問題，故仍需在這一領域開展大量的工作，以使得該項技術得以實用化。</p><p>　　電力電子技術的不斷創(chuàng)新，使開關電源產業(yè)有著廣闊的發(fā)展前景。要加快我國開關電源產業(yè)的發(fā)展速度，就必須走技術創(chuàng)新之路，走出有中國特色的產學研聯合發(fā)展之路，為我國民經濟的高速

15、發(fā)展做出貢獻。</p><p><b>　　英文：</b></p><p>　　With the rapid development of electronic technology, application field of electronic system is more and more extensive, electronic equipment, the

16、re are more and more people work with electronic equipment, life is increasingly close relationship. Any electronic equipment are inseparable from reliable power supply for power requirements, they more and more is also

17、high. Electronic equipment miniaturized and low cost in the power of light and thin, small and efficient for development direction. The</p><p>　　In the 1950s, NASA to miniaturization, light weight as the goa

18、l, for a rocket carrying the switch power development. In almost half a century of development process, switch power because of its small volume, light weight, high efficiency, wide range, voltage advantages in electric,

19、 control, computer, and many other areas of electronic equipment has been widely used. In the 1980s, a computer is made up of all of switch power supply, the first complete computer power generation. Throughout the 199&l

20、t;/p><p>　　Power switch tube, PWM controller and high-frequency transformer is an indispensable part of the switch power supply. The traditional switch power supply is normally made by using high frequency powe

21、r switch tube division and the pins, such as using PWM integrated controller UC3842 + MOSFET is domestic small power switch power supply, the design method of a more popularity. </p><p>　　Since the 1970s, em

22、erged in many function complete integrated control circuit, switch power supply circuit increasingly simplified, working frequency enhances unceasingly, improving efficiency, and for power miniaturization provides the br

23、oad prospect. Three end off-line pulse width modulation monolithic integrated circuit TOP (Three switch Line) will Terminal Off with power switch MOSFET PWM controller one package together, has become the mainstream of s

24、witch power IC development. Adopt TOP swi</p><p>　　Monolithic switching power supply has the monolithic integrated, the minimalist peripheral circuit, best performance index, no work frequency transformer ca

25、n constitute a significant advantage switching power supply, etc. American PI (with) company in Power in the mid 1990s first launched the new high frequency switching Power supply chip, known as the "top switch Powe

26、r", with low cost, simple circuit, higher efficiency. The first generation of products launched in 1994 represented TOP100/200 se</p><p>　　Switching power supply to integrated direction of future develo

27、pment will be the main trend, power density will more and more big, to process requirements will increasingly high. In semiconductor devices and magnetic materials, no new breakthrough technology progress before major mi

28、ght find it hard to achieve, technology innovation will focus on how to improve the efficiency and focus on reducing weight. Therefore, craft level will be in the position of power supply manufacturing higher in. In a<

29、;/p><p>　?。?）The technology: with high frequency switching frequencies increase, switch converter volume also decrease, power density has also been boosted, dynamic response improved. Small power DC - DC conver

30、ter switch frequency will rise to MHz. But as the switch frequency unceasing enhancement, switch components and passive components loss increases, high-frequency parasitic parameters and high-frequency EMI and so on the

31、new issues will also be caused. </p><p>　?。?）Soft switching technologies: in order to improve the efficiency of non-linearity of various soft switch, commutation technical application and hygiene, representa

32、tive of soft switch technology is passive and active soft switch technology, mainly including zero voltage switch/zero current switch (ZVS/ZCS) resonance, quasi resonant, zero voltage/zero current pulse width modulation

33、technology (ZVS/ZCS - PWM) and zero voltage transition/zero current transition pulse width modulation (PWM) ZVT/ZCT</p><p>　　（3）Power factor correction technology (IC simplifies PFC). At present mainly divid

34、ed into IC simplifies PFC technology passive and active IC simplifies PFC technology using IC simplifies PFC technology two kinds big, IC simplifies PFC technology can improve AC - DC change device input power factor, re

35、duce the harmonic pollution of power grid. </p><p>　?。?）Modular technology. Modular technology can meet the needs of the distributed power system, enhance the system reliability. </p><p>　?。?）Lo

36、w output voltage technology. With the continuous development of semiconductor manufacturing technology, microprocessor and portable electronic devices work more and more low, this requires future DC - DC converter can pr

37、ovide low output voltage to adapt microprocessor and power supply requirement of portable electronic devices </p><p>　　People in switching power supply technical fields are edge developing related power elec

38、tronics device, the side of frequency conversion technology, development of switch between mutual promotion push switch power supply with more than two year growth toward light, digital small, thin, low noise and high re

39、liability, anti-interference direction. Switching power supply can be divided into the AC/DC and DC/DC two kinds big, also have AC/AC DC/AC as inverter DC/DC converter is now realize modular, </p><p>　　Switc

40、hing power supply is the development direction of high frequency, high reliability, low consumption, low noise, anti-jamming and modular. Because light switch power, small, thin key techniques are changed, so high overse

41、as each big switch power supply manufacturer are devoted to the development of new high intelligent synchronous rectifier, especially the improvement of secondary devices of the device, and power loss of Zn ferrite (Mn)

42、material? By increasing scientific and technological in</p><p>　　Modularity is of the general development of switch power supply trend can be modular power component distributed power system, can be designed

43、 to N + 1 redundant system, and realize the capacity expansion parallel. According to switch power running large noise this one defect, if separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will increase its with the partial r

44、esonance, and transform circuit technology, high frequency can be realized in theory and can reduce the noise, but part of the practical a</p><p>　　Power electronic technology unceasing innovation, switch po

45、wer supply industry has broad prospects for development. To speed up the development of switch power industry in China, we must walk speed of technological innovation road, combination with Chinese characteristics in the