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1、<p><b>  中文3490字</b></p><p><b>  畢業(yè)論文外文原文</b></p><p>  外文題目:FDI and Economic Growth Relationship: An Empirical Study on Malaysia

2、 </p><p>  出 處: International Business Research,April,2008 </p><p>  作 者: Har Wai Mun and Teo Kai Lin and Yee Kar Man </p><p><b>  原 文:<

3、/b></p><p>  FDI and Economic Growth Relationship: An Empirical Study on Malaysia</p><p>  Har Wai Mun Teo Kai Lin Yee Kar Man</p><p><b>  Abstract</b></p>

4、<p>  Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been an important source of economic growth for Malaysia, bringing in capital investment, technology and management knowledge needed for economic growth. Thus, this paper a

5、ims to study the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia for the period 1970-2005 using time series data. Ordinary least square (OLS) regressions and the empirical analysis are conducted by using annual

6、data on FDI and economy growth in Malaysia over the 1970-2005 periods. T</p><p>  Keywords: Growth, FDI inflows, FDI and growth relationship, Malaysia’s economy</p><p>  1. Introduction</p>

7、;<p>  This paper defines foreign direct investment (FDI) as international capital flows in which a firm in one country creates or expands a subsidiary in another. It involves not only a transfer of resource but a

8、lso the acquisition of control. Since the 1990s, FDI has been a source of economic growth for Malaysia, believing that besides needed capital, FDI brings in several benefits. The most important benefit for a developing c

9、ountry like Malaysia is that FDI could create more employment. In addition</p><p>  2. Trends and Patterns of FDI Flow in Malaysia</p><p>  Figure 1 presents the trend of FDI inflow to Malaysia,

10、 during 1970 to 2004. For the past two decade, Malaysia was receiving a lot FDI. FDI stock in Malaysia starts to grow up slowly by 1970s. FDI inflows had increased almost twenty-fold during 1970s to 1990s, from $94 milli

11、on dollar in 1970s to $2.6 billion dollar by 1990s, although there was some fluctuation between the years. Even though the FDI was increased over the year, however, since the early of 1990s, there have been several perio

12、ds of </p><p>  The total FDI flows in Malaysia was peaked at 1996, when it achieve $7.3 billion dollar. The financial crisis of 1997 that affected most of the Southeast Asia also serves to reduce FDI into M

13、alaysia. Since the early of 2000s, the FDI flows in Malaysia tend to inconsistent and fluctuate randomly, however it also achieve an average inflows of US$3billion per year.</p><p>  Source: United Nations C

14、onference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), various issues.</p><p>  In general, Malaysia is the second fastest growing economy in the South East Asian region with an average Gross National Product (GNP) gr

15、owth of eight-plus percent per year in the last seven years. Since independence in 1957, Malaysia has moved from an agriculturally based economy to a more diversified and export oriented one. The Malaysian market is fair

16、ly openly oriented, with tariffs only averaging approximately fifteen percent and almost non-existent non-tariff barriers and foreign exchange </p><p>  The key success factor of the FDI contributes to the e

17、conomic growth in Malaysia because of the good environment. If the environment not suitable, it will not encourage foreign investors come to invest. Good favorable conditions make investors face fewer problems because al

18、l investors can run their business conveniently in order to make more profit with life safety. Few vital clues for foreign direct investment include political stability, economic stability, lower wages, and easy accessib

19、ility </p><p>  Long term political stability makes foreign investors confident with theirs businesses will succeed and remain profitable.Besides, economic instability like inflation, foreign exchange fluctu

20、ation and economic crisis also another important environment factor for investor to consider because can cause the business lose without knowing in advance.</p><p>  Furthermore, foreign investors try to sea

21、rch the country with lower wages to reduce average cost of production and hence strongly persuade foreigners to invest in that country. A country with plenty of raw materials necessary for the production attracts investo

22、rs more than a country without it and personal safety also vital to foreign investors because life is more valuable than money, nobody like to take risk as being killed or kidnapped in foreign country.</p><p&g

23、t;  3. Objective of Study</p><p>  The main objective in this paper, therefore aims to study the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia for the period 1970-2005 using time series data. The

24、rest of the paper is structured as follow: Section 2, there will have review on the empirical literature done on FDI and economic growth. Section 3 will be the data and methodology. Section 4 will be the result and inter

25、pretation and finally is Section 5 will be the findings from this study.</p><p>  4. Literature Review</p><p>  Foreign direct investment (FDI) has played a leading role in many of the economies

26、 of the region. There is a widespread belief among policymakers that foreign direct investment (FDI) enhances the productivity of host countries and promotes development. There are several studies done on FDI and economi

27、c growth. Some of the studies testing the relationship between FDI and economic growth while some are find out the causality between two variables. Their findings are varies from different method us</p><p> 

28、 Olofsdotter (1998) provides a similar analysis. Using cross sectional data she finds that an increase in the stock of FDI is positively related to growth and that the effect is stronger for host countries with a higher

29、level of institutional capability as measured by the degree of property rights protection and bureaucratic efficiency in the host country. Besides that, Borensztein et.al (1998) examine the effect of foreign direct inves

30、tment(FDI) on economic growth in a cross country regression f</p><p>  On the other hand, Zhang (2001) and Choe (2003) analyses the causality between FDI and economic growth. Zhang uses data for 11 developin

31、g countries in East Asia and Latin America. Using cointegration and Granger causality tests,Zhang (2001) finds that in five cases economic growth is enhanced by FDI but that host country conditions such as trade regime a

32、nd macroeconomic stability are important. According to the findings of Choe (2003), causality between economic growth and FDI runs in either dir</p><p>  There is further study done by Chowdhury and Mavrotas

33、 (2003) which examine the causal relationship between FDI and economic growth by using an innovative econometric methodology to study the direction of causality between the two variables. The study involves time series d

34、ata covering the period from 1969 to 2000 for three developing countries, namely Chile, Malaysia and Thailand, all of them major recipients of FDI with different history of macroeconomic episodes, policy regimes and grow

35、th patt</p><p>  Annual time series data covering the period from 1970 to 2005 was used. The study finds no causality between FDI and growth for the total sample period and the pre-SAP period. FDI however ca

36、used GDP growth during the post –SAP period.</p><p>  Finally, Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles (2003) investigate the relationship between FDI, economic freedom and economic growth using panel data for Latin Ameri

37、ca. Comparing fixed and random effects estimations they conclude that FDI has a significant positive effect on host country economic growth but similar to Borensztein et al (1998) the magnitude depends on host country co

38、nditions. Carkovic and Levine (2002) use a panel dataset covering 72 developed and developing countries in order to analyse the</p><p><b>  譯 文:</b></p><p>  在中歐和東歐,外商直接投資和生產(chǎn)力的聚集--

39、行業(yè)水平的調(diào)查</p><p>  Martin Bijsterbosch , Marcin Kolasa</p><p><b>  摘要</b></p><p>  本文利用工業(yè)水平的數(shù)據(jù),闡述在中歐和東歐外商直接投資流入對(duì)生產(chǎn)力收斂效果的實(shí)證研究。四個(gè)結(jié)論脫穎而出。首先,在國(guó)家和工業(yè)層面,對(duì)生產(chǎn)力具有較強(qiáng)的收斂效果。其次,對(duì)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展,

40、外商直接投資流入起著重要的作用。第三,外商直接投資對(duì)生產(chǎn)力的影響嚴(yán)重取決于受援國(guó)和產(chǎn)業(yè)的吸收能力。第四,不同性質(zhì)的國(guó)家,行業(yè)和時(shí)間方面的一些主要調(diào)查結(jié)果。</p><p>  關(guān)鍵詞:生產(chǎn)力聚集,外商直接投資,吸收能力</p><p><b>  3.理論思考</b></p><p>  雖然外商直接投資絕對(duì)不是發(fā)生國(guó)際技術(shù)擴(kuò)散的唯一途徑,但它

41、被廣泛認(rèn)為是最重要的。這是因?yàn)榭鐕?guó)公司在技術(shù)上是最先進(jìn)的企業(yè),將較大數(shù)額花費(fèi)在研究與發(fā)展上及使用更好的管理做法。這意味著,外商直接投資可能涉及優(yōu)越技術(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)讓,這可以遍及整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì),造成在國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)率的提高(如Findlay,1978年或Romer,1993年),使外商直接投資和發(fā)展中國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間的聯(lián)系具有堅(jiān)實(shí)的理論基礎(chǔ)。依照Borensztein(1998年)等,這關(guān)系可以Barro和Sala-i-Martin(1997年)開(kāi)發(fā)利

42、用國(guó)際技術(shù)擴(kuò)散模型框架和由Romer(1990年)或Grossman和Helpman(1991年)的開(kāi)創(chuàng)性貢獻(xiàn)得出內(nèi)生增長(zhǎng)理論。 </p><p>  根據(jù)這一設(shè)置,人均(即勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率)增長(zhǎng)通過(guò)積累人力資本和擴(kuò)張?jiān)谧罱K產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)中使用的資本貨物的品種數(shù)量而出現(xiàn)的。這些品種是由國(guó)內(nèi)和對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)行直接投資的外國(guó)公司一并生產(chǎn)。資金品種數(shù)量的增加,需要提供固定的費(fèi)用來(lái)適應(yīng)更先進(jìn)技術(shù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系。此成本隨外國(guó)企業(yè)在東道國(guó)

43、經(jīng)濟(jì)的股份運(yùn)行,反映在追趕的過(guò)程模擬下降可能性,并與發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家呈負(fù)相關(guān)的技術(shù)差距。</p><p>  類似的想法也可以被納入新古典增長(zhǎng)模型。例如,王(1990年)表明增加有效的知識(shí)應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)可認(rèn)為是外商直接投資的作用。Nelson和Phelps(1966年)提出對(duì)技術(shù)擴(kuò)散的可能性的描述,涉及人力資本仿制趨同中下降過(guò)程的重要作用。Duczynski(2003年)采用國(guó)際技術(shù)擴(kuò)散的概念納入資本流動(dòng)的拉姆齊框架,并討

44、論了在經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型方面對(duì)該模型的影響。</p><p>  在這些理論思考的基礎(chǔ)上,我們可以相對(duì)于發(fā)達(dá)經(jīng)濟(jì)體的相對(duì)生產(chǎn)力水平和人力資本為主要解釋變量,利用外商直接投資建立簡(jiǎn)單的生產(chǎn)率增長(zhǎng)的追趕型經(jīng)濟(jì)模型,。該模型的精確規(guī)范可以采取不同的形式(見(jiàn)第4節(jié))。</p><p>  不過(guò),雖然外商直接投資被普遍認(rèn)為是經(jīng)濟(jì)重組和國(guó)際技術(shù)擴(kuò)散的主要渠道,外商直接投資流入可能無(wú)法足以保證生產(chǎn)力的提高。在某種

45、程度上這些流量轉(zhuǎn)化為技術(shù)進(jìn)步和生產(chǎn)力增長(zhǎng)取決于該部門和國(guó)家的吸收能力。反過(guò)來(lái),基本的技術(shù)知識(shí)的水平取決于更先進(jìn)的技能東道國(guó)或部門(如見(jiàn)世界銀行,2008年)。</p><p>  吸收能力的概念可以通過(guò)擴(kuò)展簡(jiǎn)單的實(shí)證模型勾勒出上述包括解釋變量主體間的相互作用。例如,通過(guò)與外商直接投資的相對(duì)生產(chǎn)力水平的互動(dòng),利用計(jì)量科學(xué)的技術(shù),我們可以檢測(cè)到外國(guó)資本的流入對(duì)吸收能力的依賴及其獲得的收益程度。特別是,通過(guò)Glass和

46、Saggi(1998年)的假說(shuō),我們可以測(cè)試到,較大的發(fā)展差距和國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)較為有限的能力意味著通過(guò)外商直接投資獲得的低質(zhì)量的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移受益于外商潛在的溢出效應(yīng)(這意味著長(zhǎng)期互動(dòng)的負(fù)面影響)。另一方面,F(xiàn)indlay(1978年)提出的另一種積極替代假說(shuō),在相對(duì)落后的經(jīng)濟(jì)中,強(qiáng)調(diào)抓住大型技術(shù)變革的機(jī)遇和改變巨大壓力。</p><p>  吸收能力也可以考慮到同時(shí)與人力資本和相對(duì)生產(chǎn)力水平(作為潛在的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移的代理)和外

47、商直接投資流入之間的互動(dòng)。Nelson和Phelps(1966年)提出的一個(gè)經(jīng)典的參考作用是強(qiáng)調(diào)在技術(shù)擴(kuò)散的人力資本,在他們相對(duì)的的成長(zhǎng)技術(shù)前沿回歸中,人力資本質(zhì)量的措施與生產(chǎn)力差距的影響互動(dòng)。Borensztein(1998年)和Balasubramanyan(1999年)確認(rèn)外商直接投資和人力資本的質(zhì)量之間的聯(lián)系。</p><p>  必須指出的是,在文獻(xiàn)中,人力資本和相對(duì)生產(chǎn)力不是唯一的吸收能力的代理。特別

48、是地方企業(yè)吸收國(guó)外的知識(shí)的能力,可以依賴他們自身的創(chuàng)新工作(見(jiàn)Cohen和Levinthal,1989年)。同時(shí),一系列廣泛的其他特點(diǎn),如競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力、金融市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展、法規(guī)等,在外商直接投資的作用下,可以影響趕超進(jìn)程的速度和規(guī)模的潛在溢出效應(yīng)。</p><p><b>  4.計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略</b></p><p>  在一個(gè)潛在的解釋變量的定義下,一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)挠?jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略的

49、選擇是不簡(jiǎn)單的。一般來(lái)說(shuō),在經(jīng)驗(yàn)增長(zhǎng)文獻(xiàn)中,最受歡迎的方法是分為兩個(gè)組,我們將稱之為截面和時(shí)間序列研究。</p><p>  利用大量文獻(xiàn)得到,第一組包括主要是跨國(guó)家或(少量)跨產(chǎn)業(yè)的關(guān)聯(lián)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和廣泛的解釋變量。在回歸中使用的是在相對(duì)平均長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間跨度變量,涵蓋整個(gè)樣本(如Barro,1991年; Mankiw,Romer和Weil,1992年)或非重疊的平均數(shù)形式(如Borensztein,1998年。Scha

50、dler,2006年)。</p><p>  對(duì)截面研究的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)是,他們的結(jié)果是不太可能出現(xiàn)驅(qū)動(dòng)的周期性變動(dòng)。此外,通過(guò)利用截面信息,他們可以更好的解決不同國(guó)家或行業(yè)之間的表現(xiàn)差異的相關(guān)問(wèn)題。然而在實(shí)踐中,后者的優(yōu)勢(shì)可能會(huì)破壞遺漏變量問(wèn)題和內(nèi)生性,導(dǎo)致在利益系數(shù)的估計(jì)中產(chǎn)生潛在的嚴(yán)重偏差。</p><p>  第二組的方法是時(shí)間序列研究,旨在測(cè)試?yán)鎯?nèi)部關(guān)系而不是國(guó)家或行業(yè)之間。每年這種

51、類型的研究主要是依靠觀察,并使用面板數(shù)據(jù)的方法(例如,見(jiàn)Islam,1995年; Griffith,2004年;Carkovic和Levine,2005年)。</p><p>  該時(shí)間序列方法的最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是,它不存在可能影響純截面回歸的較偏見(jiàn)的資源。這是因?yàn)樵诿姘骞潭ㄐ?yīng)包含的內(nèi)容有助于控制各個(gè)考慮對(duì)象之間的異質(zhì)性,使其沒(méi)有遺漏嚴(yán)重的偏差問(wèn)題。此外,盡管在一個(gè)相當(dāng)機(jī)械的方式,但是更先進(jìn)的面板數(shù)據(jù)的技術(shù),主要依賴于

52、矩(GMM)的一般方法,以試圖解決內(nèi)生性問(wèn)題。該時(shí)間序列方法的主要弱點(diǎn)是,它不能利用截面數(shù)據(jù)的變化和通過(guò)使用相對(duì)較高的頻率數(shù)據(jù),它可能無(wú)法充分考慮中期和長(zhǎng)期的關(guān)系。雖然似乎有一種傾向,在實(shí)證發(fā)展文獻(xiàn)中常使用時(shí)間序列的方法,但人們必須牢記,它是有缺陷的。</p><p>  因此,作為一個(gè)穩(wěn)健性的問(wèn)題,使用另一種方法檢查是否獲得結(jié)果可能是有用的,至少也是十分相似的。任何時(shí)間序列和橫截面的數(shù)據(jù)之間顯著的差異將被謹(jǐn)慎的

53、用作解釋結(jié)果。鑒于上述考慮,我們實(shí)證研究將依靠這兩種方法,其中的細(xì)節(jié)摘要如下。</p><p>  在時(shí)間序列方法,我們采用Arellano和Bond(1991年)開(kāi)發(fā)的系統(tǒng)的GMM估計(jì)框架,然后由Arellano和Bover(1995)和Blundell和Bond(1998年)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展。更具體地說(shuō),在勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率年均增長(zhǎng)對(duì)解釋變量設(shè)定的速度滯后時(shí)期,我們利用虛擬變量建立回歸方程。</p><p

54、>  該系統(tǒng)GMM方法使用的原因,是由于我們的規(guī)范可以被改寫,使中部和東部歐洲成員國(guó)表示為它自身生產(chǎn)力水平的滯后和在歐元區(qū)生產(chǎn)力的滯后水平。如果在不同時(shí)期,且樣本數(shù)較小時(shí),對(duì)存在的滯后因變量意味著使用估算面板數(shù)據(jù)模型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法產(chǎn)生偏見(jiàn)的結(jié)果,如固定效應(yīng)估計(jì)(見(jiàn)Nickell,1981年)。其他滯后型解釋變量,特別是外商直接投資,在不同國(guó)家和普遍行業(yè)間,預(yù)計(jì)虛擬變量之間的生產(chǎn)率增長(zhǎng)和右邊的周期性變動(dòng)的可能變量,旨在避免同時(shí)性的偏見(jiàn)。

55、</p><p>  截面數(shù)據(jù)的方法是在表面的兩個(gè)方程中,把樣本分裂成兩個(gè)五年樣本期間的技術(shù)應(yīng)用。所有在方程中的變量被表示為五年平均水平,除了在一年初期測(cè)得的相對(duì)生產(chǎn)力水平。必須指出的是,我們的樣本是來(lái)自不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的跨行業(yè)研究,因?yàn)樗扔袊?guó)家和行業(yè)層面,這使得它可以作為國(guó)家和行業(yè)的虛擬變量進(jìn)行估計(jì)。當(dāng)然,這并不等于可以完全控制在對(duì)象的不可觀測(cè)異質(zhì)性的具體影響(如全套國(guó)家行業(yè)的時(shí)間序列方法)。但是,它是合理的預(yù)期,這

56、一戰(zhàn)略可能減少困擾截面估計(jì)的傳統(tǒng)偏見(jiàn)。替代品實(shí)證增長(zhǎng)文獻(xiàn)(質(zhì)量機(jī)構(gòu),政府規(guī)模,宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定,金融市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展等),表明國(guó)家虛擬變量的另一好處是可以視為全國(guó)范圍指標(biāo)(不完善)。</p><p>  5.?dāng)?shù)據(jù)來(lái)源和變量定義</p><p>  本文的主要數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源,來(lái)自新的歐盟KLEMS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。在歐洲委員會(huì)資下,研究機(jī)構(gòu)和財(cái)團(tuán)研究得出了該項(xiàng)目的結(jié)果,在歐盟的行業(yè)層面分析了生產(chǎn)力的促進(jìn)作用(見(jiàn)Tim

57、mer,2007年)。以數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中進(jìn)行的官方統(tǒng)計(jì)資料來(lái)源得到,主要調(diào)整涉及的行業(yè)水平將填補(bǔ)空白的水平數(shù)據(jù)(使用行業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)),并隨著時(shí)間的推移產(chǎn)生聯(lián)系。</p><p>  歐盟KLEMS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)在于在國(guó)際可比性的方式下與官方統(tǒng)計(jì)的主要變量中,它涵蓋行業(yè)的范圍廣泛(每個(gè)國(guó)家最多72個(gè),包括細(xì)分的服務(wù))。該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)涵蓋了從1995年起歐洲中部和東部的歐盟成員國(guó)。此外,它還包括大量的變量,為了解生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的潛在利益。

58、這些特點(diǎn)使得該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)可能是國(guó)家最先進(jìn)的跨國(guó)家和跨行業(yè)比較的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源。</p><p>  盡管有上述優(yōu)點(diǎn),但也應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào),歐盟KLEMS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)仍然在發(fā)展。在歐洲中部和東部的歐盟成員國(guó)中各不相同的國(guó)家,行業(yè)和變量的詳細(xì)水平(見(jiàn)表1)。此外,數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量仍由有關(guān)的國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)統(tǒng)計(jì)。由各種經(jīng)驗(yàn)告知,服務(wù)生產(chǎn)力只是一個(gè)數(shù)量概念。這表明行業(yè)的數(shù)據(jù)在某種程度上應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎使用(這不僅適用于歐盟KLEMS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù))。</p>

59、<p>  另一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)資源采用的是對(duì)歐洲中部,東部和東南部的外商直接投資WIIW數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(見(jiàn)Hunya和Schwarzhappel,2007年)。它包含由該地區(qū)的國(guó)家中央銀行公布的行業(yè)水平的外商直接投資數(shù)據(jù)。該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是,行業(yè)細(xì)分和在歐盟KLEMS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中是一致的。此外,數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)均符合國(guó)際貨幣基金組織標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的定義和方法指南(雖然有些方法隨時(shí)間已經(jīng)發(fā)生變化)。本文的外商直接投資數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自2007年5月發(fā)布的WIIW數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。&l

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