外文翻譯---寧波服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力分析(節(jié)選)

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯 </b></p><p><b>　　原文(節(jié)選) </b></p><p>　　Analysi s of the Competi ti veness of the Ningbo Garment Industry</p><p>　　Material Source: June 200

2、5 Journal of Kristianstad University College</p><p>　　Author: Leo Wang Peter Wang Roger Wang</p><p>　　1.1 Overview of the Ningbo Garment Industry </p><p>　　Ningbo is located on the

3、east coast of China, in the south of the Yangtze Delta. It is an important industrial base in the Zhejiang Province and has become one of the largest port cities in China. The garment sector is an important part of Ningb

4、o’s manufacturing industry, giving employment to more than 200,000 people. Its importance for social and economic cohesion has increased because it is dominated by a great number of enterprises. More than 2,000 firms are

5、 engaged in this industry, of which</p><p>　　As the oldest sector in the history of Ningbo industrial development, the garment industry has undergone remarkable expansion and modernization efforts through it

6、s privatization and marketization during the last 1990s. It has increased productivity through the cluster and production chain, re-oriented production from low-quality to high-quality products and made abundant establis

7、hed brands. Now in Ningbo, 11 firms are of China’s 100 best garment enterprises. The Ningbo garment industry has nurtu</p><p>　　Ningbo is also known as a foreign trading port with a long history. Ningbo crea

8、ted the glory of “the silk road on sea” in ancient times and it was the birthplace of the garment industry in modern China. Ningbo tailors made the first Chinese tunic suit and the first Western-style suit, managed the f

9、irst Western-style suit store, and wrote the first book on making Western suits in China. What is more, Ningbonese in China founded the first garment school. The above five “first” in China fully prove</p><p&g

10、t;　　Since 1978 Ningbo has boasted rapid development of export trade, especially the garment industry. The degree of openness of the Ningbo garment industry is very high. The proportion of export volume to total sale is h

11、igh, 64.9% in 2000 and 70% in 2003. The top destinations are Japan, the US, the EU and Korean. Ningbo has been an important exporter of garment in China and also has been an important producer of men’s clothing in the wo

12、rld. Ningbo garment enterprises have introduced the most advance</p><p>　　The Ningbo Textile and garment is one of six major industries in the area, not only directly promote the development of Ningbo econom

13、y and society, but also boost the fashion atmosphere and globalization. However, with the transformation of the international garment industry and trade situation, with increasing degrees of garment trade liberalization

14、on the international market, the Ningbo garment industry is faced with a number of challenges. How can the industry keep the predominant position i</p><p>　　1.2 Factor Conditions </p><p>　　The f

15、actors conditions are composed of the two parts: basic factors and advanced factors. The basic factors include geographic conditions and natural resources, infrastructure and energy supply, basic labor force resources an

16、d local financial market. Meanwhile, the advanced factors consist of technical equipments, talents, education, innovation activities, capital operation and the like. </p><p>　　A. Basic Factors </p>&l

17、t;p>　　Geographic Condition and Natural Resources </p><p>　　Ningbo city is located in the eastern part of the Zhejiang province along the East China Sea, with the Zhoushan Archipelago as its natural shelte

18、r in the east, borderingon the Hangzhou Bay in the north, neighboring on the city of Shaoxing in the west,facing Sanmen Bay in the south, and adjacent to the country of Taizhou. The YaojianRiver and the Fenghuajian River

19、 converge downtown and flow into the East China Sea through the Yongjian River. </p><p>　　Ningbo Port ranks as the second among the continent ports in China and is one of the largest ports with an annual car

20、go throughput of more than one hundred million tons. The shallowest section of the entry channel is more than 18.2 meters deep, enough for vessels of less than 250,000 tonnages to entry freely. Huge ships of 250,000 to 3

21、0,000 tonnages can also navigate at tide. It is well situated at the middle of the coastline of Mainland China, just at the T-shaped joining point of north-south s</p><p>　　Ningbo is located in the fast deve

22、loping economic zone of the Yangtze River Delta. The complementarities and interaction between Jianshu province, Zhejiang province and Shanghai and the prosperity of Shanghai Metropolis will significantly stimulate the d

23、evelopment of Ningbo’s economy. </p><p>　　Infrastructure and Energy Supply</p><p>　　a) Transportation system. There is a high-developed transportation network of highway, railway, aviation and w

24、aterway. With the completion of cross-sea and cross-gulf bridges, Ningbo will be soon integrated into the “two-hour” economic circle of Shanghai. </p><p>　　b) The Construction of Informationalization. Ningbo

25、 has established the Internet Exchange Center and Ningbo Branch of Digital Certification (CA). The scale of network, the level of technology and the ability of service keep ahead in the nation. The local network has a co

26、mprehensive ability to provide with fixed and mobile audio communication services, datum services, computer multi-media services and image communication services. </p><p>　　c) Electricity Supply. The severe

27、shortage of electricity supply, which results in the halt of operation, is a short-term problem that will be solved by the completion of massive electricity projects.</p><p>　　Basic Labor Force Resources <

28、;/p><p>　　Ningbo is abundant in high-quality basic labor force resources and job seekers coming from other poverty-striken regions. So it is very easy for the local garment firms to employ high quality but chea

29、p labor force resources. Compared with some eastern European countries, the labor cost in Ningbo is kept lower. Nevertheless, with the rise of living costs of the inhabitants, the firms will be confronted with an increas

30、e of labor force costs. Furthermore, they are facing more and more pressure from</p><p>　　Talents and Education </p><p>　　With regards to talents and education, Ningbo has been investing huge am

31、ounts in preparing for construction of the Ningbo Vocational College of Textile Technology, the Ningbo Vocational College of Apparel Technology and the Ningbo Garment School. By now, the courses related to the textile an

32、d clothing industry are taught at more than 30 colleges and schools in the city. In the past five years, Ningbo has nurtured more than 6,000 students However, the undergraduates only accounts for 1.5% of them</p>

33、<p>　　1.3 Team of designers and Capital Operation </p><p>　　The Apparel Design Headquarter of Firs Ltd. Co.: owning a large group of domestic well-known designers and foreign designers: The Design Cente

34、r of Youngor Ltd. Co.: being led by the deputy dean from the Garment College of Shanghai Donghua University; The Design Center of Romon Ltd. Co.: cooperating with famous companies in South Korea, owning over 300 professi

35、onal designers: The Vocational Clothing Design Center of China: being founded with the cooperation between Peiluochen Group and ManQi Co. </p><p>　　Capital Operation </p><p>　　The majority of th

36、e garment firms in Ningbo are private-operated and almost all the original state-owned enterprises experienced reconstruction and reform. They now enjoy a flexible mechanism of management. The forms of company organizati

37、on have been transforming gradually from private-owned, household system to the ones of joint venture, cooperation and joint stock operation. A great deal of high-organized private-operated firms under the cooperation sy

38、stem established their presence. Meanwhile</p><p>　　A part of the firms entered the capital market by being listed in the stock market and broadened their financing channels. Some key companies strengthen th

39、emselves by means of capital management, such as shareholding controlling and merging. Thus, the resources are converging the superior companies. In contrast, the phenomenon that a relatively great amount of firms still

40、have an old-fashion management style and lack perfect instruments of employing and retaining talents, along with the imperfec</p><p>　　1.4 The Industry Strategy, Structure and Rivalry </p><p>　　

41、Structure </p><p>　　Ningbo garment industry has formed a cluster. The “corridor” of the L-shape clothing industry and Xiangshan knitting manufacturers are recognized as remarkable features of cluster. Nevert

42、heless, the level of clustering is still low and it exists homogeneous phenomenon. The degree of integration between the firms is not strong. The private-operated firms develop fast. They have the characteristics of flex

43、ible management mechanism. After several years’ fierce competition in the market, some of the</p><p>　　The Ningbo garment industry has a dual structure. That is a co-existence of large enterprises and SMEs.

44、Along with a large number of the family factories, the majority of enterprises are SMEs. This structure is adaptable to the characteristics of the garment industry. The SMEs that have flexible mechanism and distinguishin

45、g specialty can make quick response to the changes of the external environment. Meanwhile, the SMEs can attain external scale economy by developing with all kinds of social rel</p><p><b>　　Strategy <

46、;/b></p><p>　　With the development of the Ningbo garment industry, a group of firms have grown up into “key” firms, which has an advantage of internal scale economy and play leading roles in the industry.

47、 The understanding of “l(fā)arge enterprise” concept is gradually changing from simple expansion, diversified economy to industry cooperation. The large enterprises ought to integrate with a great number of SMEs in the indus

48、try horizontally and vertically and then turn them into the large enterprises’ supplementa</p><p>　　It is very obvious in Ningbo that around a large garment enterprise, as a center of the area, there are num

49、erous small factories depending on and serving the large one. For instance, by drawing a circle with a center of the Dongfang Clothing Factory and radius of 5km, there are 30 embroidery mills, 20 printing and dyeing plan

50、ts and supplementary material producers and 10 water-washing mills in this circle. These small plants, which attach themselves to and provide the garment factory with extend</p><p><b>　　Rivalry </b&

51、gt;</p><p>　　The Ningbo garment industry is confronted with two fierce competitions in the domestic and international markets. In the domestic market, there are many strong domestic rivalries for the Ningbo

52、garment industry, such as Wenzhou’s men’s wear, Dongguan’s women’ s wear, Foshan’s knitting products and so on. Taking Wenzhou garment industry as an example, there are over 2000 clothing enterprises and 120,000 employee

53、s work in the industry. Meanwhile, there are more than 200 firms that produce 50,000 w</p><p><b>　　譯文 </b></p><p>　　寧波服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力分析(節(jié)選)</p><p>　　資料來(lái)源:《克里斯蒂安斯塔德大學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)》， 2005 年

54、 6 月</p><p>　　作者:Leo Wang Peter Wang Roger Wang</p><p>　　1.1 概述寧波服裝產(chǎn)業(yè) </p><p>　　波位于中國(guó)東部沿海，在長(zhǎng)江三角洲南翼。這是浙江省一個(gè)重要的工業(yè)基地，已成為中國(guó)最大的港口城市之一。制衣業(yè)是寧波制造業(yè)的重要組成部分，提供就業(yè)超過(guò) 20 萬(wàn)人。 因?yàn)閷幉ǚb業(yè)充斥著大量的企業(yè)，它對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)

55、和社會(huì)凝聚力的重要性增加了 。 2000 多個(gè)公司從事這一行業(yè)，其中的 439 個(gè)公司是中型和大型企業(yè)，擁有 117000 名員工。2003 年，所有的寧波服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)了 14億套西服，約占全國(guó)服裝業(yè)的總生產(chǎn)能力 12%，并有 228 億元人民幣 (約合 27.6億美元) 的營(yíng)業(yè)額。作為寧波工業(yè)發(fā)展歷史中最古老的行業(yè)，服裝業(yè)在20 世紀(jì) 90 年代期間，通過(guò)私有化和市場(chǎng)化，使其急劇擴(kuò)張， 并且加快了其現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的進(jìn)程。通過(guò)集群和生產(chǎn)鏈的

56、生產(chǎn)力，重新定位從低品質(zhì)到高品質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品的過(guò)程和建立大量的知名品牌，寧波服裝業(yè)生產(chǎn)能力得到提升。 現(xiàn)在， 在寧波，11 家企業(yè)是中國(guó)百?gòu)?qiáng)服裝企業(yè)寧波服裝行業(yè)已經(jīng)在男裝和童裝方面創(chuàng)建出一系列的知名品牌，如 Firs(杉杉)， Youngor(雅戈?duì)?， Romon(羅蒙)， Yixiu(一休) 等， 其中12 個(gè)是國(guó)家知名品牌。在內(nèi)陸，他們?cè)诟髯缘募?xì)分市場(chǎng)上占</p><p>　　寧波還以歷史悠久的外貿(mào)港口而聞名。在

57、古代，寧波享有“海上絲綢之路”之稱，它是現(xiàn)代中國(guó)服裝工業(yè)的發(fā)祥地。在中國(guó)，寧波裁縫制造出第一套中山裝和西式套裝，經(jīng)營(yíng)第一個(gè)西式服裝店，并撰寫制作西裝的第一本書。更重要的是，寧波人創(chuàng)辦了中國(guó)第一所服裝學(xué)校。上述五個(gè)“第一” 充分證明寧波在中國(guó)服裝發(fā)展史上的區(qū)位作用。 </p><p>　　自 1978 年以來(lái)，寧波一直自詡出口貿(mào)易的快速發(fā)展，特別是服裝行業(yè)。寧波服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)的開放程度非常高。出口總額在銷售總額中占有比例

58、高，在 2000年和 2003 年分別達(dá)到了 64.9%和 70%。最多的進(jìn)口國(guó)是日本，美國(guó)，歐盟和韓國(guó)。寧波一直是中國(guó)服裝的重要出口地，也一直是世界上男裝的重要生產(chǎn)地區(qū)。寧波服裝企業(yè)引進(jìn)了最先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備來(lái)提高生產(chǎn)效率和質(zhì)量。服裝業(yè)對(duì)寧波當(dāng)?shù)氐?GDP 有著巨大的貢獻(xiàn)，寧波 4%的人口參與這個(gè)勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。寧波服裝行業(yè)利潤(rùn)已經(jīng)達(dá)到 12 億兩千四百萬(wàn)元人民幣 (約 1 億四千八百四十萬(wàn)美元)。與上海，杭州和鄰近城市相比，產(chǎn)值，銷售，

59、利潤(rùn)和利潤(rùn)率，寧波服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)是最高的。</p><p>　　寧波服裝紡織業(yè)是該地區(qū)的六個(gè)主要行業(yè)之一，不僅直接促進(jìn)寧波經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的發(fā)展，而且還能提升時(shí)尚氛圍和促進(jìn)全球化。然而，隨著國(guó)際服裝工業(yè)和貿(mào)易形勢(shì)的轉(zhuǎn)變和國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的服裝貿(mào)易自由化的程度加深，寧波服裝行業(yè)正面臨著一系列的挑戰(zhàn)。如何做? 既能保持在寧波服裝業(yè)中國(guó)大陸市場(chǎng)的地位，又能開放更多的國(guó)外市場(chǎng)。因此，在未來(lái)，寧波必須提高服裝業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，適應(yīng)新的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法規(guī)和瞬

60、息萬(wàn)變的商業(yè)環(huán)境，并增強(qiáng)在國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。 </p><p>　　1.2 條件因素 條件的因素是由兩個(gè)部分組成: 基本因素和先進(jìn)因素。 基本因素包括地理?xiàng)l件和自然資源，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和能源供應(yīng)，基本勞動(dòng)力資源和當(dāng)?shù)氐慕鹑谑袌?chǎng)。與此同時(shí)，先進(jìn)的因素，包括技術(shù)設(shè)備，人才，教育，創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)，資本運(yùn)作等等。 </p><p><b>　　基本因素 </b></p>

61、<p>　　地理?xiàng)l件和自然資源 寧波市位于浙江省東部，瀕臨東海，東有舟山群島為天然屏障，北瀕杭州灣，西接紹興市，南臨三門灣，毗鄰臺(tái)州。余姚江、奉化江在市區(qū)“三江口”匯合成甬江，流向東海。 </p><p>　　寧波港在中國(guó)大陸港口排名第二，年均貨物吞吐量超過(guò)億噸。 進(jìn)港航道水深在 18.2 米以上， 25 萬(wàn)噸至 30 萬(wàn)噸船舶可侯潮進(jìn)港。 寧波港地處中國(guó)大陸海岸線中部， 南北在有“黃金水道”之稱的長(zhǎng)

62、江“T” 形結(jié)構(gòu)的交匯點(diǎn)上。其服務(wù)范圍直接覆蓋整個(gè)華東地區(qū)及經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的長(zhǎng)江流域并且覆蓋東南亞和整個(gè)環(huán)太平洋地區(qū)。 因?yàn)閷幉ǜ塾兄凭玫耐赓Q(mào)歷史。</p><p>　　寧波地處經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展快速的長(zhǎng)三角經(jīng)濟(jì)開發(fā)區(qū)。與江蘇省，浙江省其他地區(qū)和上海互補(bǔ)。上海大都市的繁榮，將大大刺激寧波的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和能源供應(yīng) </p><p>　　a) 交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)。擁有高度發(fā)達(dá)的公路，鐵路，航空和水路交通網(wǎng)

63、絡(luò)。隨著跨海灣大橋的建成， 寧波將很快納入上?！皟尚r(shí)”經(jīng)濟(jì)圈。</p><p>　　b) 信息化建設(shè)。寧波建立了 網(wǎng)絡(luò)交流中心和寧波(CA) 數(shù)字證書支部。網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)模， 技術(shù)水平和服務(wù)能力在全國(guó)處于領(lǐng)先地位。當(dāng)?shù)氐木W(wǎng)絡(luò)具有綜合能力提供固定和移動(dòng)語(yǔ)音通信服務(wù)，數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)，計(jì)算機(jī)多媒體服務(wù)和圖像通信服務(wù)。 </p><p>　　c) 電力供應(yīng)。電力供應(yīng)嚴(yán)重短缺，導(dǎo)致工廠停止運(yùn)作，是一個(gè)短期的問(wèn)題

64、，將通過(guò)建成大規(guī)模電力工程來(lái)解決?；緞趧?dòng)力資源 寧波擁有豐富的高素質(zhì)勞動(dòng)力資源和來(lái)自其他貧困地區(qū)的求職者。因此，當(dāng)?shù)胤b企業(yè)可以輕易地聘請(qǐng)到高素質(zhì)，廉價(jià)的勞動(dòng)力。 與一些東歐國(guó)家相比，寧波勞動(dòng)力成本更加低廉。然而，隨著生活水平提高， 居民消費(fèi)水平上升，這些公司將面臨勞動(dòng)力成本增加這一問(wèn)題。此外，他們正面臨著來(lái)自諸如巴基斯坦和印度等一些發(fā)展中國(guó)家的壓力。在一些發(fā)展中國(guó)家，平均每小時(shí)工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下: 突尼斯: 1.77 美元，摩洛哥: 1.

65、89 美元，阿爾巴尼亞: 1.01 美元，波蘭:2.9 美元和土耳其: 2.13 美元，而亞洲國(guó)家的工資水平更低(印度尼西亞: 0.7美元，中國(guó): 0.6 美元， 越南:0.6 美元，泰國(guó): 0.5 美元，印度: 0.2 美元，巴基斯坦: 0.2 美元)。與年工資有 19192 美元的洛杉磯(洛杉磯時(shí)裝業(yè) 2003 年) 相比， 寧 波 平均年工資為 1653 美元 (0.62 美元/小時(shí)，接近中國(guó)工資的平均水平)，但比中國(guó)西部和南亞平

66、均水平工資高。 這些數(shù)字說(shuō)明，寧波服裝行業(yè)將面臨的挑</p><p><b>　　人才與教育 </b></p><p>　　隨著對(duì)人才和教育方面逐步重視，寧波已投資巨額資金籌建寧波紡織職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院, 寧波服裝職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院和寧波服裝學(xué)校。截至目前，超過(guò) 30 個(gè)學(xué)院和城市的學(xué)校設(shè)有有關(guān)紡織和制衣業(yè)的課程。 在過(guò)去的五年里，寧波市已培育超過(guò) 6000 名學(xué)生， 但大學(xué)生只

67、占 1.5%。 這些學(xué)院和學(xué)校缺乏能力來(lái)培養(yǎng)高層次， 高素質(zhì)的專業(yè)技術(shù)人才。 與此同時(shí)，寧波服裝行業(yè)擁有深厚的文化底蘊(yùn)和氛圍， 已培養(yǎng)了 一大批出色的服裝行業(yè)方面的技術(shù)人才。 現(xiàn)在政府十分重視繼承和發(fā)揚(yáng)優(yōu)秀的服裝傳統(tǒng)文化。然而，與相鄰城市相比，如上海，杭州，蘇州，寧波存在著劣勢(shì)，在一定程度上，特別是在名利方面不如以上城市。這些因素導(dǎo)致本地人才和大量來(lái)自外地的優(yōu)秀人才不愿意在寧波工作。在寧波，眾多的中小企業(yè)是以私人擁有和家庭模式來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)，缺

68、乏吸引和留住人才的手段。 截至目前，寧波只有 40 個(gè)高級(jí)服裝技師，只占所有裁縫師的 0.8%。缺乏高級(jí)人才這種現(xiàn)象，如缺乏設(shè)計(jì)師和服裝行業(yè)高級(jí)管理人員， 阻礙了寧波服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　1.3 設(shè)計(jì)師團(tuán)隊(duì)與資本運(yùn)營(yíng) </p><p>　　杉杉服裝設(shè)計(jì)有限公司總部: 擁有一批國(guó)內(nèi)知名的設(shè)計(jì)師和國(guó)外設(shè)計(jì)師;雅戈?duì)柟驹O(shè)計(jì)中心: 即由上海東華大學(xué)服裝學(xué)院副院長(zhǎng)率領(lǐng)的團(tuán)隊(duì)

69、; 羅蒙有限公司設(shè)計(jì)中心: 與韓國(guó)著名公司合作， 擁有超過(guò) 300 個(gè)的專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師團(tuán)隊(duì);中國(guó)職業(yè)服裝設(shè)計(jì)中心: 由培羅成團(tuán)隊(duì)和來(lái)自 美國(guó)的 ManQi 有限公司合作成立。 </p><p><b>　　資本運(yùn)營(yíng) </b></p><p>　　在寧波，服裝企業(yè)大多數(shù)是私人經(jīng)營(yíng)的，幾乎所有的原國(guó)有企業(yè)經(jīng)歷了重建和改革。 他們現(xiàn)在享有靈活的管理機(jī)制。公司的組織形式已經(jīng)改變，

70、 運(yùn)營(yíng)模式逐步從民營(yíng)， 戶籍制度向合資，合作，股份制方面轉(zhuǎn)變。出現(xiàn)大量的私營(yíng)企業(yè)通過(guò)合作方式來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)這種現(xiàn)象。與此同時(shí)，管理模式也逐步從家庭模式向更加現(xiàn)代化和人性化轉(zhuǎn)變。這些公司重視聘請(qǐng)高級(jí)管理人才。以及對(duì)工程師，生產(chǎn)經(jīng)理，金融家和銷售經(jīng)理組成的團(tuán)隊(duì)的出現(xiàn)非常重視。一部份的公司進(jìn)入資本市場(chǎng)通過(guò)證券市場(chǎng)上市和拓寬融資渠道。一些大企公司通過(guò)資金經(jīng)營(yíng)加強(qiáng)自身建設(shè)，如股權(quán)控制和合并。從而，應(yīng)付辦法是合并優(yōu)秀企業(yè)。 與此相反，相當(dāng)多的公司仍舊用落后

71、的管理方式和缺少完善的人事制度來(lái)聘用和留住人才，連同社會(huì)信用體系不完善，融資和利用民間資金不足等現(xiàn)象， 阻礙寧波服裝企業(yè)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　1.4 產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，結(jié)構(gòu)與競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 結(jié)構(gòu) 寧波服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)已形成集群。上海服裝行業(yè)的“走廊”和象山針織服裝行業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠家是公認(rèn)的顯著集群。然而，集群水平仍然偏低， 存在同質(zhì)的現(xiàn)象。企業(yè)之間的一體化程度不強(qiáng)。私人企業(yè)快速發(fā)展。他們有靈活的管理機(jī)制。經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)年激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)

72、爭(zhēng)，有的企業(yè)已經(jīng)成長(zhǎng)為在同行業(yè)擁有較強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的大企業(yè)。然而，一些私營(yíng)企業(yè)仍舊用守舊的家族管理方式而限制他們進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　寧波服裝行業(yè)具有雙重結(jié)構(gòu)。這是一個(gè)大型企業(yè)和中小企業(yè)的共存的體系。連同大量家庭工廠一起，大部分企業(yè)是中小型企業(yè)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)適應(yīng)于服裝行業(yè)的特點(diǎn)。中小型企業(yè)有靈活的機(jī)制和鑒別專業(yè)可以快速響應(yīng)外部環(huán)境的變化。與此同時(shí)，通過(guò)各種社會(huì)關(guān)系，分歧與合作，中小型企業(yè)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的

73、發(fā)展。</p><p><b>　　戰(zhàn)略</b></p><p>　　隨著寧波服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，一批企業(yè)已成長(zhǎng)為“關(guān)鍵”公司，這些公司擁有內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，在行業(yè)中發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用。實(shí)施“大企業(yè)” 概念的理念正在逐步轉(zhuǎn)變，從簡(jiǎn)單的擴(kuò)張，多元化經(jīng)濟(jì)向企業(yè)合作轉(zhuǎn)變。大企業(yè)應(yīng)從橫向和縱向結(jié)合大量同行業(yè)的中小企業(yè)， 然后把它們變成大企業(yè)的補(bǔ)充和加工工廠。通過(guò)發(fā)展核心戰(zhàn)略的性能，伴

74、隨著規(guī)模化和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)。在寧波，有很多國(guó)內(nèi)知名服裝品牌，如杉杉，雅戈?duì)?，羅蒙， 一休，太平鳥，培羅成，巨鷹，布利杰，威盛，愛伊美，唐獅等等。它們中的一些公司開始在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上嶄露頭角。這體現(xiàn)了 寧波品牌營(yíng)銷優(yōu)勢(shì)。所以，寧波服裝行業(yè)將通過(guò)公司品牌推動(dòng)自身的整個(gè)品牌優(yōu)勢(shì)。這是非常明顯的。 </p><p>　　在寧波，一大型服裝企業(yè)，作為區(qū)域的中心，有眾多的小型工廠依賴和服務(wù)于大型服裝企業(yè)。例如，通過(guò)在東方服裝廠中心繪

75、制 5 公里為半徑的圓圈， 在這個(gè)圈子里有 30 家繡花廠，20 家印染工廠和輔助材料生產(chǎn)商和 10 家水洗廠。這些小廠，依附于并提供延伸服務(wù)給服裝廠，可以協(xié)助服裝廠更好地滿足客戶的需求并提高服裝廠的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。 這表明， 在寧波，一個(gè)互動(dòng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群已經(jīng)基本形成。然而，在寧波，服裝行業(yè)存在同質(zhì)化現(xiàn)象。寧波服裝的主要品種是男裝，特別是西服和襯衫。而企業(yè)之間的戰(zhàn)略的差異并不明顯，這就會(huì)引起價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 </p><p>&

76、lt;b>　　對(duì)抗 </b></p><p>　　寧波服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)正面臨著來(lái)自國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際兩個(gè)市場(chǎng)的激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)，寧波服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)有許多強(qiáng)有力的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，如溫州的男裝，東莞的女裝，佛山市的針織產(chǎn)品等。 以溫州服裝業(yè)為例，有 2000 多家服裝企業(yè)和 12 萬(wàn)名員工在服裝業(yè)工作。同時(shí)，目前有 200 多個(gè)公司的年產(chǎn)西服 5 萬(wàn)套以上。其中的 10 家大公司的銷售額超過(guò) 10 億元人民幣(約一千二百十

77、二萬(wàn)美元)。 在溫州， 市場(chǎng)上出現(xiàn)許多它們?cè)趪?guó)內(nèi)獨(dú)創(chuàng)的品牌， 如廈門，莊吉，報(bào)喜鳥(指斑點(diǎn)喜鵲) 等等。憑借大量的設(shè)備和先進(jìn)的工藝，溫州服裝行業(yè)已初步形成了以國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)為銷售網(wǎng)絡(luò)并在虛擬的操作中取得了成功，例如美特斯邦威集團(tuán)， 森馬公司等 溫州市政府已定下目 標(biāo): “建設(shè)一個(gè)著名的服裝城， 穿在溫州” 并開始建設(shè)“中華著名服裝工業(yè)園”。大多數(shù)的寧波服裝企業(yè)從事加工產(chǎn)業(yè)，其主要出口產(chǎn)品都是低，中檔。因此，寧波服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)將面臨來(lái)自發(fā)展中國(guó)家的低