紡織品競爭力分析外文翻譯

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)論文外文文獻翻譯</p><p>　翻譯（1）題目中國紡織工業(yè)的國際競爭優(yōu)勢</p><p>　翻譯（2）題目中國紡織品的政策建議</p><p>　系經(jīng)貿(mào)系</p><p>　專 業(yè)國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易</p><p>　　中國的紡織工業(yè)國際競爭優(yōu)勢</p><p>

2、<b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　通過改革開放的政策，憑借要素稟賦優(yōu)勢中國紡織工業(yè)在全球紡織市場的份額持續(xù)增長超過20年。本文認為，目前中國紡織行業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢仍然是基于傳統(tǒng)因素的比較優(yōu)勢，這可能由于國際紡織產(chǎn)業(yè)的技術不斷地升級，國際競爭比以前更激烈。中國加入WTO后，有一些弊端，如產(chǎn)業(yè)和貿(mào)易結構，貿(mào)易壁壘對中國紡織業(yè)發(fā)展的阻礙。如何加快產(chǎn)業(yè)結構升級，提升中國紡織工業(yè)的國際競爭優(yōu)勢，

3、是中國紡織行業(yè)發(fā)展的首要任務。</p><p>　　紡織工業(yè)一直是中國經(jīng)濟的支柱，得益于其在要素稟賦和市場規(guī)模的優(yōu)勢。紡織部門的貿(mào)易額在過去25年（從改革開放）增長了27.11倍。 2005年，紡織品出口占了中國出口總額的15.4％，占了世界總出口的紡織品24.4％，而中國紡織品的生產(chǎn)和出口都位居世界前列。</p><p>　　盡管如此，中國紡織工業(yè)正面臨著各種各樣的困難，比如過度依賴資源

4、，技術含量低和附加值低，復雜的貿(mào)易結構和出口市場的高度集中等對中國紡織品有越來越多的貿(mào)易制裁，特別值得一提的是，因為中國在這個行業(yè)的競爭優(yōu)勢被限制。本文旨在通過深入的調(diào)查中國紡織行業(yè)的競爭優(yōu)勢，并帶來了相應的建議。</p><p>　　一、中國紡織工業(yè)的國際競爭優(yōu)勢</p><p>　　鑒于國際競爭優(yōu)勢關系的因素，紡織行業(yè)的發(fā)展仍然受勞動力成本和技術的決定。相比較而言，服裝業(yè)是高強度勞動，

5、而在紡織行業(yè)，尤其是在化纖行業(yè)，資本和技術正在成為越來越重要的因素。中國紡織行業(yè)顯示了材料供應，勞動力成本，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，與上下游的兼容性，明顯的出口競爭優(yōu)勢積極促進規(guī)模經(jīng)濟和成本的影響。但是，隨著發(fā)達國家新技術持續(xù)投資于他們的紡織工業(yè)，廉價勞動力優(yōu)勢在發(fā)展中國家是傾向于被通過不斷提高生產(chǎn)效率在發(fā)達國家削弱。紡織行業(yè)在發(fā)達國家從而可以維持較高的利潤，而同時降低了生產(chǎn)。在本節(jié)中，中國紡織行業(yè)的競爭優(yōu)勢進行分析，并比較其對口發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟

6、體將會作出修改。</p><p>　　1.中國紡織行業(yè)的競爭優(yōu)勢的基礎</p><p>　　目前中國紡織行業(yè)的競爭優(yōu)勢在很大程度上取決于其雄厚的工業(yè)基礎和廉價的成本。在與國外同行相比，中國的紡織行業(yè)呈現(xiàn)出以下幾方面，預計在不久的將來競爭優(yōu)勢依然存在。</p><p>　　（1）要素稟賦的優(yōu)勢</p><p>　　如勞動力和相關材料的供應充裕，

7、是中國紡織行業(yè)必不可少的主要因素。其中，最重要的優(yōu)點是人力資本。其中兩個中國勞動力資源的主要特點，就是其低廉的價格以及卓越的品質(zhì)。中國工人的平均受教育期為10年，這是發(fā)展中國家的中等水平，與發(fā)達經(jīng)濟體相比有大約四年的滯后，但中國工人的工資遠遠低于其他國家的水平。中國在紡織行業(yè)已經(jīng)獲得了太多的經(jīng)濟利益，勞動力供給的比較優(yōu)勢沒有喪失，而這種優(yōu)勢是紡織行業(yè)的進一步發(fā)展的動力。 第二個特點是它的可持續(xù)性。城市化的擴張以及中國提高高等教

8、育將為紡織行業(yè)帶來越來越多的優(yōu)越性，但價格低廉的人力資源，因此人力資本存量的上升將保證工人為中國紡織行業(yè)未來發(fā)展的技術支持的供應。</p><p>　?。?）市場規(guī)模的優(yōu)勢</p><p>　　雖然國內(nèi)市場吸收紡織生產(chǎn)量的70％以上，中國人均消費量遠遠低于世界平均水平。中國是世界上最大和增長最快的發(fā)展中國家，其經(jīng)濟蓬勃發(fā)展和提高人民生活水平帶來的需求擴大無論在紡織產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量。這表明一

9、個巨大的潛在國內(nèi)市場，所以有極好的發(fā)展機遇，中國紡織行業(yè)的競爭環(huán)境。這樣的優(yōu)勢并沒有在其他發(fā)達國家或發(fā)展中國家存在。在另一方面，加入WTO將中國紡織行業(yè)在短期內(nèi)面臨各種保護，但它并不妨礙中國的不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的融入世界市場。此外，紡織品配額在2005年取消，無疑是有利于中國紡織行業(yè)贏得更大的國外市場準入，這是一個難得的機會對建設規(guī)模擴張和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級有所幫助。</p><p>　　2.中國紡織行業(yè)的競爭優(yōu)勢和的發(fā)達國家之間的

10、比較</p><p>　　與發(fā)達國家的紡織工業(yè)相比，中國的紡織行業(yè)目前的競爭優(yōu)勢主要源于勞動力供應和自然資源稟賦的比較優(yōu)勢。紡織產(chǎn)品是中國最具競爭力和大宗出口，得益于更廉價的勞動力成本和較完整的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。發(fā)達國家的紡織業(yè)就在于利用雄厚的資金，研發(fā)，品牌和成熟的銷售渠道。來自中國的紡織產(chǎn)品，目前主要占據(jù)低或中等質(zhì)量的市場，而那些在歐洲或美國生產(chǎn)的主要是占據(jù)世界頂級市場。由于中國是一個主要的生產(chǎn)商和紡織產(chǎn)品的主要消費國

11、，生產(chǎn)和消費的巨大潛力將打開中高端服裝，這反過來又增強雙方紡織工業(yè)之間的相互依存關系。</p><p>　　3.中國紡織行業(yè)的競爭優(yōu)勢和其他發(fā)展中國家的比較</p><p>　　中國紡織行業(yè)也同時在對比其他發(fā)展中國家同行特殊優(yōu)勢和劣勢。中國紡織行業(yè)的優(yōu)勢體現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)業(yè)和市場規(guī)模，吸引外國直接投資等領域。在這一部分，我們將首先簡要介紹紡織行業(yè)在其他一些發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟體的競爭優(yōu)勢。</p>

12、<p>　　（1）主要發(fā)展中國家的總體情況 </p><p>　　印度是一個強大的競爭對手，中國的紡織行業(yè)。它擁有一個龐大而競爭激烈的紡織行業(yè)，并已成為世界第三大棉紡織品供應商。印度紡織工業(yè)的份額在總生產(chǎn)商產(chǎn)量高達20％，它占據(jù)印度的聚集出口的25％。印度也是在歐洲市場的第三大出口國和第四大紡織品供應商到美國。印度擁有設備齊全的部門，如紡紗，織布，印染等行業(yè)。從WTO的一份報告指出，在“后配額時代”

13、中，紡織產(chǎn)品從印度到美國將會由4％上升到15％。巴基斯坦是另一個主要的棉花供應商，世界排名第四，并顯示強大的實力。</p><p><b>　?。?）中國特殊優(yōu)勢</b></p><p>　　中國的出口量遠遠超過這些發(fā)展中國家紡織品出口的總和，出口增長，主要在世界市場份額方面。因此，我們可以得出結論，除了低要素成本和市場規(guī)模，中國在產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚和外國直接投資的吸引力擁有特

14、別的競爭優(yōu)勢。 </p><p>　　正如產(chǎn)業(yè)組織的現(xiàn)代理論，集聚是產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的內(nèi)在規(guī)律，以及一個有效措施進行資源分配和提高生產(chǎn)要素的利用率。就目前而言，從范圍，由產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚進一步在中國紡織行業(yè)規(guī)模效應帶來經(jīng)濟效益。中國成功地通過規(guī)模擴張，資源配置優(yōu)化，生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化和提高生產(chǎn)力產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚獲得了在紡織行業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢。這些影響是最明顯的在中國東部近海工業(yè)區(qū)，特別是長江，太湖和珠江三角洲。</p><p

15、>　?。?）中國與其他發(fā)展中國家之間的差距在紡織行業(yè) </p><p>　　中國落后于其他發(fā)展中國家大多在以下幾個方面。第一個缺陷是中國的出口合作伙伴的方式匯集，特別是一些發(fā)達國家，中國最大的四個出口市場是香港，日本，歐盟和美國，其中占中國紡織品出口的50％以上。如此沉重的市場集中度很容易會因目標市場嚴格的監(jiān)視或貿(mào)易糾紛。其次，政策扶持在中國紡織行業(yè)有待加強。例如，印度正在實施的殘留紡織材料生產(chǎn)的特定政策，

16、這目前還沒有提供給中國企業(yè)。中國政府和企業(yè)應該進行持續(xù)的努力和合作。</p><p>　　二、國際貿(mào)易壁壘對中國紡織工業(yè)</p><p>　　中國出口的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品在遭受貿(mào)易壁壘，這嚴重抑制了其對競爭優(yōu)勢發(fā)揮。在中國紡織工業(yè)的缺陷是由于貿(mào)易壁壘造成的，但貿(mào)易保護主義也有原因。因經(jīng)濟或政治利益，很多紡織品進口國愿意并能夠?qū)χ袊徔椘返南拗?，以滿足他們在低成本的目標。</p>

17、<p>　　1.目前針對中國紡織行業(yè)貿(mào)易壁壘</p><p>　?。?）回顧近期貿(mào)易壁壘對中國紡織產(chǎn)品 </p><p>　　于2004年4月8日，尼日利亞政府決定禁止41個產(chǎn)品，其中大部分是紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品的進口。于2004年6月3日，哥倫比亞定制征收進口除了那些從安第斯集團國家的襪子的價格限制。土耳其決定推出保障，以免紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品自中國的一部分在2004年12月23日，

18、并開始對42類中國紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品對2005年2月1日配額。</p><p>　　（2）對中國紡織產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易壁壘的特點 </p><p>　　首先，貿(mào)易壁壘對中國紡織產(chǎn)品是大批量，多品種，寬范圍的。從2004年4月至2005年5月，19顯著的貿(mào)易爭端是針對中國的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品推出，其中的形式從出口禁令，自定義價格壟斷，維護，關稅配額，特別的保護和監(jiān)控等范圍，而類覆蓋幾乎包括中國的整個紡織行

19、業(yè)。其次，明顯的上升趨勢中顯示的中國紡織品貿(mào)易爭端的頻率。中國紡織工業(yè)在2004年最重要的爭議是三種，其中炒到16的2005年首五個月相當驚人的水平。第三，引發(fā)糾紛不僅涉及發(fā)達國家，如美國，但也有不少發(fā)展中國家，如墨西哥，阿根廷和巴西。</p><p>　　2.中國紡織行業(yè)的瓶頸</p><p>　　（1）嚴重依賴于要素稟賦優(yōu)勢 </p><p>　　大多數(shù)中國出口

20、的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品集中在低或中等質(zhì)量的，在世界市場這說明中國很大的價格優(yōu)勢，由于廉價的勞動力，但在質(zhì)量和品種較少的競爭優(yōu)勢。</p><p>　　第一個方面，中國紡織產(chǎn)品在結構上相似，缺乏多樣性和低技術，這使得中國紡織產(chǎn)品容易被模仿。中國的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品具有很強的替代產(chǎn)品，均來自于其他發(fā)展中國家，因而不善于競爭優(yōu)勢和弱勢貿(mào)易壁壘。在第二個方面，日益加劇的競爭低技術含量，低附加價值的紡織品市場趨于迫使世界上的出口

21、商妥協(xié)，而進口商希望獲得其他政治或經(jīng)濟利益，由于治或經(jīng)濟原因，所以一些發(fā)達國家往往會對某些產(chǎn)品，某些歧視性政策國際貿(mào)易規(guī)則框架政。</p><p>　?。?）中國國內(nèi)企業(yè)間的激烈的競爭 </p><p>　　在'薄利多銷翻身“的傳統(tǒng)，在中國企業(yè)以及在中國的外匯積累迫使許多出口企業(yè)政府長期的出口補貼削減價格，以達到他們的出口目標，并因此招致反傾銷措施。有些公司甚至不惜零利潤價格出售

22、產(chǎn)品，以獲得出口補貼或缺點。亂七八糟的定價活動是最有可能遭受美國和其他國家產(chǎn)生貿(mào)易限制。此外，中國仍然有待加強對經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型的方式和政策透明度。</p><p>　　高濃度出口中國四大最有分量的紡織品出口市場是香港（中國） ，日本，歐盟和美國，這在總吸收中國紡織產(chǎn)品出口的70％。中國紡織品出口到非洲，拉丁美洲，中東和其他100多個國家在增加，然而聚集份額占僅12％ ，這比日本的更小。出口的高地域集中度相當可能誘發(fā)貿(mào)易

23、保護主義的目標國家/地區(qū)，提高貿(mào)易爭端的可能性，這是有害于中國紡織行業(yè)的長遠發(fā)展。</p><p>　　3.發(fā)達國家的保護主義</p><p>　　（1）從進口國的國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)壓力</p><p>　　中國已成為紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品世界最大的出口國，憑借它在紡織行業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，其特點在于擴大規(guī)模，增加產(chǎn)量國和貿(mào)易順差收入來源之一。發(fā)達國家考慮到他們的政治選舉或保護國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)從

24、而傾向于尋找借口對中國的紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品進口限制，。因此，貿(mào)易保護必然作為他們的長期戰(zhàn)略。中國作為世界上最大的紡織品出口國，作出相應承擔其貿(mào)易限制的沖擊。此外，中國是世界上最大的社會主義國家，在不同的政治制度和其他發(fā)達國家的意識形態(tài)工作，這很可能是另一個借口歧視或障礙。在另一方面，中國加入WTO，政府或企業(yè)有足夠的經(jīng)驗足夠長的時間致遠在保護國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)的國際貿(mào)易規(guī)則框架下。這是貿(mào)易爭端誘餌。</p><p><

25、b>　?。?）保護過渡 </b></p><p>　　此外，技術性貿(mào)易壁壘和其他非關稅保護措施，包括環(huán)境標準，技術標準，在包規(guī)則及標簽和勞動工資，等等，都還可以向發(fā)達國家為他們對紡織工業(yè)的保護。舉例來說，許多發(fā)達國家制定的標準對環(huán)境的保護（如技術標準，染料，紡織纖維及纖維加工環(huán)境，安全標準的紡織產(chǎn)品和標準生產(chǎn)的情況下的標準） ，工資標準，勞動權利等。這些復雜的標準，很可能是被發(fā)達國家用來從其他

26、國家的進口限制。</p><p>　?。?）利用在中國人民共和國加入特殊物品和條款的協(xié)議</p><p>　　盡管配額從2005年1月1日取消，中國仍然面臨著一些特殊的物品和條款，其中兩個普遍采用的限制。一個是對中國紡織產(chǎn)品特別保障措施。截至2008年12月31日中國進口伙伴授予中國紡織品的產(chǎn)品，其中配額是最初被取消數(shù)量限制，存在或市場擾亂威脅“的條件和原產(chǎn)于中國的產(chǎn)品在被破壞“ ，在工作

27、組對中國加入WTO（ 241-242 ）的報告指出。像美國，歐盟，韓國，日本，加拿大和印度等國根據(jù)這一條款相繼制定法規(guī)。其他條款是特殊的安全防范措施。根據(jù)第16條，對特定產(chǎn)品過渡性保障機制對中國人民共和國的入世議定書，進口商被授予采取針對中國產(chǎn)品的限制，如果是后者引起市場擾亂“ ，直到2013年。</p><p>　　除了以上提到的因緣，值得注意的是，不僅有出口商和他們的進口商之間，也有出口商之間的矛盾和沖突。中

28、國在出口快速增長，從其他紡織品出口商產(chǎn)生怨恨。在這些國家的一些商業(yè)協(xié)會已經(jīng)征求歐洲國家和美國對中國紡織品的配額延長。同時，一些發(fā)達國家正在尋求在保護最不發(fā)達國家的經(jīng)濟利益的借口下針對中國的貿(mào)易保護。</p><p>　　China’s Textile Industry International Competitive Advantage1</p><p><b>　　Abstr

29、act</b></p><p>　　The share of China’s textile industry in global textile market has kept expanding for more than 20 years by full utilization of its advantage in factor endowment since the Reform and O

30、pening Policy. This paper argues that current competitive advantage of China’s textile industry is still based on traditional factor comparative advantage, which may be weakened since the technology of international text

31、ile industry is upgrading continually and the international competition is more intensely than b</p><p>　　Textile industry has long been a pillar to China’s economy thanks to its advantage in factor endowmen

32、t and market scale. Trade volume of textile sector has increased by 27.11 times during the past 25 years (from the Reform and Opening). In 2005, textile export took up 15.4% of China’s total export and 24.4% of the world

33、’s total export in textile, and the production and export of Chinese textile products are both the largest in the world.</p><p>　　Nonetheless, China’s textile industry is facing various difficulties, such as

34、 excessive resource reliance, low technology and value added, indisposition in trade structure and highly concentrated export markets, etc. More and more trade sanctions against China’s textile products are particularly

35、noteworthy as they cast tight restrictions on China’s competitive advantage in this industry. This paper aims at an in-depth investigation to competitive advantage of China’s textile industry and brings </p><p

36、>　　I. International Competitive advantage Of China’s Textile Industry</p><p>　　In view of the relation of factor and international competitive advantage, the development of textile industry is still deter

37、mined by labor cost and technology. In comparison, garment industry is labor intensity, while in textile industry, particularly in the chemical fiber sector, capital and technology is becoming more and more important. Ch

38、ina’s textile industry shows apparent scale economy and cost effects in material supply, labor cost, product qualities, compatibility between up and down s</p><p>　　Foundation of competitive advantage of Chi

39、na’s textile industry</p><p>　　The competitive advantage of present China’s textile industry is in a large part depends on its solid industrial foundation and cheap cost. In comparison with its overseas coun

40、terparts, China’s textile industry shows competitive advantage in the following aspects, which are expected to still exist in the near future.</p><p>　　(1) Advantage in factor endowment</p><p>　

41、　The abundant supply of primary factors such as labor and related materials is essential to China’s textile industry.</p><p>　　Among them, the most important advantage is human capital. There are two main fe

42、atures in Chinese labor resource, the first of which is its low price as well as superior quality. Average education period of Chinese workers is ten years, which is the medium level of developing countries and around fo

43、ur years’lag compared with those in developed economies, yet wage of Chinese worker is well below those of other countries. China has gained much economic benefits in textile industry without loss of </p><p>

44、;　　The second feature is its sustainability. Expansion of urbanization and improving higher education in China will provide more and more superior but low price human resource for textile industry, so the rising human ca

45、pital stock will guarantee the supply of worker and technological support for future development of China’s textile industry.</p><p>　　(2) Superiority in market scale</p><p>　　Although domestic

46、market absorbs over 70% of aggregative textile output, consumption per capita in China is far below the world’s average. China is the largest and fastest growing developing country; whose vigorous economic development an

47、d improving living standard bring expanding demand both in quantity and quality for textile products. This indicates a tremendous potential domestic market, so there are excellent development opportunity and competition

48、environment for textile industry of China.</p><p>　　Comparison between competitive advantage of textile industry of China and developed countries</p><p>　　In comparison with developed countries’

49、textile industry, present competitive advantage of China’s textile industry largely stems from comparative advantage in labor supply and natural resource endowment. Textile products are China’s most competitive and stapl

50、e exports, thanks to cheaper labor cost and comparatively integrated industrial chain. Advantage of developed countries’textile industry lies in abundant capital, R&D, brand and matured marketing channel. Textile pro

51、ducts from China therefor</p><p>　　3. Comparison between competitive advantage of textile industry of China and other</p><p>　　developing countries</p><p>　　China’s textile industry

52、 also shows both specific superiority and inferiority in contrast to its counterparts of other developing countries. The advantage of China’s textile industry is embodied in industrial and market scale, FDI attraction an

53、d other fields. In this part we will first cast a brief introduction to competitive advantage of textile industry in some other developing economies.</p><p>　　General status of major developing countries<

54、/p><p>　　India is a powerful competitor to China’s textile industry. It owns a huge and highly competitive textile industry and has become the world’s third largest cotton textile supplier. Indian textile indus

55、try’s share in total manufacturer output is up to 20%, and it occupies 25% of India’s aggregative export. India is also the third largest exporter in European market and the fourth largest textile supplier to U.S.. India

56、 possesses well equipped sectors such as spinning, weaving, printing and dyeing</p><p>　　Particular advantage of China</p><p>　　China is well ahead of the above developing countries in textile e

57、xport in terms of aggregative export, export growth, and world market share. We can therefore conclude that besides low factor cost and market scale, China enjoys particular competitive advantage in industrial agglomerat

58、ion and FDI attraction.</p><p>　　As pointed out by modern theory of industrial organization, agglomeration is an inherent law in industrial development as well as an effective measure for resource allocation

59、 and factor utilization. For the time being, economy of scale effect in China’s textile industry from economy of scope, which is further brought by industrial agglomeration, is becoming increasingly prominent. China’s su

60、ccess in scale expansion, optimization of resource allocation, production specialization and productivity </p><p>　　(3) Gap between China and other developing countries in textile industry</p><p&g

61、t;　　China falls behind other developing countries mostly in following aspects. The first flaw is China’s export partners are pooled in some particular developed countries, as China’s biggest four exporting markets are Ho

62、ng Kong, Japan, EU and U.S., which take up more than 50% of Chinese aggregative textile export. Such a heavy market concentration is easy to incur rigorous surveillance or trade disputes from target markets. Secondly, po

63、licy support to China’s textile industry needs to be strengthene</p><p>　　II. International Trade Barriers to Chinese Textile Industry</p><p>　　Textiles and apparel products suffer the heaviest

64、trade barriers in China’s export, which badly inhibits its exertion on competitive advantage. Deficiencies in China’s textile industry are certainly responsible for such heavy barriers, yet trade protectionism is also li

65、able. On account of economic or political interests, many head</p><p>　　textile importing countries are willing and able to cast restriction against China’s textile products to meet their targets at small co

66、sts.</p><p>　　Current trade barriers against China’s textile industry</p><p>　　(1) Retrospect to recent trade barrier to China’s textile products</p><p>　　On April 8th, 2004, Nigeri

67、an government decided to forbid import of 41 products, the majority of which were textiles and apparel products. On June 3rd, 2004, Columbian custom imposed price restriction on importing socks except for those from the

68、Andes Group countries. Turkey decided to launch safeguard against part of textiles and apparel products from China on December 23rd, 2004 and began to impose quotas on 42 categories of Chinese textiles and apparel produc

69、ts on February 1st, 2005. </p><p>　　Features of the trade barriers to China’s textile products</p><p>　　Firstly, trade barriers to China’s textile products are large in quantity and variety, and

70、 wide in scope. From April, 2004 to May, 2005, 19 remarkable trade disputes were launched against China’s textiles and apparel products, the forms of which ranged from export prohibition, custom price fixing, safeguard,

71、tariff to quota, special protection and surveillance, etc., while the category coverage almost included China’s whole textile industry. Secondly, apparent rising trend is shown in the freque</p><p>　　Bottlen

72、ecks of China’s textile industry</p><p>　　Heavily based on factor endowment advantage</p><p>　　The majority of China’s export in textiles and apparel products concentrates in low or medium quali

73、ty ones, which shows in world market China’s great price advantage due to cheap labor but less competitive advantage in quality and variety.</p><p>　　On the first hand, Chinese textile products are similar i

74、n structure, lack of variety and low in technology, which make Chinese textile products easy to be imitated. China’s textiles and apparel products are highly substitutable to products fro mother developing countries, thu

75、s are weak in competitive advantage and vulnerable to trade barriers. On the second hand, increasingly intensified rivalry in world’s low-tech and low value added textile market tends to force exporters to compromise, wh

76、ile</p><p>　　Cutthroat competition among Chinese domestic firms</p><p>　　The ‘small profits but quick turnover’tradition in Chinese enterprises along with government’s long term export subsidy f

77、or foreign exchange accumulation forces many export firms in China cut price in order to reach their export target, and therefore incur anti-dumping measures. Some firms even sell products at zero profit prices in order

78、to gain export subsidy or drawbacks. Mess in pricing activities is most likely to incur trade restrictions from U.S. and other countries. Additionally, China i</p><p>　　High export concentration</p>&

79、lt;p>　　China’s four most weighty textile export markets are Hong Kong (China), Japan, EU and U.S., which absorb 70% of China’s textile product export in total. China’s textile export to Africa, Latin America, the Midd

80、le East and other more than 100 countries is increasing, yet the aggregative share accounts only for 12%, which is even smaller than that of Japan. High geographic concentration of export is rather likely to induce trade

81、 protectionism in target countries/regions and enhance the likelihood </p><p>　　Protectionism in developed countries</p><p>　　Pressures from domestic industries of import countries</p>&l

82、t;p>　　China has become one of the world’s largest exporters and trade surplus earner in textiles and apparel products by virtue of her rapid progress in textile industry, which is marked by expanding scale and increas

83、ing output. Developed countries thereby tend to seek excuses for import restriction against China’s textiles and apparel products on account of their political elections or protection to domestic industries. Trade protec

84、tion is therefore necessarily employed as their long term strategy. C</p><p>　　Moreover, China is the world’s largest socialistic country and operates under different political system and ideologies from oth

85、er developed countries, and this is likely to be another excuse for discrimination or obstacle. On the other hand, China’s stay in WTO is not long enough for either her government or firms to win sufficient experience in

86、 protecting domestic industries under international trade rule framework. This is a more bait for trade disputes.</p><p>　　(2) Protection transition in developed countries</p><p>　　Moreover, tec

87、hnical trade barriers and other non-tariff protection measures, including environmental standards, technical standards, rules in package & label and labor wage, etc., are additionally available to developed countries

88、 for their protection towards textile industry. For instance, many developed countries enact standards on environment protection (such as technical standards for dye, standards for textile fiber and fiber processing envi

89、ronment, security standards for textile products an</p><p>　　Utilization of special articles and clauses in the Protocol on the Accession of the People’s Republic of China</p><p>　　Despite the f

90、act that quota are canceled from Jan 1st, 2005, China is still facing restrictions from some special articles and clauses, two of which are commonly adopted. One is the special safeguard measure to Chinese textile produc

91、ts. Till December 31st, 2008 China’s import partners are granted to turn back to quantitative restriction against Chinese textile products, to which quota have been originally canceled, on condition thereof existence or

92、threat of market disruption”and ethe role of pr</p><p>　　Besides the above mentioned causations, it is noteworthy that there are contradictions and conflicts not only between exporters and their importers bu

93、t also between exporters. China’s rapid growth in export has incurred resentment from other textile exporters. Some commercial associations in these countries have already solicited European countries and U.S. for prolon

94、ged quota against textile products from China. Simultaneously, some developed countries are seeking excuses for trade protection a</p><p>　　中國紡織品的政策建議2</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p>

95、<p>　　紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)品的配額結束于2005年1月1日，根據(jù)協(xié)議對紡織品和成衣，以及全球紡織品貿(mào)易應轉(zhuǎn)向自由貿(mào)易管理制度。擴大全球市場，從而擴大中國的紡織產(chǎn)品，但在這一領域的競爭正日益加劇。因此，如何在“后配額時代”期間，正確理解國際競爭格局，通過優(yōu)化程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)和潛在的比較優(yōu)勢和競爭優(yōu)勢，發(fā)展路徑，探索戰(zhàn)略，以促進今后的生產(chǎn)和出口，從而達到這一支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，是一個至關重要的問題，以配件供應爭辯說，對紡織行業(yè)的依賴，中

96、國有效地實施三大戰(zhàn)略才是未來發(fā)展的關鍵。</p><p>　　1.從簡單的規(guī)模擴張轉(zhuǎn)向擴大高附加值產(chǎn)品，促進核心競爭優(yōu)勢 </p><p>　　行業(yè)結構的優(yōu)化，提高人力資本存量和技術是先決條件，在中國的紡織行業(yè)要實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，競爭優(yōu)勢，技術創(chuàng)新以及產(chǎn)業(yè)升級。從目前來看，產(chǎn)品與客戶和低附加值提供的材料受到了廣大中國的紡織產(chǎn)品。因此，有必要對中國的紡織行業(yè)摒棄傳統(tǒng)的追求數(shù)量和規(guī)模，并更加重視

97、提高附加值，提升核心競爭優(yōu)勢。</p><p>　　2.中國的出口市場，也是中國企業(yè)國際化戰(zhàn)略的多樣化 </p><p>　　中國的紡織品出口市場主要集中在香港，日本，歐盟和韓國。高密度的出口市場，使中國的紡織產(chǎn)品在很大程度上依賴于幾個主要市場，因而容易受到突然燃起的貿(mào)易爭端。中國紡織企業(yè)應該抓住機遇開拓非洲，拉丁美洲和東歐等新興市場，中國紡織行業(yè)應該保持其市場多元化戰(zhàn)略，并不斷開拓新的出

98、口市場，并加強在“后配額傳統(tǒng)市場時代“ ，以保持出口平穩(wěn)發(fā)展。國際化戰(zhàn)略指的是紡織企業(yè)在中國可以購買或建造生產(chǎn)，銷售的紡織品企業(yè)在其出口市場，以跳貿(mào)易壁壘對中國紡織產(chǎn)品，并減少中國紡織品和進口國之間的貿(mào)易爭端的頻率。 “國際化”不僅是在開放過程中的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，也是企業(yè)的重要國際競爭的競爭手段。</p><p>　　配額的取消“后配額時代降低出口成本，激勵出口商的積極性，這導致了三個”大幅增加“中國紡織產(chǎn)業(yè)，即急劇上

99、升的生產(chǎn)，出口和就業(yè)。這些增加可能會損害中國的整體出口，如果政府未能跟上出口秩序，因此產(chǎn)生的貿(mào)易爭端與主要進口國。雖然官方的干擾，被廣泛聘用在中國計劃時代，控制了出口，市場的方法，其中包括匯率，缺點和出口關稅，應主要由政府通過在當前市場經(jīng)濟對規(guī)范市場秩序和紡織品出口。</p><p>　　此外，政府和行業(yè)協(xié)會應該分析協(xié)議紡織品及成衣，以找出中國的紡織品出口好手段，改善與其他國家的政策合作，探討紡織品進口國的貿(mào)易政