水泥專業(yè)外文翻譯---中國散裝水泥設(shè)施和技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢

1、<p><b>　　附 錄</b></p><p><b>　?。ㄓ⑽姆g原文）</b></p><p>　　Developmental situation and Future Trent of Chinese Bulk Cement Facilities and Technology</p><p>　　Cu

2、i Yuan sheng， P.R. China</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　In2000,the output of Chinese cement production had highly reached for 583.19 million .This can be said it is the top among the world .The

3、 average bulk cement proportion of the nation, however ,is only 18% of the total output. In a few large cities such as Beijing and Shanghai . the bulk proportion could be higher though. It can reach 50-70%. The average p

4、roportion of bulk cement is far behind that in the developed countries. The reasons for this situation may be numerous, but it is one of the mo</p><p>　　Two branches of learning are important for the develop

5、ment of bulk cement facilities ;the transporting engineering and the powder engineering .According to its application it can be categorized into 5 barieties as follows:</p><p>　　Loading equipment :includin

6、g the facilities used for rearranging or discharging silos, loading machine ,dust collector ,etc,:</p><p>　　Transporting equipment :including the train for bulk cement, trucks, ships, containers ,compact

7、ed large bags, etc.:</p><p>　　Storing facilities :including cement silos, terminals, movable tankers ,fixed tanks and the handing device of movable tanks etc,:</p><p>　　Metering devices: includ

8、ing railway track scale, weighbridge ,electronic-weighing system, rotor weighfeeder, nucleon-weigher, belt-weigher etc.:</p><p>　　Conveying equipment: including screw conveyer, belt conveyer, elevator and va

9、rieties of pneumatic conveying devices, etc.</p><p>　　The Current Situation and Analysis of Chinese Bulk Cement Facilities and Technology</p><p>　　Since the first set of controlling systems of b

10、ulk cement conveying had been completed in Sanmenxia water conservancy project of Yellow River in 1957. China has made her hard efforts for 40 years. It should be said that China has got a great development and formed a

11、great capacity for manufacturing of bulk cement facilities . According to incomplete statistics made by the National Office of Bulk Cement (NOBC), China now has more than 60 enterprises that are concerned with the manufa

12、cturing of bu</p><p>　　2.1 The Loading and Discharging System of Bulk Cement is Relatively Backward</p><p>　　At present the controlling systems adopted in China for loading and discharging of b

13、ulk cement are relatively backward . They are basically controlled mechanically and manually, and they can not preset or auto-adjust the rate and volume of loading and discharging materials in time.</p><p>　

14、　The Body Design of Tank Trucks is Not Quite Reasonable</p><p>　　The effective availability of space of the truck body should be further improved, and the deadweight of the tank remains to be reduced ,too .B

15、esides .the wide application of micro-holes technology based on a fiber knitted plate for air ventilation leads to technical shortage and problems .For example .an inevitable dramatic decrease of discharging rate of mate

16、rials in tank happens as time goes on ,and the remainder of cement in the tank in considerably increased .Though it is indicated that the </p><p>　　2.3 Air Compressor also Affect Discharging Performance<

17、;/p><p>　　The air compressor is the central component of a bulk cement transporting tanker .Nowadays ,the swing link type of air compressor is used extensively in China .The effectiveness of domestic air compre

18、ssors is low. In general it is just about 65% ,so the energy consumption is very high .At the same time the specific weight of domestic air compressor is 31-45Kg/m3 ,which is 4 times of the quota of compressor produced i

19、n developed countries .It is obvious ,the heavier air compressor must lead to th</p><p>　　2.4 In General ,Mobile Tanks for Bulk Cement are Made of Steel</p><p>　　The tanks used in China are cum

20、bersome because of their iron and steel body .cranes and other special equipment is needed for handing ,they are inconvenient to operate and cause very high costs .In addition ,tanks made of iron and steel are not suitab

21、le to be put in open air poor resistance against oxygen .The whole body of the tanks is often seen in poor appearance with rust spots ,and they requite to be maintained every year .</p><p>　　2.5 The Standard

22、ization and Systematization Still Require to be Strengthened</p><p>　　The manufacture of bulk cement facilities has developed with the increase of bulk cement growth .As part of the mechanical manufacturing

23、of industrial facilities ,the fabrication of bulk cement facilities is a new industry in China .Many product standards can not follow up with the growth of production .There are no national standards for the shaft movabl

24、e tank of bulk cement ,the hulk cement loading machine ,and the loading spout of bulk cement train so far ,a fact that has caused serious diffi</p><p>　　The improvement of technical facilities and the abilit

25、y to offer complete industrial structures is a significant symbol of bulk cement development in China ,which is both ,a material base and a condition necessary for the expanding of bulk cement .The government has always

26、paid close attention to the speeding up of development ad application of bulk cement facilities .In 1985 the State Council issued the document No.27 ,(State Issued[1985]) ,which laid a financial foundation for the develo

27、pment </p><p>　　The Basic Trend of Facilities and Technologies of Bulk Cement in China</p><p>　　3.1To Improve the Truck or Loading and Discharging Process</p><p>　　To adopt the dust

28、 free loading and discharging facilities with the aim of reducing the dust when loading and relieving the labor intensity ,to raise the level of automation at every section of loading ,discharging ,meeting ,production an

29、d dispatching etc., and to take the advantage of computer intelligence process technology ,all this are development targets of Chinese bulk cement industry in the near future .</p><p>　　3.2 To Use Fluidics t

30、o Convey and Transport Bulk Cement</p><p>　　Fluidics is a technology which applies the principle of differential pressure for conveying (discharging) ,using a gasification rod generate fluidization when ther

31、e is enough material in the tank .This technology has numerous advantages ,among them low resistances and absence of stopping up .When the material remains below a certain level ,the micro-holes abreast become jet flow o

32、riented ,forming an air cushion that sweeps the remainder of the material into the front of the feeder ,thus allowing</p><p>　　3.3 Using the Fibre Glass Reinforced Plastics as the Substitute of Iron and Stee

33、l Materials</p><p>　　The movable storing tank of bulk cement should be made of fibre glass reinforced plastics(GRP).GRPhas lots of advantages when compared with iron and steel .It is light in weight and tan

34、ks made of GRP are easy to move .GRP is also highly resistant against oxidizing ,simple to process and low in costs .But the gap exists .When comparing the strength and hardness between the products made in China and th

35、e ones produced abroad ,it is found that the new material is not quite matured ,nevertheless ,</p><p>　　3.4 The Truck Structure will be Improved</p><p>　　With the quick development of road and b

36、ridge construction in China ,the properties of chassis of trucks are increased day by day .The bulk cement trucks tend to take a form of semitrailer ,and the loading capacity is intended to be increased .The semitrailer

37、and heavy-duty trucks have a higher requirement to the road surface ,but they cost less for each ton-kilometer transportation and are capable to take a longer transporting radius. According to statistics the use of semit

38、railers would result</p><p>　　3.5 The Metering and Weighing</p><p>　　The accuracy of cement metering or weighing at delivery ,during transfer and before application ,influences not only the econ

39、omic benefits on both sides ,but also the engineering progress and quality .China has imported and developed a new type of balance for bulk cement trucks ,which has basically solved the metering and weighing due to long

40、lasting vibration and driving of trucks .This new type truck balance can show up the readings of weight whether the trucks are moving or at a standstill .B</p><p>　　3.6The Standardization , Systematization a

41、nd Internationalization</p><p>　　With the further opening of China to the outside world ,the users and government will realized the necessity ,importance and trend of standardization ,systematization and int

42、ernationalization of bulk cement facilities in China .We believe ,that this policy and practice will be followed in the next few years .</p><p>　　It will be of great convenience to the customers who would ha

43、ve access to a broad selection of products and have a variety of spare parts to exchange and use when the standardization and systematization are put into practice .With China entering into WTO ,we believe that a great p

44、rogress of development in bulk cement facilities and bulk cement industry must be achieved .The internationalization will definitely increase the prosperity of the common Chinese people and further the development of bu&

45、lt;/p><p><b>　　中文翻譯</b></p><p>　　中國散裝水泥設(shè)施和技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢</p><p><b>　　1.概述</b></p><p>　　2000年，中國的水泥輸出量已高達(dá)583190000噸 ，這可以說是名列世界前茅。然而國家平均的散裝水泥比例只有出口量的18

46、％。在少數(shù)幾個(gè)大城市，如北京和上海，這個(gè)比例可能會(huì)更高，它可以達(dá)到50-70％ 。散裝水泥的平均比例遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于發(fā)達(dá)國家。造成這種情況的原因有很多方面，但散裝水泥的設(shè)備和技術(shù)相對陳舊是其中最重要的因素。為了使大塊水泥有一個(gè)相當(dāng)大的進(jìn)展，這就一定要提高散裝水泥設(shè)備的質(zhì)量，并將其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)向世界先進(jìn)水平靠攏。本文將分析中國的散裝水泥設(shè)施技術(shù)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)況，對比適用國外先進(jìn)的散裝水泥設(shè)備和技術(shù)，探討散裝水泥設(shè)備和技術(shù)在中國的發(fā)展趨勢。</p&g

47、t;<p>　　散裝水泥設(shè)施發(fā)展主要有兩方面：運(yùn)輸工程與粉末工程。按照其功用分可分為下列五個(gè)方面：</p><p>　　1）、裝載設(shè)備：包括用于重新安排或履行筒倉設(shè)施，如裝載機(jī)，除塵器等</p><p>　　2）、運(yùn)輸設(shè)備：包括散裝水泥車、卡車、船舶、集裝箱、壓縮大袋等</p><p>　　3）、存儲(chǔ)設(shè)施：包括水泥筒倉、碼頭、動(dòng)產(chǎn)油輪、固定儲(chǔ)罐和設(shè)備移

48、交的可移動(dòng)儲(chǔ)罐等</p><p>　　4）、計(jì)量裝置：包括鐵路軌道衡、軌道衡、電子稱重系統(tǒng)、轉(zhuǎn)子伺服系統(tǒng)、核子秤、皮帶秤等：</p><p>　　5）、輸送設(shè)備：包括螺旋輸送機(jī)、膠帶輸送機(jī)、電梯和其他的氣力輸送裝置等。</p><p>　　2．中國散裝水泥的現(xiàn)狀和現(xiàn)有設(shè)施和技術(shù)和的分析</p><p>　　自散裝水泥第一套控制系統(tǒng)于1957年

49、在黃河三門峽水利樞紐完成，中國已經(jīng)努力奮斗了四十年。應(yīng)該說中國已獲得很大發(fā)展，并且在散裝水泥設(shè)施的制造方面已經(jīng)有了較強(qiáng)的實(shí)力。據(jù)國家散裝水泥辦事處(NOBC)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，中國現(xiàn)在有60多家企業(yè)從事散裝水泥設(shè)施的制造，其中有30多個(gè)具有相當(dāng)大規(guī)模的卡車制造商，6家列車制造商，5家空氣壓縮機(jī)，其余19家是有關(guān)處理與排放，計(jì)量器具等方面的。這些廠商有一定的實(shí)力，他們的技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及在管理等方面處于一個(gè)較高的水平。然而，當(dāng)與世界先進(jìn)水平相比時(shí)，

50、他們還要有很長的路要走。他們不能滿足他們流通和應(yīng)用散裝水泥生產(chǎn)的需要，這一局面嚴(yán)重制約著散裝水泥業(yè)在中國的發(fā)展。從技術(shù)方面分析，我們可以說主要有5個(gè)比較突出的問題存在于中國散裝水泥企業(yè)生產(chǎn)設(shè)施中。</p><p>　　2.1散裝水泥裝載和排放系統(tǒng)的相對落后</p><p>　　目前，中國散裝水泥的裝載控制和卸貨系統(tǒng)相對落后。他們基本上靠機(jī)械和手動(dòng)控制，他們不能預(yù)設(shè)或自動(dòng)調(diào)整速度和數(shù)量，材料

51、裝載和卸貨的時(shí)間。 2.2 罐車的車身設(shè)計(jì)不太合理</p><p>　　卡車車身空間的有效利用應(yīng)進(jìn)一步改善，并且無謂儲(chǔ)罐的載噸重也要減少。此外，基于對纖維針織物板空氣不流通，導(dǎo)致技術(shù)短缺和問題的微孔技術(shù)得以廣泛的應(yīng)用。例如，隨著時(shí)間的推移儲(chǔ)罐內(nèi)材料卸貨率在不可避免的急劇下降，剩余的水泥在油箱內(nèi)大大增加。雖然這表明，罐車擁有一個(gè)更高的規(guī)范，但在事實(shí)上，在采取行動(dòng)之后他們在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)迅速惡化。他們中的一些表現(xiàn)較差，

52、尤其是運(yùn)行3個(gè)月后，下降到設(shè)計(jì)值的50 ％。卸貨時(shí)間太長是一種常見的現(xiàn)象，罐體內(nèi)剩余的材料則嚴(yán)重超標(biāo)。2.3 空氣壓縮機(jī)也影響卸貨性能</p><p>　　空氣壓縮機(jī)是散裝水泥運(yùn)輸?shù)闹醒胗洼啞，F(xiàn)在，擺桿類型的空氣壓縮機(jī)廣泛使用在中國。國內(nèi)空氣壓縮機(jī)的成效很低。一般只不過是65％ ，因此，能源消耗是非常高的。與此同時(shí)，國內(nèi)空氣壓縮機(jī)具體的重量是31-45kg/m3 ，這是發(fā)達(dá)國家壓縮機(jī)配額的4倍。很明顯，重型空氣

53、壓縮機(jī)必然導(dǎo)致裝載量水泥的減少。此外，國內(nèi)空氣壓縮機(jī)在運(yùn)行時(shí)有較高的噪聲和劇烈的振動(dòng)運(yùn)行，并且服務(wù)壽命也相對較短。 2.4 一般鋼制可移動(dòng)散裝水泥儲(chǔ)罐 中國儲(chǔ)罐因?yàn)樗麄兪怯设F鑄造而成因而略顯笨拙。起重機(jī)和其他特殊設(shè)備是需要移交的，他們不便操作并且還造成非常高的成本。此外，鐵制儲(chǔ)罐是不適合放置在在露天環(huán)境中來和氧氣直接接觸。人們經(jīng)?？梢钥吹絻?chǔ)罐帶有銹點(diǎn)的破爛的外部整體結(jié)構(gòu)，因而他們需要常年維護(hù)。 2.5 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和系統(tǒng)化仍需要得到

54、加強(qiáng) 隨著散裝水泥的發(fā)展，散裝水泥設(shè)施也逐步得到了發(fā)展與提高。作為工業(yè)設(shè)施機(jī)械制造業(yè)的一部分，制作散裝水泥設(shè)施成為中國的一個(gè)新的產(chǎn)業(yè)。許多產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不能跟上產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展。散裝水泥油箱的生產(chǎn)沒有國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，到目前為止也沒有大塊水泥裝貨機(jī)和裝載噴散裝水泥火車，事實(shí)上在連接或接縫上已經(jīng)造成了嚴(yán)重的困難?？?lt;/p><p>　　3 、中國散裝水泥設(shè)施和技術(shù)的基本狀況3.1改善卡車裝載和卸貨的過程 采用粉塵免費(fèi)

55、裝載和排放設(shè)施，目的是裝載時(shí)減少粉塵且能減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)如裝載、執(zhí)行、生產(chǎn)和調(diào)度等的自動(dòng)化水平，并采取利用計(jì)算機(jī)情報(bào)處理技術(shù)。以上一切都是中國散裝水泥業(yè)在不久的將來發(fā)展的目標(biāo)。 3.2 使用射流轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)和運(yùn)輸散裝水泥 射流是一種適用在差壓輸送（卸貨）的情況下的技術(shù)。使用氣化棒產(chǎn)生流態(tài)化時(shí)，儲(chǔ)罐內(nèi)要有足夠的材料。這種技術(shù)有很多優(yōu)勢如它們之間的低電阻以及沒有停車等。當(dāng)材料仍然低于一定的量時(shí)，以孔噴流為導(dǎo)向，形成了氣墊，席卷

56、其余的材料到前面的接駁，接駁來吸收和清理，清理油箱殘留的材料。此外， 能轉(zhuǎn)換正面和負(fù)面壓力的轉(zhuǎn)換器取代原有的排水管道。只要有足夠的材料在儲(chǔ)罐，就可以根據(jù)壓力和距離自動(dòng)調(diào)整混合比例，從而使所需傳達(dá)材料到達(dá)有效地位置，如果油箱內(nèi)的材料低于一定的量，則該轉(zhuǎn)換器就用來切換到減壓力的狀況，使隨附的資料從氣化清掃車卷入放電管。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)解決了在板狀材料與微洞間由于粉末阻尼露點(diǎn)較大的阻力導(dǎo)致的阻塞的問題。 3.3 使用玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)塑料作為替代鋼鐵材

57、料 散裝水泥動(dòng)產(chǎn)儲(chǔ)存罐</p><p>　　在轉(zhuǎn)讓和申請前，水泥稱重計(jì)量或在交付時(shí)的準(zhǔn)確性，影響的不只是雙方的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，而且還有工程進(jìn)度和質(zhì)量。中國已經(jīng)進(jìn)口和發(fā)展了一種新型的更為平衡的散裝水泥車，它已基本解決了由于長期連續(xù)的振動(dòng)和卡車的駕駛等所帶來的計(jì)量和稱重問題。這種新型卡車顯示的重量平衡數(shù)可以判斷卡車是移動(dòng)或處于停滯狀態(tài)。此外，粉體物料測光或稱重的另一種動(dòng)態(tài)電氣裝置，WGY模型已開發(fā)并投入使用。這個(gè)裝置

58、包含一個(gè)連接到水泥儲(chǔ)罐外側(cè)的電荷系統(tǒng)，電氣計(jì)量和監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，電氣指標(biāo)和計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)是能夠進(jìn)行固定量或變量的輸出并可用于裝載計(jì)量和可移動(dòng)儲(chǔ)罐的卸貨。 3.6標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系統(tǒng)化和國際化 隨著中國向外界開放的不斷深入，中國政府和廣大用戶將意識到中國散裝水泥設(shè)備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系統(tǒng)化和國際化的必要性以及重要性。我們相信，這一政策與實(shí)踐將在未來幾年之內(nèi)逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)。 伴隨著產(chǎn)品系統(tǒng)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的不斷完善，顧客將有很大的選擇空間方便