外文翻譯--工程索賠相關(guān)問(wèn)題理論

1、<p><b>　　附錄A 英文原文</b></p><p>　　The engineering claims related theory</p><p>　　[The summary]</p><p>　　In this paper, the engineering claims related theory must rese

2、arch and engineering claims to the owner and the contractor classification and meaning between the claim to understand. </p><p>　　1.1 The engineering claims and the meaning and the claim classification </

3、p><p>　　The claim was in the project contract performance of the contract, one party because the other party fails to fulfill the obligations prescribed by the contract suffered losses, to the other party claim

4、 behavior. In practice, a claim is a two-way street, the construction unit and the construction units may claim. Usually, claim "means the contractor (construction unit) in the implementation of the contract, the ca

5、uses of non-self engineering extension of time, cost and increase demand for the co</p><p>　　Can claim from different angles, and according to the different standards of the following categories: </p>

6、<p>　　(1)The cause of the classification </p><p>　　Such as preparation for construction, process control, quality control and cost control and management of causes of claim for compensation, this class

7、ification can explicitly pointed out that each and every one of the source of the claim, make the owner and engineers to audit analysis. </p><p>　　(2) The purpose of the claim, according to classification &l

8、t;/p><p>　　It can be divided into the time limit and expenses claims claim. Time limit is to ask the owner claims extended construction time, make the original provisions of the project completion date postpone

9、 so as to avoid the breach of the fine occurred; Cost is to ask the owner and the contractor claim the compensation fees loss and adjust the contract value. </p><p>　　(3) According to claim the basis of clas

10、sification </p><p>　　It can be divided into the stipulations in the contract, the contract of the claim. The stipulations in the contract is to point to claim the claim involving content in the documents to

11、find the basis, the owner or the contractor can then put forward the claim. This claim is not so easy to dispute; The contract is the claim to the content of the claim involving in the documents without dedicated word na

12、rrative, but can according to the contract terms of some meaning, deduced that a certain resul</p><p>　　(4) According to claim the relevant parties of classification </p><p>　　It can be divided

13、into the contractor with the owner of the between claim; The contractor with points between the contractor's claim; The contractor with suppliers claims; The contractor to the insurance company, shipping company'

14、s claim etc. </p><p>　　(5) According to the nature of the business claim classification </p><p>　　It can be divided into the engineering claims and business claim for compensation. The engineeri

15、ng claims is referred in the construction of the project construction conditions or construction technology, construction scope change claim for compensation, commonly occur high frequency, claim expenses; Business claim

16、 is refers to the implementation of the project process materials purchase, transportation, storage, etc of activities create claim matters. </p><p>　　(6) According to claim the processing means of classific

17、ation </p><p>　　It can be divided into single claims and always claim for compensation. Single claims about a claim is to take the approach, that is, according to each claim after in the items, and submit th

18、em to the notice of a claim, prepare claim for single solve pay, not with other claims are mixed with the matters; Always claim, and says the comprehensive claims or package claim, that is, the whole project (or a projec

19、t) that happens in a number of claims matters, comprehensive together for the compensatio</p><p>　　1.2 The owner claims to the contractor </p><p>　　The claim was two-sided, generally called clai

20、m to the owner's claim to the contractors, the claim to the contractor's claim to the owner.</p><p>　　1.2.1 Claim reason </p><p>　　The contractor's default have different situation,

21、sometimes is all or part of the contract, some time is not to execute the contract. For the contractor to breach of proof by supervision engineer, the owner according to contract the corresponding provisions of the treat

22、ment method of punishment for the contractor. </p><p>　　The contractor's breach the following kinds roughly include: </p><p>　　(1) Not submitted for the performance guarantee; </p>&l

23、t;p>　　(2) According to the contract of insurance regulation no; </p><p>　　(3) Because of the contractor's responsibility delaying; </p><p>　　(4) The quality defect, the contractor shall b

24、y supervision engineer instruction repair defects at outside, still need to the owner of the quality defects caused loss of responsibility; </p><p>　　(5) the contractor to unqualified material doesn't pe

25、rform supervision engineer instruction to out of the site, and the quality accidents didn't appear to repair or unable to repair, the owner must send someone or hire others to do the above, and pay the expenses shoul

26、d be made by the contractor burden; </p><p>　　(6) The contractor that the design of the design drawing responsibility; </p><p>　　(7) The contractor bankruptcy or serious breach of contract has t

27、o terminate a contract; </p><p>　　(8) Some other reasons. </p><p>　　1.2.2 Handling claims </p><p>　　Appear afore-mentioned incident, general can take the following several methods c

28、ompensation owner loss: </p><p>　　(1) Payable to the contractor from the middle of the progress payment deduct inside. </p><p>　　(2) Retention deduct from within. Retention is owner to prevent a

29、ccidents because of the event and suffer loss of a security measures, and can be used in the responsibility for the contractor caused not qualified engineering cost rework, solve the other party with contractors proposed

30、 and the contractor the refusal of payment funds, such as the contractor responsibility for damage highway facilities, transportation department to owner claim. Of course for the first with the contractor shall nego</

31、p><p>　　(3) From within the performance guarantee deduction or confiscate the performance guarantee. </p><p>　　(4) If the contractor a serious breach of contract, brings owners even take the above

32、all kinds of measures was enough to compensate for losses, also can withhold the contractor in the materials, equipment, temporary facilities as compensation property, or by the law as a contractor a debt and demand comp

33、ensation. </p><p>　　1.3 The contractor to owner claims </p><p>　　The contractor for a long time at low profits and high risk under the environment of the projects, must always have the face of m

34、arket and risk of fully prepared for that. In terms of the FIDIC contract claim many, contractor will often quoted claim generally in these terms, including 12 of more important, it is the foundation of the claim, the ce

35、ntral meaning is: in the execution of the contract, the contractor had made up standard do not meet can claim for compensation. </p><p>　　1.3.1 Caused by the contract documents claim </p><p>　　O

36、nce signed the contract, the parties have binding force, the binding legal protection. Contract documents including range is very wide, the most is the contract conditions, technical specifications, etc. Generally speaki

37、ng, drawings and specifications of the problems occurred less, but also can appear each other do not agree with the original drawings or supplement not consistent, as well as to the technical specifications of the differ

38、ent explanations, in the case of the claim, about the contr</p><p>　　The contents of the claim of the conditions of the contract in the following two aspects: </p><p>　　(1) The composition of th

39、e contract documents from a claim for compensation. The contract is in the bidding by both parties through consultation after modification of the final determination, if change already will bid for contractor and the own

40、er or before and after the tender committee out document clarified the contract and sign the documents to clear, he should explain the contract before officially signed all kinds of documents are no longer effective asso

41、ciate. If you ignore this announcem</p><p>　　(2) The contract defects. The contract for contract performance defects file does not rigorous even contradictory and contract of missing or mistake. This include

42、s not only the commerce clause of the defects, including technical specifications and drawings of the defects. To this, the supervision engineer shall have the right to make explanation, but if the contractor execution e

43、xplains caused by increased costs or extension, is entitled to therefore put forward a claim for compensation. </p><p>　　1.3.2 Because accident risk and unforeseeable causes of claims</p><p>　　D

44、uring the execution of the contract, if the accident risk and unforeseeable factors and the loss, he shall have the right to demand compensation to the owners. Accident risk including force majeure loss caused by natural

45、 disasters and special risk events are two content. </p><p>　　(1)Human is irresistible in natural disasters. Natural disasters economic loss this to insurance company claims for compensation. In addition, th

46、e contractor also has the power to owner requirements be postponed to the time limited, the claim is also put forward period. </p><p>　　(2) Special risks. The contract conditions shall be stipulated in shall

47、 be undertaken by the owner of the responsibility of 5 war risk occurs of the consequences of many is serious, the contractor in addition to wrong the resulting personal casualty and property loss is responsible for outs

48、ide, and instead should get any has completed the permanent works and materials payment, reasonable profit, interruption losses and construction all repair expenses and reconstruction expenses. </p><p>　　1.3

49、.3 Unfavorable natural conditions </p><p>　　Unfavorable natural conditions is to point to even experienced contractor in the proposal stage use the information provided in the bidding documents and through t

50、he investigation also cannot reasonably be expected to adverse construction conditions. If encountered in the construction of the rich groundwater, geological fault, natural cave, subsidence, affect change the original c

51、onstruction method, reduce the construction speed or increase the quantity, the contractor may request period and the</p><p>　　2.3.4 Encountered in the construction of the underground cultural relics or st

52、ructures </p><p>　　As long as it is encountered in the construction of the contract documents not stated in the underground cultural relics or structures, supervision engineer should press with engineering c

53、hange, the contractor shall have the right to make a time limit and expenses claims. </p><p>　　2.3.5 Design drawings or mistakes in the work scale </p><p>　　To the contractor in the tender, dr

54、awings or work scale sometimes will inevitably be wrongs, and if due to correct these mistakes and make the increased cost or extension, the contractor shall have the right to lodge a claim against you. </p><p

55、>　　This kind of mistake includes: </p><p>　　(1)Design drawings and the requirements of the work scale discrepant. Engineering quotation is calculated according to work scale, if construction according to

56、the drawing will lead to higher costs. The contractor in found this problem should be timely after please supervision engineer confirmation </p><p>　　(2)The site conditions and the requirement of design plan

57、 large difference, and greatly increase the workload. If the workload increases a lot, contractor shall also carry off, and accordingly to owner to put forward the claim. </p><p>　　(3)Pure mistakes on work.

58、Even if is the fixed price contract type, if the workload is larger in and out, affect the whole construction plan, contractor shall also win compensation. </p><p><b>　　附錄B 中文譯文</b></p>&

59、lt;p>　　工程索賠相關(guān)問(wèn)題理論</p><p><b>　?。壅?lt;/b></p><p>　　本文對(duì)工程索賠相關(guān)理論作了一定研究，并對(duì)工程索賠含義分類及業(yè)主和承包商之間索賠進(jìn)行了理解。 </p><p>　　1.1 工程索賠與反索賠含義及分類</p><p>　　索賠是在工程承包合同履行中，當(dāng)事人一方由于

60、另一方未履行合同所規(guī)定的義務(wù)而遭受損失時(shí)，向另一方提出索賠要求的行為。在實(shí)際工作中，索賠是雙向的，建設(shè)單位和施工單位都可能提出索賠要求。通常情況下，索賠是指承包商（施工單位）在合同實(shí)施過(guò)程中，對(duì)非自身原因造成的工程延期、費(fèi)用增加而要求業(yè)主給予補(bǔ)償損失的一種權(quán)利要求。而業(yè)主（建設(shè)單位）對(duì)于屬于施工單位應(yīng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任造成的，且實(shí)際發(fā)生了損失，向施工單位要求賠償，稱為反索賠。索賠的性質(zhì)屬于經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償行為，而不是懲罰。索賠在一般情況下都可以通過(guò)協(xié)商方

61、式友好解決，若雙方無(wú)法達(dá)成妥協(xié)時(shí)，爭(zhēng)議可通過(guò)仲裁解決。</p><p>　　索賠可以從不同角度、按不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行以下分類：</p><p>　　(1)按索賠發(fā)生的原因分類</p><p>　　如施工準(zhǔn)備、進(jìn)度控制、質(zhì)量控制、費(fèi)用控制及管理等原因引起的索賠，這種分類能明確指出每一項(xiàng)索賠的根源所在，使業(yè)主和工程師便于審核分析。</p><p>　

62、　(2)按索賠的目的分類</p><p>　　可分為工期索賠和費(fèi)用索賠。工期索賠就是要求業(yè)主延長(zhǎng)施工時(shí)間，使原規(guī)定的工程竣工日期順延，從而避免了違約罰金的發(fā)生；費(fèi)用索賠就是要求業(yè)主或承包商雙方補(bǔ)償費(fèi)用損失，進(jìn)而調(diào)整合同價(jià)款。</p><p>　　(3)按索賠的依據(jù)分類</p><p>　　可分為合同規(guī)定的索賠、非合同規(guī)定的索賠。合同規(guī)定的索賠是指索賠涉及的內(nèi)容在合同

63、文件中能夠找到依據(jù)，業(yè)主或承包商可以據(jù)此提出索賠要求。這種索賠不太容易發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議；非合同規(guī)定的索賠是指索賠涉及的內(nèi)容在合同文件中沒(méi)有專門的文字?jǐn)⑹?，但可以根?jù)該合同某些條款的含義，推論出一定的索賠權(quán)。</p><p>　　(4)按索賠的有關(guān)當(dāng)事人分類</p><p>　　可分為承包商同業(yè)主之間的索賠；總承包商同分承包商之間的索賠；承包商同供應(yīng)商之間的索賠；承包商向保險(xiǎn)公司、運(yùn)輸公司的索賠等。

64、</p><p>　　(5)按索賠的業(yè)務(wù)性質(zhì)分類</p><p>　　可分為工程索賠和商務(wù)索賠。工程索賠是指涉及工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)中施工條件或施工技術(shù)、施工范圍等變化引起的索賠，一般發(fā)生頻率高，索賠費(fèi)用大；商務(wù)索賠是指實(shí)施工程項(xiàng)目過(guò)程中的物資采購(gòu)、運(yùn)輸、保管等方面活動(dòng)引起的索賠事項(xiàng)。</p><p>　　(6)按索賠的處理方式分類</p><p>

65、　　可分為單項(xiàng)索賠和總索賠。單項(xiàng)索賠就是采取一事要索賠的方式，即按每一件索賠事項(xiàng)發(fā)生后，報(bào)送索賠通知書，編報(bào)索賠報(bào)告，要求單項(xiàng)解決支付，不可與其他的索賠事項(xiàng)混在一起；總索賠，又叫綜合索賠或一攬子索賠，即對(duì)整個(gè)工程（或某項(xiàng)工程）中所發(fā)生的數(shù)起索賠事項(xiàng)，綜合在一起進(jìn)行索賠。</p><p>　　1.2 業(yè)主向承包商索賠</p><p>　　索賠是雙方面的，一般索賠是指承包商向業(yè)主的索賠。而反

66、索賠是指業(yè)主向承包商的索賠。 </p><p>　　1.2.1 索賠理由</p><p>　　承包商的違約有各種不同的情況，有時(shí)是全部或部分地不履行合同，有時(shí)是沒(méi)有按期履行合同。對(duì)承包商的違約行為經(jīng)監(jiān)理工程師證明后，業(yè)主都可以按照合同相應(yīng)規(guī)定的處理辦法對(duì)承包商進(jìn)行處罰。</p><p>　　承包商的違約行為大致可包括以下幾種： </p><p&

67、gt;　　(1)沒(méi)有如約遞交履約保函； </p><p>　　(2)沒(méi)有按合同中的規(guī)定保險(xiǎn)； </p><p>　　(3)由于承包商的責(zé)任延誤工期； </p><p>　　(4)質(zhì)量缺陷，承包商除應(yīng)按監(jiān)理工程師指示自費(fèi)修補(bǔ)缺陷外，還須對(duì)質(zhì)量缺陷給業(yè)主造成的損失承擔(dān)責(zé)任； </p><p>　　(5)承包商對(duì)不合格材料沒(méi)有執(zhí)行監(jiān)理工程師指示按期

68、運(yùn)出工地，以及出現(xiàn)的質(zhì)量事故沒(méi)能按期修復(fù)或無(wú)力修復(fù)，業(yè)主必須自己派人或雇請(qǐng)他人完成上述工作，而支付的費(fèi)用應(yīng)由承包商負(fù)擔(dān)； </p><p>　　(6)承包商所設(shè)計(jì)圖紙的設(shè)計(jì)責(zé)任； </p><p>　　(7)承包商破產(chǎn)或嚴(yán)重違約不得不終止合同； </p><p>　　(8)其他一些原因。</p><p>　　1.2.2 索賠處理方式<

69、/p><p>　　出現(xiàn)上述事件后，一般可采取下列幾種方法補(bǔ)償業(yè)主損失。 </p><p>　　(1)從應(yīng)付給承包商的中期進(jìn)度付款內(nèi)扣除。 </p><p>　　(2)從滯留金內(nèi)扣除。滯留金是業(yè)主為防止因不測(cè)事件而遭受損失的一種保障措施，可用于因承包商責(zé)任造成不合格工程的返工費(fèi)用，解決與承包商有關(guān)的其他當(dāng)事人提出的而承包商拒付的款項(xiàng)，如因承包商責(zé)任損壞公路設(shè)施，交通部門向

70、業(yè)主提出的索賠要求。當(dāng)然用于這種情況時(shí)首先應(yīng)與承包商協(xié)商并得到他的同意。滯留金比履約保函用起來(lái)更為方便，履約保函一般只能在承包商嚴(yán)重違反合同時(shí)才能使用。 </p><p>　　(3)從履約保函內(nèi)扣除或沒(méi)收履約保函。 </p><p>　　(4)如果承包商嚴(yán)重違反合同，給業(yè)主帶來(lái)了即使采取上述各種措施也不足以補(bǔ)償?shù)膿p失，還可以扣留承包商在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的材料、設(shè)備、臨時(shí)設(shè)施等財(cái)產(chǎn)作為補(bǔ)償，或者按法律規(guī)

71、定作為承包商的一種債務(wù)而要求賠償。</p><p>　　1.3 承包商向業(yè)主索賠</p><p>　　承包商長(zhǎng)期處在低利潤(rùn)和高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的環(huán)境下運(yùn)作項(xiàng)目，必須時(shí)刻有面對(duì)市場(chǎng)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的充分的心理準(zhǔn)備。在FIDIC合同里索賠的條款很多，承包商一般在索賠時(shí)會(huì)經(jīng)常引用這些條款，其中第12款更為重要，可以說(shuō)它是索賠的基礎(chǔ)，其中心意思是：在合同的執(zhí)行過(guò)程中，承包商面臨編寫標(biāo)時(shí)不可遇見的情況才可以索賠。<

72、;/p><p>　　1.3.1 合同文件引起的索賠</p><p>　　合同一旦簽訂，對(duì)雙方當(dāng)事人都有約束力，這種約束力受法律保護(hù)。合同文件包括的范圍很寬，最主要的是合同條件、技術(shù)規(guī)范說(shuō)明等。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，圖紙和規(guī)范方面發(fā)生的問(wèn)題要少些，但也會(huì)出現(xiàn)彼此不一致或補(bǔ)充與原圖紙不一致，以及對(duì)技術(shù)規(guī)范的不同解釋等問(wèn)題，在索賠案例中，關(guān)于合同條件、工程量和價(jià)格表方面出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題較多。</p>

73、<p>　　有關(guān)合同條件的索賠內(nèi)容常見于如下2個(gè)方面： </p><p>　　(1)合同文件的組成問(wèn)題引起索賠。合同是在投標(biāo)后通過(guò)雙方協(xié)商修改最后確定的，如果修改時(shí)已將投標(biāo)前后承包商與業(yè)主或招標(biāo)委員會(huì)的來(lái)往函件澄清后寫入合同補(bǔ)遺文件并簽字，就應(yīng)當(dāng)說(shuō)明合同正式簽字以前的各種來(lái)往文件均不再有效。如果忽略了這個(gè)聲明，當(dāng)信件內(nèi)容與合同內(nèi)容發(fā)生矛盾時(shí)，就容易引起雙方爭(zhēng)執(zhí)而導(dǎo)致索賠。</p><

74、p>　　(2)合同缺陷。合同缺陷表現(xiàn)為合同文件不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)甚至矛盾，以及合同中的遺漏或錯(cuò)誤。這不僅包括商務(wù)條款中的缺陷，也包括技術(shù)規(guī)范和圖紙中的缺陷。對(duì)此，監(jiān)理工程師有權(quán)做出解釋，但如果承包商執(zhí)行解釋后引起成本增加或工期延長(zhǎng)，則有權(quán)為此提出索賠。</p><p>　　1.3.2 因意外風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和不可預(yù)見因素引起的索賠</p><p>　　合同執(zhí)行過(guò)程中，如果發(fā)生意外風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和不可預(yù)見因素而使承包

75、商蒙受損失時(shí)，他有權(quán)向業(yè)主要求給予補(bǔ)償 。意外風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包括人力不可抗拒的自然災(zāi)害所造成的損失和特殊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)事件兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。 </p><p>　　(1)人力不可抗拒的自然災(zāi)害。自然災(zāi)害的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失該向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠。除此之外，承包商還有權(quán)向業(yè)主要求順延工期，也就是提出工期索賠要求。 </p><p>　　(2)特殊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。合同條件中規(guī)定應(yīng)由業(yè)主承擔(dān)責(zé)任的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)等5種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生時(shí)造成的后果可能是嚴(yán)重的，承包

76、商除了不對(duì)由此產(chǎn)生的人身傷亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失負(fù)責(zé)外，相反還應(yīng)得到任何已完成永久工程及材料的付款、合理利潤(rùn)、中斷施工的損失以及一切修復(fù)費(fèi)用和重建費(fèi)用。</p><p>　　1.3.3 不利自然條件</p><p>　　不利自然條件是指即使有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的承包商在投標(biāo)階段利用招標(biāo)文件中提供的資料和通過(guò)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勘察也無(wú)法合理預(yù)見到的不利施工條件。如施工中遇到豐富地下水、地質(zhì)斷層、天然溶洞、沉陷等，影響到改變?cè)?/p>

77、的施工方法、降低施工速度或增大工程量，承包商可要求工期和費(fèi)用的索賠。</p><p>　　1.3.4 施工中遇到地下文物或構(gòu)筑物</p><p>　　只要是施工中遇到合同文件中未注明的地下文物或構(gòu)筑物時(shí)，監(jiān)理工程師應(yīng)按變更工程處理，承包商有權(quán)提出工期和費(fèi)用的索賠。</p><p>　　1.3.5 設(shè)計(jì)圖紙或工作量表中的錯(cuò)誤</p><p>

78、;　　交給承包商的標(biāo)書中，圖紙或工作量表有時(shí)難免會(huì)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤，如果由于改正這些錯(cuò)誤而使費(fèi)用增加或工期延長(zhǎng)，承包商有權(quán)提出索賠。這種錯(cuò)誤包括： </p><p>　　(1)設(shè)計(jì)圖紙與工作量表中的要求不符。工程報(bào)價(jià)是按工作量表計(jì)算的，如果按圖紙施工就會(huì)導(dǎo)致成本增加。承包商在發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題后應(yīng)及時(shí)請(qǐng)監(jiān)理工程師確認(rèn)</p><p>　　(2)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)條件與設(shè)計(jì)圖紙要求相差較大，大幅度地增加了工作量。如果這