2013年-李安電影同性戀相關外文翻譯--電影《斷背山》的意義（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 18:83–94, 2013 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC</p><p>　　ISSN: 1935-9705 print / 1935-9713 online DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2013.792128<

2、;/p><p>　　中文3235字 1790單詞 英文字符9000</p><p><b>　　媒體系列</b></p><p>　　電影《斷背山》的意義</p><p><b>　　拉爾夫·拉夫頓MD</b></p><p>　　美國喬治亞州亞特蘭大埃默里大學精

3、神分析研究所</p><p>　　本文研究了2005年電影《斷背山》中演繹的同性關系給美國文化和政治所帶來的影響。作者認為，在體會到這部電影中未公開性取向的同性戀主人公的痛苦之后，觀眾們都會有一種要改變之前對同性戀固定看法的強烈感受。</p><p>　　關鍵詞：同性戀權(quán)利，同性戀、雙性戀及變性者公民權(quán)，電影中的同性</p><p>　　戀人物，未公開性取向同性戀。

4、</p><p><b>　　介紹</b></p><p>　　2012年，對于美國同性戀者權(quán)利，是具有歷史性意義的一年。美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬宣布了他對同性婚姻平等的支持，民主黨全體一致地同意建立一個平臺來支持同性婚姻自由。首先，有三個州通過公投，決定支持同性婚姻平等化，加入到立法機構(gòu)或法院早已支持同性婚姻合法的六個州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)的行列中 來。國會的撤銷了軍隊對待同性戀問

5、題的“不問，不說”政策，這一撤銷決定在沒有重大問題的情況下都必需嚴格貫徹執(zhí)行。軍隊支持首位公開同性戀者身份的軍官加入到將軍的行列里來，首場同性戀者婚禮在啊西點軍校的教堂舉行。首位公開同性戀身份的女士入選美國參議院，最有名的美國眾議院同性戀成員在他的家鄉(xiāng)與他的同性伴侶擁有了合法婚姻。</p><p>　　此外，羅伯特·斯皮策博士公開撤回了他之前的研究，過去他的研究宣稱，許多具有強烈同性戀傾向的人，在接受了

6、去同性戀治療后轉(zhuǎn)變了自己的性取向。而隨著羅伯特·斯皮策的公開表態(tài), 去同性戀運動已失去了它的準科學的地位，同樣，加利福尼亞州也通過了一項法律，用以禁止心理健康治療者對18歲以下的青少年進行轉(zhuǎn)變性取向或性別表達的治療。</p><p>　　但是我們也不要高興的太早，要知道還有31個州已經(jīng)將對同性婚姻的禁令寫入了憲法，其中一個州在2012年剛剛將其列入憲法。一位剛剛當選的州最高法院首席法官宣稱同性婚姻將最終

7、導致美國的毀滅。原教旨主義傳教士仍然在發(fā)動反同性戀抗議活動，他們揮動著寫有 ”上帝痛恨基佬“的標語四處游行。針對同性戀者的暴力行徑以及對反性別兒童的欺凌行為仍然盛行。盡管政治方面的反同性戀措辭已經(jīng)消除，但是在2012，許多保守政客仍然想通過許諾恢復”不問，不說“政策以及通過一條聯(lián)邦憲法修正案禁止同性婚姻，來迎合無知和偏見。</p><p>　　歷史的長河也許會證明2012年是不可避免地發(fā)生改變的一年，今年在同性戀

8、平等權(quán)利方面取得的進步，在過去是絕對不敢想象的。僅僅十年以前，”鮑爾斯v·哈德威克裁決”（1986）仍然還是這片大陸的法則，最高法院對兩個在家中臥室自愿發(fā)生性關系的男人提出刑事指控。這項裁決已經(jīng)被最高法院的另一項裁決”勞倫斯v.德克薩斯“推翻。</p><p>　　我們相信最高法院的裁決都源于法律推理，不會受政治壓力或社會盛行態(tài)度的影響。然而，一個建立在人生來平等原則上的國家，卻能夠運用法律手段來寬恕奴

9、隸制和種族歧視，來禁止跨種族婚姻，限定投票權(quán)只屬于白種人，認定售賣避孕藥違法。</p><p>　　廢除那些法律不可能僅僅通過完善的法律推理。立法者和法官也生活在并參與到社會中來。他們也看電視和電影，甚至也會看《斷背山》。他們也會有同性戀的兒子，女兒或雇員。他們的審判會在一定程度上不可避免地受到文化變化，大眾觀點和自身經(jīng)歷的影響。杰弗里·圖賓，一位著名法律分析家，曾深度描寫過美國最高法院，他說道：”毫無

10、疑問，同性戀者權(quán)利在最高法院的前景比過去有了很大的改善。這不是由于憲法改變了，而是因為人的改變，因為他們選舉的總統(tǒng)的改變。“</p><p>　　法院的裁定，立法行為，電影和電視的描繪，開明的治療師，社會科學研究者，同性戀權(quán)利活動家和擁護的家人，朋友，組織，都是形成公共觀點的影響者，公共觀點反過來也影響著公共決策。2012年，作為里程碑式的一年，在歷史上首次出現(xiàn)民意調(diào)查始終顯示大多數(shù)美國人支持同性婚姻，這絕非是一

11、個巧合。</p><p>　　然而，在態(tài)度改變中最重要的一個因素是，我們要懷有真正的理解心情和同理心來了解和看待一個同性戀者，而不是用帶有輕蔑的固有成見。這種轉(zhuǎn)變可以用來了解一個真實生活中的人也可以是一個虛構(gòu)的人物。這就是電影《斷背山》具有非凡意義的前提。</p><p>　　沒有一個虛構(gòu)人物能夠擁有像2005年電影《斷背山》里的恩尼斯和杰克那樣大的影響力。這部電影的影響力不是或不只是廣告

12、里描述的”兩個同性牛仔的愛情故事“。這部電影深刻描繪了兩個孤獨的同性戀人在一個恐懼憎惡同性戀的暴力文化環(huán)境中，竭力維護其愛情的故事。在這樣文化中，內(nèi)在的同性戀恐懼能夠殺死一個同性戀人的心靈，外在的同性戀恐懼能夠殘暴地結(jié)束一個同性戀人的生命。恩尼斯和杰克的困境觸動了我們的靈魂，引起了我們共鳴，并喚起了一場全國性的討論，這場討論的內(nèi)容包括男同性戀者、對美國男人和陽剛之氣的印象，我們自己以及我們的恐懼同性戀和不寬容的文化。本文探究了電影《斷背

13、山》對美國公眾在看待同性戀問題上產(chǎn)生的里程碑式的轉(zhuǎn)變所做出的貢獻。</p><p><b>　　《斷背山》的故事</b></p><p>　　《斷背山》源于安妮·普魯克斯的一篇短篇小說，1997年出版于紐約。隨后被拉里·麥克默特里和黛安娜·歐莎娜改變?yōu)殡娪啊Ｆ绽锟怂顾缮⒌奈淖滞耆詰讯砻髦輳V袤粗狂的風光為創(chuàng)作土壤，同時還不乏抒情詩的優(yōu)美和

14、簡潔的表達——就如同三行俳句，每一個詞都是必要的，沒有一個是贅余。</p><p>　　作為普利策獎獲得者，安妮·普魯克斯的強勢在于，她能夠完全徹底地了解她筆下的人和地理環(huán)境。無論是《真情快遞》中的新紐芬蘭海濱小鎮(zhèn)還是《近距離懷俄明故事》中的鄉(xiāng)村牛鎮(zhèn)，她都會到實地去考察、體驗和了解。她會了解當?shù)氐姆窖裕剿鳟數(shù)厝说膬?nèi)心世界。下面是她對”斷背山“的來源的描述。</p><p>　　

15、一天晚上，我在北部州的一家酒吧里，遇到一位年長的牧場工人……他后背倚靠墻，眼睛并沒有被光彩迷人的漂亮女士所吸引，而是緊緊盯著一幫正在打臺球的牛仔們……他的眼神里蘊藏著些許深含義，好像是一種苦澀的渴望，這讓我懷疑他是不是一個鄉(xiāng)村男同性戀者。于是我便開始考慮創(chuàng)作一個像他一樣的人物—不是一個背倚強的人—而是一個孤陋寡聞，困惑，不確定自己感受的在恐懼同性戀的懷俄明州長大的年輕人?！睌啾成健暗墓适聵?gòu)建于一群在家鄉(xiāng)長大的鄉(xiāng)村孩子細微卻嚴密的思想之中

16、，他們的觀念和自我認知是有他們身邊的世界所塑造的，在日益加深的情感淵澤中，他們不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)自我……</p><p>　　城市批評家認為《斷背山》是兩個同性戀牛仔的故事。不，它是一個有關鄉(xiāng)村懼怕同性戀引起毀滅的故事</p><p>　　我想探尋曠世持久的愛情和對同性戀懼怕和反感所帶來的沉重代價。我知道寫這個故事會有禁忌，但一種驅(qū)動力促使我來完成這個故事……杰克和恩尼斯比我身邊有血有肉的人更形象真

17、實。</p><p>　　在這段摘錄里，普魯克斯揭示了為什么恩尼斯和杰克的故事能夠在美國民眾中引起這么大的反響。人物形象和他們的悲情故事對她來說是那樣的真切，因此她能夠把這個故事寫出來，讓別人也有和她一樣的真切感受。正如艾瑞克·派特森所道：普魯克斯擁有想象力和同理心，最重要的是能夠突破懼怕同性戀的思維，敢于將男性之間的愛置于美國西部標志性的風景和西方男人中來展示。</p><p>

18、;　　將這個故事的發(fā)生背景放在20世紀60年代，普魯克斯構(gòu)想恩尼斯和杰克是兩個不滿二十歲的高中退學生，他們在斷背山高山草場做夏天臨時放羊工的時候相遇。在這樣一個自然風景秀麗，與塵世隔絕，遠離貧瘠和懼怕同性戀的鄉(xiāng)村的地方，他們知道，自己內(nèi)心的情愫和暗流已經(jīng)開始涌動。</p><p>　　一個寒冷的夜晚，杰克堅持讓恩尼斯跟他分享同一個帳篷和睡墊來抵御寒冷；瞬間的喚醒引發(fā)了激烈的性。第二天早上，恩尼斯宣布，”我不是同性

19、戀?！敖芸送獾卣f道：”我也不是，但這個事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了，這只是你我之間的事情，與他人無關。”</p><p>　　沒有人再說話了，但是他們口頭上的否認卻是對他們彼此相伴，歡樂度過一整個夏天的認可。在夏末要分離的時刻，杰克羞澀問恩尼斯來年夏天會不會再來。恩尼斯說他也許不會再回來，因為他將要和阿爾瑪結(jié)婚了，他需要找一個穩(wěn)定的農(nóng)場工作安定下來。一聲“后會有期“，他們很隨意地道了別，但這卻掩飾了他們明顯的期待，以及還未說

20、出口的早已在他們之間悄然生長的愛和渴望的紐帶。</p><p>　　四年過去了，恩尼斯和阿爾瑪已經(jīng)擁有兩個女兒，但是生活拮據(jù)，缺乏足夠激情。杰克的一張明信片打破了生活的寧靜，他告訴恩尼斯要來看他。恩尼斯對這一天分外期待，內(nèi)心充滿激動與亢奮。最后，杰克來了，恩尼斯與杰克緊緊相擁，激情熱吻，而這一畫面恰好被打開窗戶的阿爾瑪看到。</p><p>　　Journal of Gay & L

21、esbian Mental Health, 18:83–94, 2013 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC</p><p>　　ISSN: 1935-9705 print / 1935-9713 online DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2013.792128</p><p>　　MEDIA SERIES&

22、lt;/p><p>　　The Significance of Brokeback Mountain</p><p>　　RALPH ROUGHTON, MD</p><p>　　Emory University Psychoanalytic Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</p><p>　　This essa

23、y explores the impact on American culture and the politics of same sex relationships of the 2005 film Brokeback Mountain. The author proposes that in coming to know the pain of the closeted gay characters in this film, t

24、he audience engages in an empathic ex- perience with the potential to transform stereotyped attitudes about homosexuality.</p><p>　　KEYWORDS gay rights, LGBT civil rights, gay characters in film, closeted ga

25、y men</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　The year 2012 was historic in its significance for gay rights in the United States. President Barack Obama announced his support for marriage equal- ity, and

26、 the Democratic Party unanimously adopted a platform supporting the freedom to marry. For the first time, three states approved marriage equality by voter referendum, joining six states and the District of Columbia whose

27、 legislatures or courts have made same-sex marriage legal. California’s Proposition 8 and the federal Defense of Marriage A</p><p>　　In addition, the reparative therapy movement lost its quasi-scientific pro

28、p when Dr. Robert Spitzer publicly retracted his study that had been in- terpreted as showing that some highly motivated individuals changed their</p><p>　　Address correspondence to Ralph Roughton, MD, Emory

29、 University Psychoanalytic Insti- tute, 240 Halah Circle, Atlanta, GA 30328. E-mail: rroughton@bellsouth.net</p><p>　　R. Roughton</p><p>　　sexual orientation through reparative therapy (2003, 20

30、12). Also, California passed a law prohibiting mental health providers from engaging in treat- ments that attempt to change the sexual orientation or gender expressions of anyone under the age of 18.</p><p>

31、　　Lest we celebrate prematurely, remember that 31 states have bans on gay marriage written into their constitutions, one of which was adopted in 2012. One state just elected a Chief Justice for its Supreme Court who has

32、declared that same-sex marriage would lead to the ultimate destruction of our country. Fundamentalist preachers still lead anti-gay protests, brandishing signs that proclaim “God hates fags.” Violence against gays and le

33、sbians and bullying of gender atypical children are still prev</p><p>　　The sweep of history may prove 2012 to have been the tipping point of inevitable, irrevocable change, but we are not so far removed fro

34、m a time when none of this year’s progress toward gay equality could be foreseen as even a remote possibility. Just 10 years ago, Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) was still the law of the land, based on a Supreme Court decision

35、 that upheld criminal charges against two men arrested for having consensual sex in the bedroom of a private home. It was overturned by another S</p><p>　　We tend to assume that decisions by our highest cour

36、ts are based on legal reasoning, uninfluenced by political pressure or prevailing social atti- tudes. Yet a nation founded on the principle that all men are created equal found a way in its laws to condone slavery and ra

37、cial injustice, forbid inter- racial marriage, limit voting to white men, and even to criminalize the sale of contraceptives.</p><p>　　Repeal of those laws did not come solely through improved legal rea- son

38、ing. Legislators and judges also live and participate in our society. They watch television and movies (perhaps even Brokeback Mountain). Some have sons and daughters, or staff members, who are gay. Their judgments are

39、 inevitably influenced to some extent by cultural change, by public opin- ion, and by their own experiences. Jeffrey Toobin, a legal analyst who has written extensively on the Supreme Court, says: “... there </p>

40、<p>　　Court decisions, legislative acts, representations in film and television, enlightened therapists, social science researchers, gay rights activists, and supportive families, friends, and organizations have all

41、 played a part in shaping public opinion, which has in turn shaped public policy. It is not</p><p>　　Brokeback Mountain 85</p><p>　　simply a coincidence that the landmark year of 2012 was also

42、 the year that, for the first time, opinion polls consistently began to show that a majority of Americans now support gay marriage.</p><p>　　The most important factor in changing attitudes, however, is getti

43、ng to know someone who is gay in a way that allows for real understanding and empathy rather than dismissive stereotyping. This transformative knowing can be with a real person or it can be with a believable fictional ch

44、aracter. That is the basis for the extraordinary significance of Brokeback Mountain.</p><p>　　No fictional gay characters have had the impact that Ennis and Jack did in the 2005 film Brokeback Mountain. The

45、film’s subject is not—or certainly not only—“two gay cowboys in love,” as the ads portrayed. It is a profoundly emotional exploration of the lonely lives of two gay men trying to sustain their love in a homophobic and vi

46、olent culture, where internalized homophobia almost killed the soul of one lover, and where externalized homophobia violently ended the life of the other. The plights </p><p>　　THE STORY OF BROKEBACK MOUNTAI

47、N</p><p>　　Brokeback Mountain began as a short story by Annie Proulx, published in The New Yorker in 1997 and later adapted for film by Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana. Proulx’s spare prose is thoroughly gro

48、unded in the gritty, hard-bitten landscape of Wyoming. At the same time, it has lyrical elegance and economy of expression—like a haiku poem, where every word is nec- essary and no word is superfluous.</p><p&g

49、t;　　One of the strengths of Pulitzer Prize winning author Annie Proulx is the thoroughness with which she grounds her fiction by getting to know the people and the geography she is writing about, whether it is the New- f

50、oundland harbor town of The Shipping News or the rural cattle towns of her Wyoming stories in Close Range. She captures their vernacular language and sees into their inner lives. Here is how she describes the genesis of

51、Brokeback Mountain:</p><p>　　One night in a bar in upstate I had noticed an older ranch hand ... He leaned against the back wall and his eyes were fastened not on the dozens of handsome and flashing women

52、 in the room but on the young cowboys playing pool. ... [T]here was something in his expression, a kind of bitter longing, that made me wonder if he was country gay. Then I began to consider what it might have been like

53、for him – not the real person</p><p>　　86 R. Roughton</p><p>　　against the wall, but for any ill-informed, confused, not-sure-what-he-

54、 was-feeling youth growing up in homophobic Wyoming... . “Brokeback” was constructed on the small but tight idea of a couple of home-grown country kids, opinions and self-knowledge shaped by the world around them, findin

55、g themselves in emotional waters of increasing depth... .</p><p>　　The urban critics dubbed it a tale of two gay cowboys. No. It is a story of destructive rural homophobia ... </p><p>　　I wanted

56、 to explore both long-lasting love and its possible steep price tag, both homophobic antipathy and denial. I knew this was a story loaded with taboos but I was driven to write it. ... Jack and Ennis soon seemed more vivi

57、d than many of the flesh-and-blood people around me. (Proulx, 2005a, pp. 129–131)</p><p>　　In this extract, Proulx reveals why the story of Ennis and Jack resonated so profoundly with the American people. Th

58、e characters and their sad story became very real to her, and she was able to write their story in such a way that they became very real for others as well. As Eric Patterson writes, “Proulx has the imagination and empat

59、hy and, above all, the freedom from homophobic assumptions,” in daring to locate male love “within the iconic system of the American Western landscape and the figur</p><p>　　Setting her tale in the early 196

60、0s, Proulx imagines Ennis and Jack, two high school drop-outs not yet 20 years old, who meet as temporary hires to spend a summer herding sheep in the high meadows of Brokeback Moun- tain. Isolated together in such natur

61、al beauty and far from the hardscrabble, homophobic ranch country they knew, feelings begin to stir.</p><p>　　One freezing night, Jack insists that Ennis share his tent and bed roll against the cold. Bodies

62、touch; instant arousal leads to quick sex. In the sober light of morning, Ennis declares, “I’m not no queer.” Jack agrees, “Me neither. A one-shot thing. Nobody’s business but ours” (p. 7).2</p><p>　　Neither

63、 speaks of it again, but their verbal denial was merely the per- mission they gave themselves to spend the summer in free and frolicsome sex and a growing pleasure in each other’s company. When they part at the end of th

64、e summer, Jack shyly asks if Ennis might be back next year. Ennis says he probably would not because he and Alma are getting married, and he needs to find a regular ranch job and settle down. They part with a casual “see

65、 you around” that belies their obvious longing, still</p><p>　　Four years pass. Ennis and Alma now have two little girls and a marriage that is strained for want of either enough money or enough passion. A p

66、ostcard arrives from Jack. He will be coming through and wants to see Ennis, who awaits the day with mounting excitement. When Jack finally arrives, they fall into each others arms, and Alma opens the door in time to see