敬天與崇道-中古道教開(kāi)的思想史背景之一.pdf

1、首都師范大學(xué)博士學(xué)位論文敬天與崇道中古道教開(kāi)的思想史背景之一姓名：劉屹申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別：博士專業(yè)：中國(guó)古代史指導(dǎo)教師：寧可郝春文2000.6.1ReveringtheHcavortandWorshippingtheTao：AnIdeologicalBackgroundoftheFormingMedievalTaoismSummaryWitllthedevelopingTaoiststudiesinthe1asthalfcentury，wee

2、ncounterseveraldifferentopl’nionsonthedefinitionandoriginofTaoismIt’sdimculttojudgetheopinionseasilyanddirectlvifwedidn’tstudylotsofthefirsthandsmaterialsbroughtoutduringthebirthofTaoismFacingthesematerials，weneedabasica

3、ndclearstandardtojuagewhatisornotTaoismusedinourobservationMytheoryisthattheworshippingobjectoftraditionalreligionandpopularreligionis“Heaven”whilethecoreofTaoistworshipis“Tao”Thenanle‘叮aoistreligion’wasiustbecausetheTao

4、istmonks’basicbeliefwasthe‘Tao”，notthe‘‘Hcaven’’Inmyview，theworshippingtoTaoisoneofthepureTaoistelements1willobservewhatisandwhendidthe“pureTaoistelements”emergeinTaoisthistoryThehi曲estGodintheendofHanwasstillthe“Heaven’

5、，notthe‘叮ao”，howevcrIbelievethatTheHeavenworshippingbeganfromtheancientChinaevencontinuedtobeprevalentinthelowersocialstratuminmodemChina‘Tao”becameacoreofreligionworshipfromaphilosophicalconceptnotearlierthantheendofHan

6、Dynasty1willanalyzethefourkindsofmaterialsdiscussedbelowespeciallyintheirvalueofestimatingthereliefbackgroundfromtheWarringStatesPeriodtoSixDynasty(1)Analyzingthegra3，equelling(鎮(zhèn)墓)beliefappearedinthefimeraltextsfromtheHa

7、rttoSixDynasty。wecanfmdamarkingtime_一5“century。whentheclearTaoismelements_——山eworshipobjectwasnott11eHeavenbuttheTaooritspersonalizinggodsemergedinthegravequellingbeliefSincethegravequellingbelieflastedfromtheWarringStat

8、esbelongedtotherangeofrev甜ngHeaven，wecallbelievethatthecoreoftraditionalreligionandpopularreligiondidn’ttransformeventilltheendofHan，whentraditionallybelievedthatTaoismwasgrowingup化)ManyscholarsbelievethatLaozihadalready

9、deifiedasthehighestgodofTaoism——_theMostHi曲LordLao(太上老君)intheendofHanStudyingtheInscriptionofLaozi(老子銘)，IthinkLaoziwasonlyoneofthemostfamousorimportantimmortalsnotequatedwithTaoevennotthehighestgodofTaoismTherewasnoaclea

10、rpureandrealTaoistGodmtheendofHanTheHeavenGodwasstillthehighestGodatthattime(3)SomescholarsbelievethattheInscriptionD廠凡f拍刪巴致碑)wasanexamplethatTaoismgroupwhichfullofimmortalbeliefcolorshadalreadysurvivedintheearlyperiodof

11、EastHanDynastyObservingtheimmortalbelieffromthepre一0intoWeiandJinperiod，IbelievethecoreofthisInscriptionwasintherangeofthereveringHeaveneitherThegrouporganizedbyFeizhiandhisdiscipleswasakindofpersonalschool(私學(xué))prevalenti

12、nHanperiod，notaTaoistclergy(4)TheFivePecksRiceTaoism(五斗米道)foundbyZhangDaolhag(張道陵)andhissonandgrandsonintheendofHanwasregardedasthebeginningofTaoismIdoubttheauthenticityofthehistoryofThreeZhangs(三張)andthetraditionalviewt

13、hattheFivePecksRiGeTaoismtransformedtobetheCelestialMasterTaoism(天師道)directlyandinonesinglelineWhellweobservetheformationofmedievalTaoism，theTaoistEastemtradition(道教的東部傳統(tǒng))originatedfromEastseasidemaybeequallyimportantast

14、heTaoistWesttradition(道教的西部傳統(tǒng))originatedfromSichuanFromtheseIfeelthattheperiodoftheendofHanwasjndeednotthetimeforanewandformalreligiontogrowupInotherwerd，thecireumstanceofthe‘religion’inthattimewasfarawayfromtheformalTao