十九世紀(jì)中葉美國(guó)人眼中的琉球——以佩里艦隊(duì)在琉球的活動(dòng)為中心.pdf

1、I 十九世紀(jì)中葉美國(guó)人眼中的琉球 十九世紀(jì)中葉美國(guó)人眼中的琉球—— ——以佩里艦隊(duì)在琉 以佩里艦隊(duì)在琉球的活動(dòng)為中心 球的活動(dòng)為中心 摘要 摘要 《日本遠(yuǎn)征記》 （Narrative of the expedition of an American squadron to the China seas and Japan）是美國(guó)海軍東印度艦隊(duì)（即佩里艦隊(duì)）在返回美國(guó)之后提交的官方報(bào)告。 這份報(bào)告成為了研究和了解十九世紀(jì)下半葉的琉球王國(guó)的

2、一份珍貴史料。在《日本遠(yuǎn)征記》的記載中，琉球努力保持著其在東亞封貢體制中外藩屬國(guó)的身份， 以朝貢貿(mào)易和接受冊(cè)封的方式與中國(guó)保持聯(lián)系， 并以中華文化的傳承來(lái)保持身份認(rèn)同。與此同時(shí)，琉球必須默默忍受日本薩摩藩的壓榨和控制，還要被迫對(duì)外維持其仍是獨(dú)立國(guó)家的表象。 可見(jiàn)， 當(dāng)時(shí)的琉球在對(duì)外關(guān)系上處于一種尷尬的狀態(tài)。通過(guò)《日本遠(yuǎn)征記》大量事例，以及佩里等人的觀察和敘述可以感知：當(dāng)時(shí)琉球的“主權(quán)”在中國(guó)， “治權(quán)”在日本。但是中國(guó)的這種“主權(quán)” ，

3、是封貢體制內(nèi)所特有的、宗主國(guó)對(duì)藩屬國(guó)的象征意味濃厚的權(quán)利，而日本的“治權(quán)” ，則是在幕藩體制下通過(guò)薩摩藩在琉球的“領(lǐng)事” 、 “駐軍”等直接控制來(lái)強(qiáng)力實(shí)現(xiàn)的；琉球的國(guó)家意識(shí)和自我定位是：琉球是中國(guó)的“外藩屬國(guó)” ，日本是琉球的“鄰邦” 。但是，前者更多地是一種文化和價(jià)值的自覺(jué)認(rèn)同，而后者則是對(duì)外所表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的無(wú)奈的、虛假的“認(rèn)知” ?？梢?jiàn)，琉球與中國(guó)、日本這種尷尬的“兩屬”關(guān)系，雖然是當(dāng)時(shí)琉球地位的真實(shí)狀態(tài)，但是“兩屬”的性質(zhì)迥異。美國(guó)方

4、面則對(duì)琉球抱有一種“文明”優(yōu)越感和強(qiáng)權(quán)擴(kuò)張意識(shí)兼具的心態(tài)。出于戰(zhàn)略考慮， 新興的強(qiáng)國(guó)美國(guó)力圖將琉球納入其 “太平洋帝國(guó)” 的戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)想之內(nèi)，將琉球變?yōu)槠湓谶h(yuǎn)東太平洋地區(qū)的戰(zhàn)略據(jù)點(diǎn)， 以實(shí)現(xiàn)美國(guó)的戰(zhàn)略擴(kuò)張目標(biāo)。 另一方面，來(lái)自“文明世界”的優(yōu)越感又使得美國(guó)人相信自己有責(zé)任去教化琉球，將“受壓迫”的琉球人民從 “暴政”之下“解救”出來(lái)，為琉球王國(guó)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)，使之融入“文明世界” 。兩者相互作用，直接影響了佩里艦隊(duì)人員對(duì)琉球的觀察和在

5、琉球的行為。 而在這兩方面的想法和具體行為中， 艦隊(duì)司令官佩里本人的作用皆不可忽視。 但是，無(wú)論如何，戰(zhàn)略擴(kuò)張遠(yuǎn)在“傳播文明”的動(dòng)機(jī)之上。當(dāng)兩者發(fā)生沖突時(shí)，強(qiáng)權(quán)壓過(guò)了“文明” ，正義和公理被無(wú)視，佩里艦隊(duì)依然是以強(qiáng)硬的手段迫III Ryukyu, in the eyes of American in the middle of the 19th century-Focusing on the activities of Perry’s

6、squadron in Ryukyu Abstract Narrative of the expedition of an American squadron to the China seas and Japan is an official report being submitted after the USS East India squadron (Perry’s squadron) returned back to Am

7、erica, which is a precious record in research Ryukyu Kingdom of the second half of the nineteenth Century. In Narrative of the expedition of an American squadron to the China seas and Japan records, Ryukyu Kingdom tried

8、to keeping the identity of a vassal state of East Asian tributary system, keeping in touch with China in terms of tribute trade and accepting canonization, and maintained the identity with the inheritance of Chinese cult

9、ure. At the same time, Ryukyu Kingdom had to endure the press and control from Satsuma domain of Japan, while Ryukyu must maintain its image of “independent country” to foreign countries. Visibly, the Ryukyu was in an em

10、barrassing state of foreign relations. The “sovereignty“ of Ryukyu kingdom belongs to China, the “governance“ of which belongs to Japan. However, this “sovereignty“ of China is a unique right which is a symbol of a vassa

11、l state and suzerain in the East Asian tributary system. The “governance“ of Japan was enforced in Ryukyu through “consul“ and “garrison“ of direct controlled by Satsuma domain in Bakuhan Taisei. The national consciousne

12、ss and the self localization of Ryukyu is that Ryukyu is a vassal state of China and Japan is a neighbor of Ryukyu. However, the former is a conscious identity to culture and value, and the latter is a helpless and false

13、 cognation. So, the embarrassing relationships between Ryukyu and China, Ryukyu and Japan were the legal position of Ryukyu, but the two relationships are widely different. However, the USA has a special mentality to Ryu