europeanculture(i)

1、Introduction 1、There are many elements constituting European Culture. 2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element a

2、nd Judeo-Christian element. Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour. 3、Ancient Greece

3、’s epics was created by Homer. 4、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy 三大悲劇大師 ① Aeschylus Prometheus Bound —→Shelly Pro

4、metheus Unbound ② SophoclesOedipus the King —→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (戀母情結(jié)) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers ③ Euripides A．Trojan Women B．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社會問題劇) C．Realism can

5、be traced back to the Ancient Greece，to be specific, Euripides. 7、 The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. Aristophanes writes about nature.8、History (Historical writing) “Father of History” —→ Herodotu

6、s —→ war (between Greeks and Persians)“the greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (between Sparta and Athens)9、① Euclid’s Elements 解析幾何 It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20t

7、h century. ② Archimedes His work laid basis for not only geometry 幾何學(xué),but also arithmetic 算術(shù), mechanics 機(jī)械, and hydrostatics.流體靜力學(xué) “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”.（Archimedes） 10、The melting betwee

8、n Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (羅馬征服希臘的標(biāo)志) From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, and Greek that of the eastern half. Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language. 11、

9、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C. 12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire. 13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic. 14、In the Rom

10、an history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions(羅馬軍團(tuán)) 15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known as Pax Romana.(神圣羅馬帝國) 2、

11、The Cynics 犬儒派 ①Under the leadership of Diogenes. ②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English. ③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful. 3、The Sceptics 置疑學(xué)派 ①Under the leadership of

12、Pyrrhon. ②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true. 4、The Epicureans 享樂派 ①Under the leadership of Epicurus. ②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not

13、sensual enjoyment. Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue. Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms. 5、The Stoics 斯多哥派 ①Under the leadership of Zeno. ②His thought is duty is

14、 the most important thing in life. One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. He developed into Stoics’ duty. He was also a materialist. What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their ph

15、ilosophical ideas(system)？ 1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he

16、thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim

17、 in life， but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural

18、 development? There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere. Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries. 1、Spir

19、it of innovation 創(chuàng)新精神 The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, w

20、ithout being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy. 2、Supreme Achievement 至高無上的成就 The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, h

21、istorical writing, architecture, etc. 3、Lasting effect 持續(xù)的影響 ①Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comed

22、ies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. ②In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics 經(jīng)典之作: Byron’